MODULE -2

Single-Phase Controlled
Rectifiers

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INTRODUCTION TO CONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS

 Controlled rectifiers are line commutated ac to

dc power converters which are used to convert a
fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply
into variable dc output voltage.

 Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac

power supply. Type of output: Variable dc output 2

voltage
APPLICATIONS OF
PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
 ☞DC motor control in steel mills, paper and
textile mills employing dc motor drives.
 ☞AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.

 ☞Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical

processes.
 ☞Magnet power supplies.

 ☞Reactor controls.

 ☞Portable hand tool drives.

 ☞Variable speed industrial drives.

 ☞Battery charges.

 ☞High voltage DC transmission.

 ☞Uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS).

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SINGLE
PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
 Single Phase Controlled rectifiers are further subdivided
into different types
☞Half wave controlled rectifier which uses a single
thyristor device (which provides output control only in one
half cycle of input ac supply, and it provides low dc output).
☞Full wave Controlled rectifiers (which provide
higher dc output)
☞Full wave controlled rectifier using a center
tapped transformer (which requires two thyristors).
☞Full wave bridge Controlled rectifiers (which do
not require a center tapped transformer)
☞Single phase semi-converter (half controlled bridge
converter, using two SCR’s and two diodes, to provide single
quadrant operation).
☞ Single Phase Full Converter (fully controlled 4
bridge converter which requires four SCR’s, to provide two
quadrant operations).
THREE PHASECONTROLLED RECTIFIERS ARE
OF DIFFERENT TYPES

 ☞Three phase half wave controlled

rectifiers
 ☞Three phase full wave controlled
rectifiers
 ☞Semi converter (half controlled bridge
converter).
 ☞Full converter (fully controlled bridge
converter).

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INTRODUCTION
 Diodes of rectifier circuits are replaced by thyristors.

 In thyristor based rectifiers, output voltage can be

controlled. So they are termed as controlled rectifiers.

 Controlled rectifiers produce variable DC output, whose

magnitude is varied by Phase control.
Phase Control
DC output from rectifier is controlled by controlling
duration of the conduction period by varying the point at
which gate signal is applied to SCR.

 Main drawback of phase control is Radio Frequency

Interference (RFI) 6
 Controlled rectifiers are of two types,
1- Fully Controlled rectifiers
DC current is unidirectional, but DC voltage has
either polarity. With one polarity, flow of power is
from AC source to DC load---Rectification.
With the reversal of DC voltage by the load, flow of
power is from DC load to AC source---Inversion.

2- Half controlled rectifiers

Half of SCRs are replaced by diodes.
DC output current and voltage are unidirectional. i.e.,
flow of power is from AC source to DC load.

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HALF-WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS

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With Resistive Load

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CALCULATION OF VOUT(AVG)

2
1
VO  dc   Vdc  v .d  t ;
2
O
0

vO  Vm sin  t for  t   to 

1
VO  dc   Vdc   Vm sin  t .d  t 
2 

1
VO  dc    V sin  t .d  t 
2
m
10
 
Vm
VO dc   sin t.d t 
2 

Vm  
VO dc   cos t 
2  

Vm
VO dc    cos  cos  ; cos  1
2
Vm
VO dc  1 cos  ; Vm  2VS
2
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Power Electronics
12
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CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC

Power Electronics
VO(dc)
Vdm

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0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0 60 120 180
Trigger angle in degrees
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Normalizing the dc output

Power Electronics
voltage with respect to Vdm , the
Normalized output voltage

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Vm
Vdc 1  cos  
Vn   2
Vdm Vm

Vdc 1
Vn   1  cos    Vdcn
Vdm 2
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With an Inductive (RL) Load

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With Inductive Load and
Freewheeling Diode

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 FULL-WAVE
CONTROLLED CENTER-
TAP RECTIFIERS

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With Resistive Load

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With an Inductive (RL) Load

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Control Characteristics for center-tap rectifier

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With Freewheeling Diode

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EXAMPLE 6.4

Explain with the help of waveforms the operation

of a full-wave center-tap rectifier with RL load for
the following firing angles:
(a) 0°
(b) 45°
(c) 90°
(d) 135°
(e) 180°

Assume highly Inductive Load

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 Voltage and current waveforms for α=0°

 During positive-half cycle of

source voltage, SCR1 is forward
biased and SCR2 is reverse
biased. During negative half-
cycle, SCR2 is forward biased
and SCR1 is reverse biased. In
either case voltage across the
load is Vs.

 Output is similar to
uncontrolled rectifier.

 Each SCR conducts for 180° and

supplies current to the load for
this period 23
 Voltage and current waveforms for α=45°

 Average DC output voltage

decreases.

 If SCR1 is triggered at 45°,

SCR2 will conduct upto that
point, even though the source
voltage is zero, due to highly
inductive nature of load.

 When SCR1 is turned on,

SCR2 is turned off.

 Current to the load is

supplied by SCR1 and SCR2,
each conducting for 180°
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Voltage and current waveforms for α=90°

 Average DC voltage is
zero, so there is no
transfer of power from AC
source to DC load.

 Each SCR remains in

conduction for 180°

 As firing angle is
increased from 0 to 90°,
the power supplied to
the DC load decreases,
becoming zero at α=90°
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Voltage and current waveforms for α=135°

 Average DC voltage is
negative.

 Load current still flows in

each SCR for 180° in its
original direction.

 Load voltage has changed

polarity.

 Power now flows from DC

load to AC source .

 Circuit acts like an inverter. 26

Voltage and current waveforms for α=180°

 Average output DC
voltage is at its maximum
negative value.

 SCRs remain in
conduction for 180°

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EXAMPLE 6.5
Show direction of power flow and operating
mode (rectifying or inversion) of center-tap
rectifier circuit with following firing angles:

A) α > 0°
B) α < 90°
C) α > 90°
D) α < 180°

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SOLUTION

 For firing angle in the range 0° < α <

90°
1. Average output voltage is positive.
2. Converter operates in the rectifying mode.
3. Power to the load is positive
4. Power flow is from AC source to the DC load.

 For firing angle in the range 90° < α < 180°

1. Average output voltage is negative
2. Converter operates in inversion mode
3. Power to the load is negative
4. Power flow is from DC load to AC source 29
 ASSIGNMENT # 2

 In example 6.4, draw waveforms for voltage

across thyristor 2. i.e., VSCR2

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 FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED
BRIDGE RECTIFIER

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With Resistive Load

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With an Inductive (RL) Load

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For L >>> R

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The average dc output voltage

Power Electronics
can be determined by using the expression
2
1  
  vO .d  t   ;

35
VO dc   Vdc 
2  0 
The o/p voltage waveform consists of two o/p
pulses during the input supply time period of
0 to 2 radians. Hence the Average or dc
o/p voltage can be calculated as
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 Power Electronics
 
2  
VO dc   Vdc    Vm sin  t.d  t  

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2   
2Vm
  cos  t 
 
VO dc   Vdc 
2
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 

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 Power Electronics
By plotting VO(dc) versus ,

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we obtain the control characteristic
of a single phase full wave fully
controlled bridge converter
(single phase full converter)
for constant & continuous
load current operation.
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 Power Electronics
To plot the control characteristic of a
Single Phase Full Converter for constant
& continuous load current operation.
We use the equation for the average/ dc
output voltage
2Vm
VO dc   Vdc  cos 
 38

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Power Electronics
39
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 VO(dc)
Vdc  Vdm  cos 

Power Electronics
Vdm

0.6Vdm

0.2 Vdm

0
30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm

-0.6 Vdm

-Vdm
40
Trigger angle in degrees
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 Power Electronics
 During the period from t =  to  the input voltage vS
and the input current iS are both positive and the

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power flows from the supply to the load.
 The converter is said to be operated in the rectification
mode
Controlled Rectifier Operation
for 0 <  < 900

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 Power Electronics
During the period from t =  to (+),
the input voltage vS is negative and the

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input current iS is positive and the output
power becomes negative and there will be
reverse power flow from the load circuit to
the supply.
The converter is said to be operated in the
inversion mode.
Line Commutated Inverter Operation
for 900 <  < 1800
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TWO QUADRANT OPERATION
OF A SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER

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0< < 900

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Controlled Rectifier
Operation

900< <1800
Line Commutated
Inverter Operation
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Control characteristics for bridge rectifier

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With RL load and freewheeling diode

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 HALF-CONTROLLED
OR
SEMICONTROLLED BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS

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 In fully-controlled rectifier, only rectification can
be obtained by connecting a freewheeling diode
across the output terminals of the rectifier.

 Another method of obtaining rectification in

bridge rectifiers is replacing half of the SCRs
with diodes. These circuits are called
semicontrolled bridge rectifiers.

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Full-wave semicontrolled bridge
rectifier circuit

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Semicontrolled bridge rectifier with FWD

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DUAL CONVERTER

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 Exercise Problems

6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.12, 6.21, 6.22, 6.24

Also give analysis of waveforms in each case of all
above exercise problems