Chapter 2
‘temporary resident’ or ‘migrant’
Organization and Management
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO TOURISM
Systems
- a group of interrelated, interdependent, and
interacting elements that together form a single
functional structure.
- to clarify and organize complex phenomena
that are otherwise too difficult to describe or
analyze
- tend to be hierarchical in that they consist of
subsystems and are themselves part of larger
structure
if upper thresholds are exceeded, the
visitor is no longer classified as a
tourist and should be reassigned to a
more appropriate category such as
The Tourists – a person who travels temporarlily outsided
of his or her usual environment (usually defined by some
distance threshold) for certain qualifying purposes.
Spatial Component
- travel must occur beyond the individual’s ‘usual
environment
- stipulates minimum distance thresholds, or other
criteria such as state or municipal residency
Domestic and International Tourism
DOMESTIC - travel occurs beyond a person’s usual
environment but within his or her usual country of
residence.
INTERNATIONAL - occurs outside of the usual country of
residence.
Outbound and Inbound Tourist
OUTBOUND – those leaving in their usual country of
residence
INBOUND – those arriving ina coountry different from
their usual country of residence
Long-Haul and Short-Haul Travel
SHORT-HAUL
 a flight lasting anywhere from 30 minutes to 3
hours
LONG-HAUL
 Long-haul travel as trips outside the multi-country
region in which the traveler lives (UNWTO)
 Long-haul routes require different types of aircraft
and passenger management strategies
 Long-haul tourists are often distinguished from
short-haul tourists by expenditure patterns, length
of stay and other critical parameters
Temporal Component
- the second basic factor that determines whether
someone is a tourist and what type of tourist
they are
- most countries adhere to a UNWTO threshold
of one year as the maximum amount of time
that an inbound tourist can remain in the visited
country and still be considered a tourist.
- if upper thresholds are exceeded, the visitor is
no longer classified as a tourist and should be
reassigned to a more appropriate category such
as‘temporary resident’ or ‘migrant’
Stayovers and Excursionists
STAYOVER - If the tourist (domestic or international)
remains in the destination for at least one night
EXCURSIONISTS - If the trip does not incorporate at least
one overnight stay
TRAVEL PURPOSES

 Leisure and Recreation
- include terms such as ‘vacation’, ‘rest and
relaxation, ‘pleasure’ and ‘holiday’
 Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)
- the second most important purpose for
domestic and inbound tourists
- destination decision is normally predetermined
by the destination of residence of the person
who is to be visited
 Business
- the largest category involves meetings,
- incentive travel, conventions and exhibitions,
all of which are combined in the acronym
MICE
 Sport
- Sport-related tourism involves the travel and
activities of athletes, trainers, and others
associated with competitions and training, as
well as the tourist spectators attending sporting
events and other sport-related venues.
 Study
- most people do not intuitively associate with
tourism, even though it is a qualifying UNWTO
criterion.
 Multipurpose Tourism
- many if not most tourist trips involve
multipurpose travel, which can be confusing for
data classification and analysis
MAJOR TOURISTS CATEGORIES
 International Stayovers - are tourists who remain
in a destination outside their usual country of
residence for at least one night
 International Excursionists - stay in this
destination without experiencing at least one
overnight stay
 Domestic Stayovers - stay for at least one night in
a destination that is within their own usual country
of residence, but outside of a ‘usual environment’
that is often defined by specific distance thresholds
from the home site
 Domestic Excursionists - undertake a similar trip,
but without staying overnight
Stopovers - are tourists or other travelers temporarily
staying in a location while in transit to or from a destination
region.
UNWTO TERMINOLOGY
 Origin Region - from which the tourist originates,
also referred to as the market of generating region
 Origin Community - significant effects can also be
felt at the sociocultural level, wherein returning
tourists are influenced by the fashions, food, and
music of various destination
 Origin Government - he role of origin
governments can be likened to a safety valve that
ultimately determines the energy
 Transit Region – explicitly recognized the
importance of the transit region component of the
tourism system
Destination Region
– the palaces to which the tourists are travelling.
Destination Communities
- the residents of the destination region
- recognized as influencial stakeholders in their own right,
on par with the industry or government
- now often included as equal partners in the management
of tourist destination
Destination Governments
– the government of the destination region
– can be likened to a safety valve that controls the amount
of energy absorbed by the destination components of that
system
- political systems that devolve responsibilities such as
tourism to the state level
SUMMARY OF KEY TERMS
Basic Whole Tourism System Origin Region
- an application of a systems approach to - the region (e.g. country, state, city) from which
tourism,wherein tourism is seen as consisting the tourist originates, also referred to as the
of three geographical components market or generating region
(origin,transit and destination regions), tourists Outbound Tourists
and a tourism industry, embedded within a - international tourists departing from their usual
modifying external environment that includes country of residence
parallel political, social, physical and other Short-haul Tourists
systems - variably defined as tourists taking trips within
Destination Community the world region where they reside, or within a
- the residents of the destination region given number of flying time hours
Destination Government
- the government of the destination region Stayover
Destination Region - a tourist who spends at least one night in a
- the places to which the tourist is traveling destination region
Domestic Excursionists Stopovers
- tourists who stay within their own country for - travellers who stop in a location in transit to
less than one night another destination; they normally do not clear
customs and are not considered tourists from
the transit location’s perspective
Domestic Stayovers System
- tourists who stay within their own country for - a group of interrelated, interdependent and
at least one night interacting elements that together form a single
Domestic Tourist functional structure
- a tourist whose itinerary is confined to their Tourism Industry
usual country of residence - the sum of the industrial and commercial
International Tourist activities that produce goods and services
- a tourist who travels beyond their usual country wholly or mainly for tourist consumption
of residence Transit Region
MICE - the places and regions that tourists pass through
- an acronym combining meetings, incentives, as they travel from origin to destination region
conventions and exhibitions; a form of tourism Travel Purpose
largely associated with business purposes - the reason why people travel; in tourism, these
Excursionist involve recreation and leisure, visits to friends
- a tourist who spends less than one night in a and relatives (VFR), business, and less
destination region dominant purposes such as study, sport, eligion
Inbound Tourists and health
- international tourists arriving from another VFR Tourism
country - tourism based on visits to friends and relatives
International Excursionists
- tourists who stay less than one night in another
country
International Stayovers
- tourists who stay at least one night in another
country
Long-haul Tourists
- variably defined as tourists taking trips outside
of the
Medical Tourism
- travel for the purpose of obtaining medical
treatment that is unavailable or too expensive in
the participant’s region of origin
Multipurpose Travel
- travel undertaken for more than a single
purpose
Origin Community
- the residents of the origin region
Origin Government
- the government of the origin region