10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 8
Polynomial Equations
About the Module
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the skills in polynomial equations. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into four lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Polynomial Equations: Standard Form
Lesson 2 – Polynomial Equations: Roots of a Polynomial Equation
Lesson 3 – Polynomial Equations: Finding Polynomial Equation given the
Roots
Lesson 4 – Polynomial Equations: Solve Problems involving Polynomial
Equation

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the terms related to polynomial equation;
2. identify the leading term, leading coefficient, degree and constant of the
given polynomial equation;
3. write the standard form of a polynomial equation;
4. find the roots of a polynomial equation;
5. find polynomial equation given the roots; and
6. solve problems involving polynomial equation.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer and
write it on a separate answer sheet.
1. It refers to a polynomial that has been set equal to zero in an equation.
A. Polynomial Inequalities C. Polynomial Equation
B. Polynomial Function D. Polynomial

2. It refers to a polynomial with one independent variable.

A. Constant Polynomial C. Multivariate Polynomial
B. Linear Polynomial D. Univariate Polynomial

3. What should be the value of 𝑛 so that 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 defines a polynomial equation?

A. Any number except zero C. Any number
B. A nonnegative integer D. An integer

4. Which of the following illustrates a polynomial equation?

3
A. 3 = 0 C. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥
B. 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 = 0 D. √2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 0

5. Which of the following represents a multivariate polynomial equation?

A. 2𝑦 2 + 𝑦 = 0 C. 4𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0
B. 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 10 = 0
2 D. 4𝑧 3 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 3 = 0

6. What is the degree of the polynomial equation 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 10 = 0?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 9 D. 10

7. What is the standard form of the equation 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 10 = 0?

A. 9𝑥 + 10 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0 C. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 10 = 0
B. −3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 + 10 = 0 D. 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10 = 0

8. What is the constant term of the equation 9𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 10 = 0?

A. 3 B.4 C. 9 D. 10

9. How many terms does the equation 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 have?

A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3

10. Which of the following is the solution of the equation 𝑥 + 9 = 0?

A. 9 B. −9 C. 10 D. −10

11. What are the factors of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 – 6 = 0?

A. (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 C. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
B. (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 D. (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

12. What are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 – 6 = 0?

A. 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 B. −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 C. 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1 D. −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1

1
13. How many positive real roots does the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0 have?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

14. A 15-foot ladder is leaning against the side of a building and is positioned
such that the ground and the point where the ladder touches the building is
twice the length from the base of the ladder from the base of the building.
How far above the ground is the point where the ladder touches the
building?
A. 3 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 B. 6 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 C. 9 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 D. 12 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡

15. Find two positive consecutive odd integers whose product is 143.
A. 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 19 C. 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 15
B. 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 17 D. 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 13

2
 Lesson Polynomial Equations:
1
Monday Standard Form

What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
● recall the terminologies related to polynomial equation;
● illustrate polynomial equations;
● write polynomial equations in standard form; and
● identify the leading term, leading coefficient, degree and type of
polynomial according to its degree.

What’s In
To understand polynomial equations, let us recall polynomial expression.
A polynomial expression is a mathematical expression of one or more algebraic terms
each of which consists of a constant multiplied by one or more variables raised to a
nonnegative integral power. It is an expression in a form of:

𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎0

where, 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers.

Let us try to identify which of the following expressions represents a polynomial and
which is not.

1. 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 6. 4𝑥 √3 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑥3
2. √7𝑥 2 + 1 7.
3
4
3. 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −2 8.
𝑥−1

4. √5𝑥 − 3 9. −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
1
5. 4 + 𝑥 0.75 10. 7𝑥 2 + 3

Numbers 1, 4, 7 and 9 are examples of polynomial expressions while numbers 2, 3,

5, 6, 8 and 10 are not.

The expression √7𝑥 2 + 1 The expression 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 −2 The expression 4 + 𝑥 0.75

is NOT a polynomial is NOT a polynomial is NOT a polynomial
because the variable is because the variable has because the variable
inside a radical. a negative exponent. has a decimal exponent

3
 4 1
The expression is The expression 7𝑥 2 + 3
𝑥−1
NOT a polynomial is NOT a polynomial
because the variable is because the variable
in the denominator. has a fraction exponent.

What’s New
POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION VS. POLYNOMIAL EQUATION

The leaders of a group in a class were tasked to

differentiate polynomial expression from polynomial equation.
Suppose you are chosen as one of the leaders in the class and
you are tasked to classify 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 and 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0. Which is a
polynomial expression, and which is a polynomial equation?

© 101 Clip Art 2020, All Rights Reserved

What Is It
In the previous lesson, polynomial expression is a mathematical expression
of one or more algebraic terms each of which consists of a constant multiplied by one
or more variables raised to a nonnegative integral power.

If we go back to the selection, 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 is a polynomial expression while

𝑥2 − 1 = 0 is a polynomial equation.

A polynomial equation is a polynomial that has been set equal to zero in an

equation. It is in a form of 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎0 = 0, where n is a
nonnegative integer and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are real numbers. Remember that 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is the
leading term; 𝑎0 is the constant term; 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are the coefficients, and 𝑎𝑛 is the
leading coefficient.

Leading term is the term with the highest exponent. The leading coefficient
is the numerical coefficient of the leading term. If 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, then the nonnegative integer
exponent 𝑛 of the leading term is known as the degree of the polynomial equation.

The polynomial equation is in standard form when the terms are arranged
from the highest exponent down to the lowest.

Polynomials of degree 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are called linear, quadratic, cubic,

quartic and quintic, respectively. A polynomial equation with one independent
variable is called univariate, whereas a polynomial equation with more than one
independent variable is called multivariate. The equation 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 is
univariate, whereas 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 0 is multivariate.

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Illustrative Examples:

Ex. 1. Write the following polynomial equations in standard form.

a. 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 5
b. 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 5 − 1 = 0
c. 3 + 8𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 = 0
d. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
e. [(𝑥 + 1)2 ](𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0

Solutions:

Polynomial Equation Standard Form

a. 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 5 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 0
b. 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 5 − 1 = 0 9𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
c. 3 + 8𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 = 0 2𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 3 = 0
d. (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 𝑥2 − 9 = 0
e. [(𝑥 + 1)2 ](𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0

A polynomial equation is in standard form when the terms are arranged from
the highest exponent down to the lowest and must be equal to zero (0).

For letter a, we need to transfer 5 to left side to equate the equation to zero.

7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 5 − 5 (by Additive Inverse Property)

7𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 = 0

Note: The additive inverse of a number a is the number that,

when added to a, yields zero. This number is the opposite sign
of the number. Thus, the additive inverse of 5 is -5.

For letters d and e, the polynomial must be multiplied first using FOIL method.
The word FOIL is an acronym for the four terms of the product:

● First ("first" terms of each binomial are multiplied together)

● Outer ("outside" terms are multiplied—that is, the first term of the first binomial
and the second term of the second)
● Inner ("inside" terms are multiplied—second term of the first binomial and first
term of the second)
● Last ("last" terms of each binomial are multiplied)
The general form is:
(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑 ) = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
first outer inner last

In multiplying polynomials, multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in

the other polynomial and combine like terms.

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 For (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0;

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
𝑥2 − 9 = 0
Therefore, the standard form of (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 is 𝑥 2 − 9 = 0.

For [(𝑥 + 1)2 ](𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0;

Let us multiply (𝑥 + 1)2 which is (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) and (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0

The product of (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) is (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) while the product of

(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) is (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1). Then, multiply (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1) and (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1).

By Distributive Property,

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0

𝑥 2 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) + 1(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0

(2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ) + (4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ) + (2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0

2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
Thus, the standard form of [(𝑥 + 1)2 ](𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0 is 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0.

Ex. 2. Identify the leading term, leading coefficient, and degree of the following
polynomial equations, and classify them according to its degree.

a. −2𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 10 = 0
b. 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 7 + 21 = 0
c. 6𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 4 − 9 = 0
d. 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
e. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0

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 Solutions:

Leading Leading
Polynomial Equation Degree Type
Term Coefficient
a. −2𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 10 = 0 5𝑥 2 5 2 Quadratic
b. 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 + 21 = 0 𝑥5 1 5 Quintic
c. 6𝑥 3 +8𝑥 4 − 9 = 0 8𝑥 4 8 4 Quartic
d. 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 7𝑥 7 1 Linear
e. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0 2𝑥 3 2 3 Cubic

The polynomial equations in letter 𝑎 and 𝑏 are not in standard form. Writing
the polynomial equation in standard form will help you identify the leading term,
leading coefficient, degree, and constant term easily.

You need to arrange the terms according to the exponents. Thus,

−2𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 10 = 0 in standard form is 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10 = 0, and

𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 + 21 = 0 becomes 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 21 = 0.

On the other hand, the equation in letter 𝑒 must be multiplied first using
FOIL method. In multiplying polynomials, multiply each term in one polynomial by
each term in the other polynomial and combine like terms.

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
Thus, the leading term is 2𝑥 3 , leading term is 2, degree is 3, and the
constant term is −1.

Ex. 3. Identify the degree of the following polynomial equations and classify them
according to their variables.

a. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 2 = 0
c. 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 8 = 0
d. 3𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
e. 6 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0

7
 Solution:

Polynomial Equation Degree Type according to variables

a. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20 = 0 2 Univariate
b. 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 2 = 0 6 Multivariate
c. 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 8 = 0 3 Univariate
d. 3𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 =0 3 Multivariate
e. 6 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 2 Univariate

A polynomial equation with one independent variable is called univariate,

whereas a polynomial equation with more than one independent variable is called
multivariate. In getting the degree of a multivariate polynomial, you need to add the
exponents of each term.

For letter b, the term 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 has the highest exponent. We need to add the
exponents which is 2 and 4 to get the degree. Thus, the degree of the equation is 6.

For letter d, the term with the highest exponent is 5𝑥 2 𝑦. Therefore, we will
add the exponent of x which is 2 and the exponent of y which is 1. Remember that a
variable has an invisible exponent of 1. Thus, the degree of the equation is 3.

What’s More
Activity 1. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
A. Instructions: Write the following polynomial equations in standard form.
1. 3𝑥 2 − 2 + 7𝑥 = 0
2. 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 3 + 3 − 6𝑥 = 0
3. 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 = 0
4. (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
5. [(𝑥 − 2)2 ](2𝑥 + 3) = 0

B. Identify the leading term, leading coefficient, degree, and type of polynomial
equation according to its degree and complete the table below. The first item
is already answered for your reference.

Leading Leading
Polynomial Equations Degree Type
Term Coefficient
1. 3𝑥 2 − 2 + 7𝑥 = 0 3𝑥 2 3 2 Quadratic
2. 5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 3 + 3 − 6𝑥 = 0
3. 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 = 0
4. (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
5. [(𝑥 − 2)2 ](2𝑥 + 3) = 0

8
 C. Identify the degree of the following polynomial equations and classify them
according to their variables.

Polynomial Equation Degree Type according to variables

a. 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 10 = 0 5 Multivariate
b. 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0

c. 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 8 = 0

d. 𝑥𝑦 3 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0

e. (𝑥 2 + 1)(3𝑦 − 4) = 0

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

Lesson Polynomial Equations:

2
Tuesday Roots of Polynomial Equation
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
● find the roots of a polynomial equation.

What’s In
To find the roots of a polynomial equation, we must first factor the given
polynomial. In factoring polynomials, we need to consider the following:
o greatest common factor,
o factor by grouping,
o factor trinomial with leading coefficient 1,
o perfect square trinomial,
o difference of squares,
o sum and difference of cubes, and
o factoring trinomials in a form of 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.
It is very important to master the skills in factoring polynomials since we will factor
the polynomial equation first before getting the roots.

Let us try to factor and find the solution of the polynomial equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0.

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 Solutions:
Identify the value of 𝑐 and 𝑏.
𝑐 = 3 ; 𝑏 = −4
Find the possible factors of 𝑐 and the sum of the factors.
Factors of 3 (c) Sum of the Factors (b)
1, 3 4
-1, -3 -4

Find the factors whose product is 3 and the sum is −4.

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Find the solution or the values of x from the factored form.
𝑥−1 = 0
𝑥−1+1 = 0+1 (add 1 to both sides of the equation)
𝑥=1
𝑥−3 = 0
𝑥−3+3 = 0+3 (add 3 to both sides of the equation)
𝑥=3

Therefore, the factored form of the equation 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 is (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 with

the solutions 1 and 3.

What’s New
Practical Applications of Algebra

It is easy to think of algebra as an abstract notion that has no use in real

life. Understanding the history and the practical applications of algebra
that are put into use every day might make you see it a little differently.

The main idea behind algebra is to replace numbers (or other specific
objects) by symbols. This makes things a lot simpler: instead of saying
“I’m looking for a number so that when I multiply it by 7
and add 3 I get 24”, you simply write 7x+3=24, where x
is the unknown number.
From the given scenario, what is the value of x?
©2020 ClipartPanda.com

What Is It
From the given situation, how will you solve the value of 𝑥 of 7𝑥 + 3 = 24?
We can solve the value of x using the properties of equality in algebra.
7x + 3 = 24
7x + 3 - 3 = 24 – 3 (By Addition Property of Equality)
7x = 21 (Apply the Rules in Adding Integers)
7𝑥 21
= (Divide both sides by 7)
7 7
x=3
Therefore, the value of x is 3.

10
 Finding the factors and the value of x is essential in getting the roots of a
polynomial equation. That is why, we need to master factoring polynomials and
properties of equality.

ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS

The roots of a polynomial equation are called its zeroes or solution. These
are the values of x at which the equation is equal to zero. Here are the important
theorems relating to the roots of polynomial equation:
a. A polynomial of nth degree can be factored into n linear factors.
b. A polynomial equation of degree n has exactly n roots.
c. If (x - r) is a factor of a polynomial, then x = r is a root of the associated
polynomial equation.

We can also apply Descartes’s Rule of Signs to determine the number of

positive and negative real roots of the given polynomial equation.

Descartes’s Rule of Signs

Before applying the rule of signs, make sure that the equation is written in
standard form.
a. The number of positive roots of P(x) is the number of variations in sign of
the nonzero coefficients of P(x) or less than the number of variations in
sign of P(x) by a positive even number.
b. The number of negative roots of P(x) is the number of variations in sign of
the nonzero coefficients of P(-x) or less than the number of variations in
sign of P(-x) by a positive even number.

Let us try to find the roots of the polynomial equation using different methods.

Illustrative Examples

Ex. 1. Factor and identify the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0.

Solutions:
The degree of the polynomial equation is 2. Therefore, the equation has 2
linear factors and has exactly 2 roots. By Descartes’s Rule of Signs, the
equation has 1 positive root and 1 negative root.

For Positive Roots P(x)

The signs of the terms of P(x) = + − −. Since there is one
variation in signs in P(x), the number of positive roots is 1.

For Negative Roots P(-x)

The signs of the terms of P(-x) = + + −. There is one variation in
signs in P(-x), the number of negative roots is 1.

Step 1: Since the equation is a trinomial with leading coefficient 1 in a form

of (𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐), we need to identify the value of 𝑐 and 𝑏. Note that the value of c is
the constant of the equation while the value of b is the coefficient of the middle term
of the trinomial;
𝑐 = −6 ; 𝑏 = −1

11
 Step 2: Find the possible factors of 𝑐 and which gives the sum equal to b;
Factors of 9 (c) Sum of the Factors (b)
1, -6 -5
-1, 6 5
2, -3 -1
-2, 3 1

Step 3: Find the factors whose product is −6 and the sum is −1;
Thus, the factor of 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 𝑖𝑠 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3).

Step 4: Find the roots of the equation from the factored form.
𝑥+2 = 0
𝑥 + 2 + (−2) = 0 + (−2) (add -2 to both sides of the equation)
𝑥 = −2

𝑥−3 = 0
𝑥−3+3 = 0+3 (add 3 to both sides of the equation)
𝑥=3
Therefore, the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0 are -2 and 3.

Ex. 2. Find the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0.

Solutions:
We need to make sure that the equation is in standard form. Since the
leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros or roots of the equation
must be the factors of the constant -6. These are ±1, ±2, ±3 and ±6.
The degree of the equation is 3, therefore, we will only look for 3 roots.

For Positive Roots P(x)

The signs of the terms of P(x) = + + + −. Since there is only
one variation in signs in P(x), the number of positive roots is 1.

For Negative Roots P(-x)

The signs of the terms of P(-x) = − + − −.
There are two variations in signs in P(-x). So, there are two negative
roots.

Use synthetic division, long division, or factor theorem to identify the roots of
the polynomial equation. In this example, we will use synthetic division.

Let us try -1.

−1 1 4 1 −6
−1 −3 2

1 3 −2 −4
Since the remainder is −4, −1 is not a root of the equation.

Let us try 1.
1 1 4 1 −6
1 5 6

1 5 6 0
Since the remainder is 0, 1 is a root of the equation.

12
 Let us try -2.
−2 1 4 1 −6
−2 −4 6

1 2 −3 0
The remainder is 0 so, −2 is a root of the equation

Let us try -3.

−3 1 4 1 −6
−3 −3 6

1 1 −2 0
The remainder is 0 so, −3 is a root of the equation.

Therefore, the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 are 1, −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3.

Ex. 3. Find the roots of the polynomial equation 3𝑥 4 −7𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 28𝑥 − 8 = 0.
Solutions:
The polynomial equation is already in standard form. It has 4 roots since
the degree of the equation is 4. From your previous lesson on Rational Zero
Theorem, the numerators of the rational roots must be the factors of 8 and
the denominators must be the factors of 3.
Therefore, the possible roots of the equation are:
1 2 4 8
±1, ± , ±2, ± , ±4, ± , ±8, ±
3 3 3 3

For Positive Roots P(x)

The signs of the terms of P(x) = + − − + −. There are three
variations in signs in P(x). Thus, the number of positive roots is 3.

For Negative Roots P(-x)

The signs of the terms of P(-x) = + + − − −. There is one variation in signs
in P(-x). So, there is 1 negative root.

Using synthetic division, let us get the negative root first. Try -2.

−2 3 −7 − 10 28 −8
−6 26 − 32 8

3 − 13 16 −4 0
Since the remainder is zero, -2 is a root. Let’s get the positive roots.
Continue the process using the quotient 3𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 − 4, and try 2:

2 3 − 13 16 −4
6 − 14 4

3 −7 2 0
The remainder is 0 so, 2 is a root of the equation.
We can now find the roots of the quotient 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = 0 by factoring.
3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 2 = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

13
 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑥−2=0
1
𝑥= 𝑥=2
3
1 1
Therefore, the roots are -2, 2, 2 and , can be written as -2, , and 2 of
3 3
multiplicity 2.

Note: Multiplicity is the number of times a “zero” is repeated in

a polynomial. The multiplicity of each zero is inserted as an
exponent of the factor associated with the zero.

Ex. 4. Find the roots of the polynomial equation [(𝑥 − 4)2 ][(𝑥 + 7)3 ](2𝑥 + 1) = 0.
Solutions: It is easy to find the roots of the equation in factored form. We need
to equate each term to zero.

𝑥−4 =0 𝑥+7 =0 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥−4+4 =0+4 𝑥 + 7 + (−7) = 0 + (−7) 2𝑥 + 1 + (−1) = 0 + (−1)
𝑥=4 𝑥 = −7 2𝑥 = −1
2𝑥 −1
=
2 2
−1
𝑥=
2

The factors are repeated, that are, the factors (𝑥 − 4) which appears
twice and (𝑥 + 7) which appears thrice.
−1
Therefore, the roots of [(𝑥 − 4)2 ][(𝑥 + 7)3 ](2𝑥 + 1) = 0 are 4, 4, 7, 7, 7 and , or
2
−1
can be written as 4 of multiplicity 2, -7 of multiplicity 3 and .
2

To identify the number of roots in a factored equation, we need to add

the exponents of each factor. The exponent of 𝑥 − 4 is 2, 𝑥 + 7 is 3 and 2𝑥 + 1
has an exponent of 1. By adding the exponents, 2+3+1 is 6. Thus, the equation
[(𝑥 − 4)2 ][(𝑥 + 7)3 ](2𝑥 + 1) = 0 has 6 roots.

What’s More
Activity 2. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
A. Instructions: Find the roots of the given polynomial equations. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

1. 𝑥 + 6 = 0 6. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 20 7. 𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 36 = 0
3. 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 0 8. [(𝑥 + 4)3 ][(3𝑥 − 2)2 ] = 0
4. 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 9. 3𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 6 = 0
5. [(𝑥 + 3)2 ](𝑥 − 8) = 0 10. [(2𝑥 + 1)2 ](𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 3) = 0

14
 B. Use Descarte’s Rule of Signs to determine the possible number of positive and
negative roots of the given equation.
1. 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6
2. 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6 = 0
3. 16𝑥 2 − 9 + 9𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 = 0
4. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 − 7 = 0
5. 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 + 3 = 0

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Lesson Polynomial Equations:

3 Finding Polynomial Equation
Wednesday
given the Roots
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
● write the polynomial equation given the roots.

What’s In
From your previous lesson, you have learned that the roots of a polynomial
equation are the zeroes or solution of the equation. These are the values of x at which
the equation is equal to zero. Here are the important theorems relating to the roots
of polynomial equation:
a. A polynomial of nth degree can be factored into n linear factors.
b. A polynomial equation of degree n has exactly n roots.
c. If (x - r) is a factor of a polynomial, then x = r is a root of the associated
polynomial equation.

15
 What’s New
Gardening is Booming During This Pandemic

Gardening businesses have been booming during the

coronavirus lockdown, and nurseries have busily tried to keep up
with the unexpected—and unprecedented—demand.

Tending plants has always been one of the world’s most

popular hobbies, but no one was prepared for this surge in
gardening—and nurseries are still propagating as fast as they can to
keep up. Even sales of houseplants are up, as people look for ways to
brighten their days in lockdown.

Now suppose that you want to plant in your garden. The

length of your rectangular garden is 17 meters longer than its width
with an area of 110 meters. Show the mathematical equation of your
garden.
Clipground © 2019 a Digital Storm website. Dig: boy digging a shovel clipart

What Is It
Let us analyze what you have read in the selection.
The garden was described as having a length that is 17 meters longer than its
width with an area of 110 meters. If we use the variable x as notation for width, we
can represent the dimensions as:
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥 + 17
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 110

Now if use the formula of the area of a rectangle, that is, 𝐴 = 𝑙 · 𝑤, we form the
equation:
110 = (𝑥 + 17)(𝑥)
110 = 𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 (𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
110 − 100 = 𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 100 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 100)
0 = 𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 100
or
𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 100 = 0

Therefore, mathematical equation of the garden is 𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 100 = 0.

What we have done is finding the polynomial equation given the factors. Now
let us try to find the polynomial equations given the roots.

Illustrative Examples:
Ex.1: Find the polynomial equation of degree 2 with the roots 2 and −4.

16
Solutions:
Step 1: Write the given roots equal to x. Remember that the roots of a
polynomial are the values of x for which the value of the polynomial is zero;
𝑥=2 , 𝑥 = −4
Step 2: Change the given roots or zeros to factors. The roots of 2 and
−4 mean that our factors are as follows;
(𝑥 − 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 + 4)

Step 3: Multiply the factors and equate to zero;

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
Step 4: Combine like terms.
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
Therefore, the polynomial equation of degree 2 with the roots 2 and −4 is
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0.

Ex.2: Find the polynomial equation with the zeros −1, −2 and 3.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given roots equal to x;
𝑥 = −1 , 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑥=3
Step 2: Change the given roots or zeros to factors;
(𝑥 + 1) , (𝑥 + 2) , (𝑥 − 3)

Step 3: Multiply the factors and equate to zero;

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 (Let us multiply first x+1 and x+2)
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 (Multiply the product to x-3)

Step 4: Combine like terms.

𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 6 = 0

𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 6 = 0

Thus, the polynomial equation with the zeros −1, −2 and 3 is 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 6 = 0.

Ex.3: Find the polynomial equation with the roots 0, ±3, and 1.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given roots equal to x. The root ±3 means that it has
two roots, +3 and -3;
𝑥 =0, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥=1
Step 2: Change the given roots or zeros to factors;
(𝑥) , (𝑥 − 3) , (𝑥 + 3), (𝑥 − 1)

Step 3: Multiply the factors and equate to zero;

(𝑥)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 (Multiply x and x-3, and x-3 and x-1)
(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) = 0 (Multiply both products)

Step 4: Combine like terms.

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0
𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0
Thus, the polynomial equation with the roots 0, ±3, and 1 is
𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0.

17
 1
Ex.4: Find the polynomial equation with the roots 5, 4, and .
2
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given roots equal to x;
1
𝑥 =5, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑥=
2

Step 2: Change the given roots or zeros to factors. To avoid fractions in

1 1
our equation, we will write 𝑥 = to (2𝑥 − 1), instead of writing 𝑥 − ;
2 2

2𝑥 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 5) , (𝑥 − 4), (2𝑥 − 1) 2𝑥 1
=
2 2
1
𝑥=
2
Step 3: Multiply the factors and equate to zero;
(𝑥)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 (Multiply x and x-3, and x-3 and x-1)

(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) = 0 (Multiply both products)

Step 4: Combine like terms.

𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0

𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 = 𝟎

Thus, the polynomial equation with the roots 0, ±3, and 1 is 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0.

Ex. 5. Find the polynomial equation with the roots 2 multiplicity of 2 and -1
multiplicity of 3.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given roots equal to x. For the given roots, 2 is
repeated twice while −1 is repeated thrice. Thus, the roots are
2, 2, −1, −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 1;
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −1,
Step 2: Change the given roots or zeros to factors;
(𝑥 − 2) , (𝑥 − 2), (𝑥 + 1), (𝑥 + 1), (𝑥 + 1)

Step 3: Multiply the factors and equate to zero;

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 (Multiply both x-2, and both x+1)
(Copy)
(Product)
(Product) (Product)
(Product)
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 (Multiply both products)
(Product)
(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

(Product)
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0

18
 Step 4: Combine like terms.
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = 0

Thus, the polynomial equation with the roots 2 multiplicity of 2 and -1 multiplicity
of 3 is 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = 0.

What’s More
Activity 3. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Write the polynomial equation in standard form with given the roots.

1. 1, 3
2. 0, -2, 4
3. -1, 5, -3
2 1
4. , −2
3
3
5. , 2, ±1,
4
6. 1 multiplicity of 2, -3 multiplicity of 2

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Lesson Polynomial Equations:

4 Problems Involving
Thursday
Polynomial Equation
What I Need to Know
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
● solve and apply the skills of solving polynomial equations to real-life
problems.

19
 What’s In
You have finally mastered the lessons on finding the roots of the given
polynomial equation and writing polynomial equations given the roots. We
can now proceed on solving real-life problems involving polynomial equations. Let us
try to answer the given problem.

Find two consecutive integers whose product is 240.

Solutions:
Let x be the first number.
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥
s𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 1
Multiply the first and second number with the product of 240.
(𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟)(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟) = 240
(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) = 240
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 240
2
(𝐵𝑦 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦) 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 240 = 240 − 240
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 240 = 0
(𝑥 − 16)(𝑥 + 15) = 0
𝑥 − 16 = 0 𝑥 + 15 = 0
𝑥 = 16 𝑥 = −15
Thus, the two consecutive integers are 15 and 16 or -15 and -16.

What’s New
A tree is supported by a wire anchored in the ground 5
meters from its base. The wire is 1 meter longer than the height
that it reaches on the tree. Find the length of the wire.

What Is It
To identify the number of roots the equation has, we need first to identify the
degree of the given equation. For the equation 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 14 = 0, it has 3
roots and since one of the roots is given which is 2, we will only solve for the other
2 roots.

If we go back to the previous activity, the tree was supported by a wire

anchored in the ground 5 meter from its base. The wire is 1 meter longer than the
height that it reaches on the tree. We can solve the problem using Pythagorean
Theorem.

20
 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(𝑥 + 1)2 = (5)2 + (𝑥)2 (𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 25 + 𝑥 2 (𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 25 − 𝑥 2 = 25 − 25 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 (𝑏𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
2𝑥 − 24 = 0 (𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜)
2𝑥 − 24 + 24 = 0 + 24 (𝑏𝑦 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
2𝑥 = 24
2𝑥 24
= (𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 2)
2 2
𝑥 = 12

To find the length of the wire, substitute 12 to x. Since the length is x+1,
12+1 is 13. Therefore, the length of the wire is 13 meters.

Let us try to solve more problems involving polynomial equation.

Illustrative Examples:

Ex. 1. Mrs. Cruz hires a landscape architect to renovate his front yard. The
rectangular yard is 30 meters long. If the area of the front yard is 600 square meters,
determine the width of the yard.

Solutions:
Step 1: Read the problem carefully, identify what is given and what is
being asked, and visualize the problem;

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 30 𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 600 𝑚2

Step 2. Set up and solve the equation;

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =𝑙·𝑤
600 = (30)(𝑥)
600 = 30𝑥
600 30𝑥
=
30 30
20 = 𝑥

Step 3. Answer the question the problem asks;

Therefore, the width of the yard is 20 meters.

Step 4. Check your answer.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =𝑙·𝑤

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (30𝑚)(20𝑚)

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 600𝑚2

21
Ex. 2. A shipping container in the shape of a rectangular solid must have a volume
of 30 cubic meters. The client tells the manufacturer that, because of the contents,
the length of the container must be one meter longer than the width, the height must
be one meter greater than twice the width. What should the dimensions of the
container?
Solutions:
Step 1: Read the problem carefully, identify what is given and what is
being asked, and visualize the problem;

𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥+1
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 30 𝑚3

Step 2. Set up and solve the equation;

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 · 𝑤 · ℎ
30 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥)(2𝑥 + 1) (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
2
30 = (𝑥 + 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 1) (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 2𝑥 + 1)
30 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠)
30 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
30 − 30 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 30 (𝑏𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
3 2
0 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 30 𝑜𝑟 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 30 = 0
Let’s use synthetic division to get the possible roots of the equation.
Let us try 2.
2 2 3 1 − 30
4 14 30

2 7 15 0
Since the remainder is 0, 2 is solution to the equation. We can use the
relationships between the width and the other dimensions to determine the
length and the height of the rectangular container. Substitute the value of x
by 2.
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑥 + 1 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2 + 1 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2(2) + 1
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 3 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 5

Step 3. Answer the question the problem asks;

Therefore, the rectangular container must have the width of 2 meters, length
of 3 meters and a height of 5 meters.

Step 4. Check your answer.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 · 𝑤 · ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (3𝑚)(2𝑚)(5𝑚)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 30𝑚3

Ex. 3. Maria is twice as old as her sister. Three years forward, the product of their
ages (in years) will be 28𝑥 + 19. Find their present ages.

Solutions:
Step 1: Read the problem carefully, identify what is given and what is
being asked. We will let x be the age of Maria’s sister at present;

22
 Three years forward,
𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑥 + 3
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 28𝑥 + 19
Step 2. Set up and solve the equation;
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 28𝑥 + 19 (𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 3)
2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 28𝑥 + 19 (𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠)
2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 9 − 28𝑥 = 28𝑥 + 19 − 28𝑥 (𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 + 9 = 19
2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 + 9 − 19 = 19 − 19 (𝐵𝑦 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)
2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 10 = 0
Since the equation is a trinomial with more than 1 leading coefficient,
multiply 𝑎 and 𝑐.
(𝑎)(𝑐) = (2)(−10) = −20

List all the possible factors of -20.

1, -20 2, -10 4, -5
-1, 20 -2, 10 -4, 5

Choose the correct pair of factors in which the sum of the product must
be equal to the value of 𝑏.
1 + (−20) = −19 2 + (−10) = −8 4 + (−5) = −1
(−1) + 20 = 19 (−2) + 10 = 8 (−4) + 5 = 1
Rewrite the trinomial into four terms by splitting the middle term using
the pair of factors.
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 20𝑥 − 10 = 0
Factor the polynomial using factor by grouping.
(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥) − (20𝑥 + 10) = 0
𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) − 10(2𝑥 + 1) = 0
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 10) = 0
2𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥 − 10 = 0
2𝑥 = −1 𝑥 = 10
2𝑥 −1
=
2 2
−1
𝑥=
2

Step 3. Answer the question the problem asks;

Since the problem is about age, we will take the positive value of x. Thus,
Maria’s sister age at present is 10 and while Maria’s age is 2(10) = 20.

Step 4. Check your answer.

(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 + 3) = 28𝑥 + 19
(10 + 3)[2(10) + 3] = 28(10) + 19
(13)(20 + 3) = 280 + 19
(13)(23) = 280 + 19
299 = 299

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 What’s More
Activity 4. NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Instructions: Read the items carefully and solve each problem by apply the
skills of solving polynomial equations to real-life problems.

1. The length of a rectangular garden is 4 feet more than the width. The area
is 96 𝑓𝑡 2 . Find the dimensions of the rectangular garden.
2. Alexa is 3 times as old as Loraine. Eight years from now, Alexa will be twice
as old as Loraine. How old is Loraine?
3. The volume of rectangular box is 192 cubic inches. Find the dimensions
of the box if the length is twice the width and the height is 2 inches greater
than its width.

What I Need to Remember

Write your insight/learning about the lesson being studied.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

24
Friday
Polynomial Equations:
Assessment
What I can do
Activity 5

Down

25
 Assessment (Post Test)
Instructions: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What should be the value of 𝑛 so that 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 defines a polynomial equation?

A. An integer C. A nonnegative integer
B. Any number D. Any number except zero

2. It refers to a polynomial with more than one independent variable.

A. Constant Polynomial C. Multivariate Polynomial
B. Linear Polynomial D. Univariate Polynomial

3. Which of the following illustrates a polynomial equation?

2
A. =0 C. √𝑥 5 + 3 = 0
𝑥+1
B. 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0 D. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 = 0

4. What is the degree of the polynomial equation 7 + 5𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − 20 = 0?

A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2

5. What is the degree of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 0?

A. 4 B. 6 C. 9 D. 12

6. What is the standard form of the equation 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) = 0?

A. 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0 C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0
B. (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 3)𝑥 = 0 D. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 = 0

7. What are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 – 6 = 0?

A. 1, 2, 3 B. −1,2, 3 C. −1, −2, 3 D.−1, − 2, −3

8. How many positive real roots does the equation 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 0 have?

A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0

9. What are the factors of the equation 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 30 = 0?

A. (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 30) = 0 C. (𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
B. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 30) = 0 D. (𝑥 + 15)(𝑥 − 2) = 0

10. What are the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 − 30 = 0?

A. −15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 B. 15 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 C. −10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 D. 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3

11. What are the roots of the polynomial equation (𝑥 − 3)5 (𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑥 − 2) = 0?
A. 3 of multiplicity 5, 4 of multiplicity 2, and 2
B. 3 of multiplicity 5, −4 of multiplicity 2, and 2
C. 5 of multiplicity −3, 2 of multiplicity 4, and −2
D. 5 of multiplicity −3, 2 of multiplicity −4, and 2

12. Which of the following equations have the factors (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0?
B. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0 C. 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
C. 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 3 = 0
2 D. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

26
13. Which of the following polynomial equations have the roots ±1, 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4?
A. 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 12 = 0 C. 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 12 = 0
B. 𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 11𝑥 − 12 = 0
3 2 D. 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 12 = 0

14. The screen of an LED TV measures 32 inches in length and its area is 832
square inches. What is the width of the screen?
A. 22 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 B. 24 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 C. 26 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 D. 28 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

15. Alexis is twice as old as her brother. Five years later, the product of their
ages will be 375. What is the present age of Alexis?
A. 20 B. 15 C. 10 D. 5

27
 28
Activity 2.A. Activity 1.A.
1. -6 1. 3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2 = 0
2. -5, 4
3. 0, -4 2. 10𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
1 3. 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 0
4. , -2
3
5. -3 multiplicity 2, 8 4. 3𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8 = 0
6. 0, 3, -1 5. 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 12 = 0
7. ±2, ±3
8. -4 multiplicity 3,
2 Activity 1.B.
multiplicity 2 Leading Leading
3 Degree Type
2 Term Coefficient
9. − 3, -3, -1
2. 10𝑥 3 10 3 Cubic
2
10. −3 multiplicity 2, 3. 𝑥 4 1 4 Quartic
5, -3 4. 3𝑥 2 3 2 Quadratic
5. 2𝑥 3 2 3 Cubic
Activity 1.C.
Activity 2.B. Degree Type according to variable
1. 2 positive roots
2. 6 Multivariate
2. 2 positive and 1 3. 3 Univariate
negative roots
4. 4 Multivariate
3. 1 positive and 2
5. 3 Multivariate
negative roots
4. 3 positive and 1
negative roots Activity 3.
1. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
5. 2 positive and 2 2. 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 0
negative roots
3. 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 − 15 = 0
4. 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
5. 4𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 6 = 0
6. 𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
HONESTY is required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your
Answer Key
 29
Activity 4.
2. Step 1: At present, let:
𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥
𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑎′𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑒 = 3𝑥
8 years from now,
𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 + 8
𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑎′𝐴𝑔𝑒 = 2𝑥
Step 2. 8 years from now, Alexa’s age
will be twice as the age of Loraine.
𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑎 = 𝐿𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒
2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 8
(By Additive Property)
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 8 − 𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 8
(Combine like terms)
𝑥=8
Step 3: Loraine’s age is 8 years
old at present.
Present Eight years
Age from now
Loraine 8 16
Alexa 24 32
3. Step 1: 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑥
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2𝑥
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 192
Step 2.
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙·𝑤·ℎ
192 = (2𝑥)(𝑥)(𝑥 + 2)
192 = (2𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 2)
192 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
(By Additive Property)
192 − 192 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 192 What I can do
0 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 192
or Activity 5.
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 192 = 0 Down
(Divide the equation by 2) 1. Solution
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 192 = 0 2. Polynomial
2 3. Quartic
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 96 = 0 4. Leading Term
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 24) = 0 7. Univariate
(The roots of 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 24 could not be determined. Thus, we will use 𝑥 − 4)
𝑥−4 =0 Across
𝑥=4 5. Multivariate
Step 3: The dimensions of the box are: 6. Degree
Width Length Height 8. Factor
𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥+2 9. Multiplicity
4 8 6 10.Quadratic
References
Books
Bernabe, Julieta G., Maricel C. Corpuz, Ricardo M. Crisostomo, Soledad J. Dilao,
Michael Lee, Alicia L. Padua, and Rommel S. Quiming. 2014. Our World of
Math 10. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.
Chu, Tom N. 2015. Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner. Makati City. Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.
Websites
Siyavula. 2006. Siyavula's open Mathematics Grade 10 Textbook, Chapter 4 on
Equations and Inequalities. November. Accessed August 20, 2020.
https://m.siyavula.com/read/maths/grade-10/equations-and inequalities
/04-equations-and-inequalities-00.
Openstax. 2015. Openstax’s open College Algebra Textbook, Chapter 5 on Zeroes of
Polynomial Function. February. Accessed on August 20, 2020.
https://openstax.org/books/college-algebra/pages/5-5-zeros-of-polynomial-
functions.
Gardening is Booming During This Pandemic-and You Can Still Start Planting in
July. 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.
https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/gardening-is-booming-during-this-
pandemic/
Images
Brown, D. 2016. Stumbling blocks in Floortime at FEDC 6: Helpful strategies for logical
thinking and building bridges between ideas. February. Accessed August 28,
2020. https://affectautism.com/2016/02/08/stumbling-blocks-6/
Dig: The children planted a. boy digging with shovel clipart.
Retrieved August 28,2020 from
https://clipground.com/boy-digging-with-shovel-clipart.html
Children Thinking Clipart
Retrieved August 28,2020 from
https://101clipart.com/children-thinking-clipart/

Avatars
The avatars used in this module are created using Bitmoji application.

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

▪ Name
▪ Grade and Section
▪ Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission of answer sheets as agreed with your
teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you and return them at the end of the school year
or whenever face-to-face interaction is permitted.

30