WATER

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 Water

Usually water is specified only in terms of
quantity rather than quality

A good concrete mix usually have about 140 to
200 liters / cu.m. but depend on size of aggregates

Potable water is acceptable

No impurities must be present

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 Water
 NSCP 426.4.1.3 Water
 426.4.1.3.1 Compliance Requirements:
 (a) Mixing water shall conform to ASTM C1602M;
 (b) Mixing water, including that portion of mixing
water contributed in the form of free moisture on
aggregates, shall not contain deleterious amounts
of chloride ion when used for prestressed
concrete, for concrete that will contain aluminum
embedments, or for concrete cast against stay-in-
place galvanized steel forms.
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ASTM C1602 / C1602M - 18
Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
It defines sources of water and provides requirements and
testing frequencies for qualifying individual or combined
water sources. Mixing water shall consist of: batch water,
ice, water added by truck operator, free moisture on the
aggregates, and water introduced in the form of
admixtures. Potable and non-potable water is permitted to
be used as mixing water in concrete. The following are
concrete performance requirements for mixing water:
compressive strength and time of set. Density of water
shall be tested or monitored with a hydrometer. Optional
chemical limits for combined mixing water are given for:
chloride, sulfate, alkalis, and total solids.
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 Seawater
Recently, there is an increase in study that explores the
possibility of using seawater for concrete mixing

A THESIS OPTION

Some facts about seawater:

- Salinity is about 3.5%
- Contains 78% NaCl, 15% chloride, and sulphate
- also contains sodium & potassium salts that can react
with aggregates

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 Seawater
Potential of seawater:
- Does not significantly reduce concrete strength
- Slightly accelerates the early strength of concrete

Minor concern/s:
- Slightly reduces the 28-day strength by 10-15%
- May cause efflorescence and persistent dampness
- Not advisable for plastering purpose

Main concern (still under DEBATE!)

- Corrosion in reinforced concrete members

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Admixtures in Concrete

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NSCP 426.4.1.4 Admixtures

426.4.1.4.1 Compliance Requirements:

(a) Admixtures shall conform to (i) through (iv):
1. Water reduction and setting time modification:
ASTM C494M;
2. Producing flowing concrete: ASTM C1017M;
3. Air entrainment: ASTM C260M;
4. Inhibiting chloride-induced corrosion: ASTM
C1582M.

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Chemical Admixtures

- ACCELERATOR

- SET RETARDERS

- WATER-REDUCERS (PLASTICIZERS)

- SUPERPLASTICIZERS

- OTHERS

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Chemical Admixtures
ACCELERATOR

- accelerate the hardening or the development of

early strength of concrete
- calcium or aluminum chlorides, potassium or
calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium
fluoride, sodium aluminates, calcium chromates,
potassium hydroxide or potassium sulphate and
ferric salts

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Chemical Admixtures

BENEFITS of using ACCELERATOR :

- Permit earlier removal of forms

- Reduce the required period of curing
- Advance the time that a structure can be made in
service
- Partially compensate for the retarding effect of low
temperature during cold weather concreting
- Emergency repair works
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Chemical Admixtures

SET-RETARDER

Admixture that SLOWS DOWN the hydration so that

concrete would remain plastic and workable for a
longer period

- delay the setting and hardening of concrete

- overcomes the accelerating effect of high temp on
setting of concrete
- sugar, starch, carbohydrate derivatives, soluble zinc
salts, soluble borates
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Chemical Admixtures

SET-RETARDER

Effects:
- reduce early strength
- rate of strength development increases in later ages
- eliminates/lessens the formation of cold joints

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cold
cold joints
joints

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Chemical Admixtures
WATER- REDUCERS
(or Plasticizers)

Applications that require high workability:

- Deep beams
- Thin walls with heavy reinforcement
- Junction of beams & columns
- Pumping of concrete
- Hot weather concreting

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Chemical Admixtures
WATER- REDUCERS

To achieve high workability (Traditional):

- Improving gradation
- Increasing percentage of fine aggregates
- Increasing cement content

- Increase water content  has detrimental effects

SOLUTION: PLASTICIZER!!

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Chemical Admixtures
WATER- REDUCERS
(or Plasticizers)

Increases workability without excess use of water!!

Three purposes:
- Same workability + lower w/c = higher strength
- Same workability + lower cement content = lower
heat of hydration
- Same w/c = increase workability

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Chemical Admixtures
WATER- REDUCERS
- Surface-active agents

creates repulsion effect between the particles and
results in stabilizing their dispersion
Effects:

Reduce water content

Increase workability

Improve hydration

Increase early strength

Lignosulphonic acids, hydroxylated carboxylic acids

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20
Chemical Admixtures
SUPERPLASTICIZERS
- High range water reducing agent (HRWRA)
- Permits reduction of water up to 30% w/o reduction
in workability

Purpose:
- Produce flowing, self-leveling, self-compacting
concrete
- Produce high strength, high performance concrete

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Chemical Admixtures
SUPERPLASTICIZERS

Effects:
- Increase in early strength
- Workability is improved for a short duration

sulphonated melamine formaldehyde condensates

or sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde
condensates

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Effect of superplasticizer in concrete (flowable, self leveling, self
compacting) and still achieves high strength

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Chemical Admixtures

Others

Air-Entraining (Gas-Forming)

Permeability Reducing (Air-Detraining)

Waterproofing

Expansion Producing

Anti-bacterial

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Mineral Admixtures

POZZOLAN

A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material,

which in itself possesses little or no cementitious
value but will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically react with lime at
ordinary temperatures to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties
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Mineral Admixtures

POZZOLANIC REACTION

Pozzolan + Calcium hydroxide + water = C-S-H

- This reaction is slow

- Heat of hydration & strength development is SLOW
- Consumption of Ca(OH)2 improves the durability of
the cement paste by making the paste dense &
impervious

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Mineral Admixtures
Effects of Pozzolan

Reduce bleeding and segregation

Reduce temperature rise

Improve resistance to concrete attack (i.e. ASR,

sulphate attack, seawater)

Improve workability

Increase strength at later age

Lower the heat of hydration and thermal

shrinkage

Increase the watertightness 27
Mineral Admixtures
TYPES of POZZOLAN

Natural
- Clays and shales
- Volcanic tuff and pumicites

Artificial
- Fly ash
- Blast furnace slag
- Silica fume
- Rice husk ash

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Mineral Admixtures
Natural Pozzolan
- either a raw or calcined natural material that has
pozzolanic properties
- volcanic ash or pumicite, opaline, metakaolin,
shales and some diatomaceous earths

These needs FURTHER GRINDING & (sometimes)

CALCINING to activate them to show their pozzolanic
properties

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Mineral Admixtures
Artificial Pozzolan : Fly Ash

a by-product of coal combustion, a finely divided

residue

a complex material consisting of heterogeneous
combinations of amorphous (glassy) and crystalline
phases

Most widely used pozzolanic material

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Mineral Admixtures

Silica Fume

a by-product resulting from the reduction of purity

quartz with coal to produce silicon or ferrosilicon
alloys

very high content of amorphous silicon dioxide and
consists of very fine spherical particles

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Mineral Admixtures

Silica Fume

Available in:

As-produced silica fume

Silica fume slurry

Densified silica fume

Pelletized silica fume

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End of Presentation

Thank you

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