DEBATE AND PANEL DISCUSSION

NAME : SILVI NURAINI

CLASS : AK 3C
NIM : 2005081074
SUBJECT : CORE ADVANCED ENGLISH
TEACHERS : DRA. HEDDY, M. HUM.
SEMESTER : THIRD
DAY/ DATE : MONDAY/ 08 NOVEMBER 2021

George Bernard Shaw said: “ A man never tells you anything until you contradict him.”.
Debate or debating is a formal method of interactive and representational argument.
Debate is a broader form of argument than logical argument, which only examine the
consistency from axiom, and factual argument, which only examine what is or isn’t the case
or rhetoric which is technique of persuasion. Though  logical consistency,  factual accuracy as
well as some emotional appeals to audiences are important elements of the art of persuasion,
in debating, one side often prevails over the other side by presenting superior “context”   and/
or frame work of the issue, which is far more subtle and strategic.

Instructions:
1. What are the purposes of performing Debate?
Answer :
The aim of a debate is to convince the opposition that you are right. When the two
sides agree on the subject or when one side’s arguments are more convincing than the
other side that is when the debate comes to a close.
The purpose of debate is to express yourself and speak your heart out on a given
topic. And you will get the opposition in your reasoning. The art of debating teaches you
to prove your point, even if you get the contradiction. It tests your reasoning. Moreover in
debates, you have the opportunity to question others on their speech. On the whole,
debates teach you the techniques to convince your belief to others, how to defend
yourself when contradicted and how to express yourself in a formal manner.
2. Mention forms of Debate and the formats.
Answer :
Types of Debate
Below are the types of debates that are popular and will help you to get started.
a) Team Policy Debate
Team policy debates consist of two teams, each with two debaters. Here, the structure
includes the following elements.
o Eight speeches
o Four constructive speeches
o Four rebuttals
o Four periods of cross-examination
The primary objective of team policy debate is to present a huge amount of evidence
quickly and coherently. Moreover, these are most commonly used in middle school or
high school debates.
Below given is the basic format of a team policy debate.

First Affirmative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-Examination of the 1st

3 minutes
affirmative

First Negative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-examination of the 1st negative 3 minutes

Second Affirmative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-Examination of the 2nd

3 minutes
affirmative

Second Negative Constructive 8 minutes

 Cross-Examination of the 2nd negative 3 minutes

First Negative Rebuttal 15 minutes

First Affirmative Rebuttal 5 minutes

Second Negative Rebuttal 15 minutes

Second Affirmative Rebuttal 5 minutes

Check out the example for a better understanding.

Team Policy Debate Example

b) Cross-Examination Debate
 Cross-examination is a new type of two-on-two college debate. It is mainly
defined as a period between speeches. Here, the opponent debaters ask questions to
clarify and understand each other’s points of information.
It consists of resolutions that are not related to policy. Similarly, this kind of
debate is based on values where evidence can be presented.
Moreover, a cross-examination debate provides you with an opportunity to
engage with your opponent. It further demonstrates your confidence to become a
persuasive speaker that helps you win more points.
Here is a detailed format structure of the cross-examination debate.

1st Affirmative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-examination by 2nd Negative 3 minutes

1st Negative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-examination by 1st Affirmative 3 minutes

2nd Affirmative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-examination by 1st Negative 3 minutes

2nd Negative Constructive 8 minutes

Cross-examination by 2nd Affirmative 3 minutes

1st Negative Rebuttal 5 minutes

1st Affirmative Rebuttal 5 minutes

2nd Negative Rebuttal 5 minutes

2nd Affirmative Rebuttal 5 minutes

Refer to the below example of the cross-examination debate.

Cross-Examination Debate Example

c) Lincoln-Douglas Debate
Lincoln-Douglas is an open style of debate. It is mainly inspired by the debates
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in the 1850s.
Moreover, this is a one-on-one debate that focuses on arguing for or against a
topic. Here, the participants agree on the time limits and topics beforehand.
For example, in the United States presidential debates, one debate is entirely
focused on domestic policy. At the same time, the other one is devoted to foreign
policy.
You can also check out our blog to get interesting debate topics. The main
purpose of the Lincoln-Douglas debates is to speak persuasively, clearly, and
logically. Similarly, it is very structured in nature and allows people to express their
viewpoints openly.
A typical format of the Lincoln-Douglas debate is as follows.
 Speaker A: Making the case 6 minutes

Speaker B: Cross-examination of
3 minutes
speaker A

Speaker B: First rebuttal 7 minutes

Speaker A: Cross-examination of
3 minutes
speaker B

Speaker A: First rebuttal 4 minutes

Speaker B: Final rebuttal 5 minutes

Speaker A: Closing rebuttal 5 minutes

Have a look at the below example to get a better idea.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate Example
d) Spontaneous Argumentation
Spontaneous argumentation includes two debaters that argue on a particular topic.
Firstly, they take enough prep time for a debate topic and then present the argument.
These types of debate essays are often used in college and university classrooms.
Moreover, it also helps in decreasing the anxiety of a speaker by building confidence.
However, it does not require detailed research work. Thus, the writer focuses
more on presentation and style rather than the content.

The spontaneous argumentation debate format is given below.

Affirmative Case 3 minutes

 Cross-Examination of the
1.5 minutes
Affirmative

Negative Case 3 minutes

Cross-Examination of the Negative 1.5 minutes

Negative Counter-Arguments 2 minutes

Affirmative Counter-Arguments 2 minutes

Negative Closing Statement 2 minutes

Affirmative Closing Statement 2 minutes

Refer to the document for a detailed example.

Spontaneous Argumentation Example
e) Public Forum Debate
Public forum debate is considered as audience friendly and a current events
debate. It includes two teams of debaters that argue on monthly controversial topics.
The round begins with a coin toss between the competing debate teams. It is
required to determine which side, either Pro or Con, will present their argument first.
Each debate team will be given 3 minutes to prepare the topic.
Furthermore, it consists of eight speeches and three crossfires but each with a time
limit. The winner is further decided by a judge who serves as a referee. Lastly, this
type of debate is used to test the students’ argumentation, cross-examination, and
refutation skills.

The following is a format structure of public forum debate.

Speaker 1 – Constructive Speech 4 minutes

 (Pro or Con)

Speaker 2 – Constructive Speech

4 minutes
(Pro or Con)

Cross-fire 3 minutes

Speaker 3 – Rebuttal Speech (Pro

4 minutes
or Con)

Speaker 4 — Rebuttal Speech (Pro

4 minutes
or Con)

Cross-fire 3 minutes

Speaker 1 –- Summary 2 minutes

Speaker 2 – Summary 2 minutes

Grand cross-fire 3 minutes

Speaker 3 –- Final Focus 2 minutes

Speaker 4 – Final Focus 2 minutes

Check out the below example of a public forum debate.

Public Forum Debate Example
f) Parliamentary Debate
Similar to the spontaneous types of debate arguments, parliamentary debates do
not require thorough research. The resolutions are decided only 10 minutes before a
round of debate starts. Similarly, it greatly emphasized logic and persuasiveness.
They are referred to as “parliamentary” because of their similar nature to the
debates that occur in the British parliament. Thus, such types of debates are mainly
used in parliaments and assemblies.

Moreover, it consists of the following elements.

o Two teams, each with two debaters
o Six speeches
 o Four constructive speeches
o Two rebuttal speeches
The format structure of the parliamentary debate is as follows.

First proposition constructive

7 minutes
speech

First opposition constructive

8 minutes
speech

Second proposition constructive

8 minutes
speech

Second opposition constructive

8 minutes
speech

Opposition rebuttal 4 minutes

Proposition rebuttal 5 minutes

Here is a detailed example to get a better understanding.

Parliamentary Debate Example
3. Mention attitudes in a Debate.
Answer :
 Express your opinion in a polite way
When you want to express your opinion, convey it in polite and polite words. Not
with harsh words accompanied by insults that will hurt others.
 Know your knowledge capacity
Before expressing your opinion, make sure you know the capacity and sufficient
understanding of the theme of the opinion to be conveyed. This is to avoid the
occurrence of debates that are not in accordance with the topic and cause conflict.
 Have a strong and clear argument base
 It's a good idea to have a solid and clear basis for your argument when expressing
your opinion. It is even better if you also have some data and facts to support your
opinion.
 Don't interrupt the other person's conversation
Do not interrupt the conversation of the other person when you are about to
express your opinion. Allow the other person to express his opinion until it is
complete and clear, then respond to his opinion after being invited to speak
 Don't attack the other person's personality
It is better not to attack the person you are talking to personally if you do not
agree with the opinion of others. Especially if it is not related to the topic of
discussion. This of course becomes one thing that can trigger conflict when done
in a discussion.

4. What is meant by "Emotional appeals to audiences"? Give explanation and

examples
Answer:
Emotional appeal is a logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win an
argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and audience. It is
generally characterized by the use of loaded language and concepts (God, country, and
apple pie being good concepts; drugs and crime being bad ones). In debating terms,
emotional appeals are often effective as a rhetorical device, but are generally considered
naive or dishonest as a logical argument, since they often appeal to the prejudices of
listeners rather than offer a sober assessment of a situation.
An emotional appeal is directed to sway an audience member’s emotions and uses
the manipulation of the recipient’s emotions rather than valid logic to win an argument.
An emotional appeal uses emotions as the basis of an argument’s position without factual
evidence that logically supports the major ideas endorsed by the presenter. In an
emotional appeal, persuasive language is used to develop the foundation of an appeal to
emotion-based arguments instead of facts. Therefore, the validity of the premises that
establish such an argument does not prove to be verifiable.
Example:
 Children are more often than not toddled out as an appeal to emotion. From
pictures of starving children to motivate people to give to charity to using them as any
excuse to ban things that children shouldn’t even be aware of (e.g., guns), they are
repeatedly paraded in front of audiences to appeal to their emotional protective instincts,
often overriding anyone’s sense of rationality. “For the children” or “think of the
children” as emotional appeals have been used with success in passing political motions
such as Proposition Hate in California.
As with children, cute animals override most people’s logic. Even if the pictures
of animal testing put out by PETA are 50 years out of date, they still provoke an
emotional response rather than a reasoned one when trying to assess cruelty in animal
testing.

5. What is a Panel Discussion? Give comprehensive explanation.

Answer:
A panel discussion is a specific format used in a meeting, conference, or
convention.  It is a live, in-person or virtual discussion about a specific topic amongst a
selected group of experts who share differing perspectives in front of an audience.
The main purpose of a panel discussion is for the panelists to share their wisdom and
provide insights to create real value and takeaways for the audience. It’s an “up close and
personal” discussion amongst the panelists and with the audience.  It’s the part of the
story that you can’t find on Google, YouTube, or TED.
A panel discussion IS:
 A panel discussion is typically facilitated by a skilled  “panel moderator” who
guides the panel and the audience through a lively conversation about a specific
topic.
 The panelists are a group of people typically 3-4 experts or practitioners in the
field, who share facts, offer opinions, and responds to audience questions either
through questions curated by the moderator or taken from the audience directly.
 The panel session typically lasts for 60-90 minutes.
 It can be produced to be in front of a live audience or recorded for replay, shown
in-person or remotely, with the moderator and panelists in one location or
 attending remotely, and with the audience in one physical room, or “virtually”
(otherwise known as “geographically dispersed”)

6. What is a meeting?
Answer:
A meeting is a coming together of (generally) three or more people to exchange
information in a planned manner and discuss issues set out before them to arrive at
decisions, solve problems, etc.
A meeting can be formal or informal. As regards a formal meeting there is set
rules for convening it and conducting it, with a written record of its proceedings. It
requires a notice which is a call, an invitation to attend it.
It has an agenda or list of things to deal with, and the outcome is systematically written in
the form of minutes. An informal meeting can be without any written notice, for instance
a staff union meeting in the lunch room to discuss a picnic.
A meeting has a convener who calls it and a leader or chairperson who directs it.

7. What are criteria of a good chairman of a meeting?

The chairman plays a key role on any voluntary management committee.  Below
are summarised some of the key qualities, skills and knowledge that are characteristic of
an effective chairperson.
Qualities, skills and knowledge
A good chairperson will:
 speak clearly and succinctly;
 be sensitive to the feelings of members;
 be impartial and objective;
 start and finish on time;
 be approachable;
 have an understanding of the voluntary and community sector;
 be tactful;
 have knowledge of the organisation's key networks;
 be able to delegate;
 be a good strategist;
 be a strong networker;
 be good at team building;
 consider succession planning across the board;
 plan for skills development of themselves and the committee;
 have experience of management committee involvement;
 show interest in member's viewpoints;
 have sound knowledge of the organisation's work;
 have an ability to respect confidences; and
 ensure decisions are taken and recorded.

Do's and Don'ts

A good chairperson will: A good chairperson will not:

Make all members feel valued Be the person who talks most at the
meetings

Strive for consensus, using his/her casting vote Make all the decisions
sparingly

Listen to others Allow one or two people to

dominate meetings

Encourage new faces onto committee Cut people out of discussions

Plan for the future Allow meetings to become

unproductive

Make new members feel welcome Make people feel foolish or useless

Allow others to take responsibility Force people to contribute to

discussions

Keep calm Lose his/her temper

Know when to stand down Stay too long

 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-purpose-of-debate/
https://www.myperfectwords.com/blog/debate-writing/types-of-debate
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-purpose-of-debate
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-communications/chapter/emotional-
appeals/
https://powerfulpanels.com/definition-panel-discussion/
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/meetings-types-purpose-
advantages-and-disadvantages/27671