DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT III:
CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES
Maria Victoria P. Canaria, RPh, MS Pharm
Lordwin Alexis C. Labuguen, RPh, BSCP
Cristopherson P. Mata, RPh, MS Pharm
Course Facilitators AY 2020-2021
 UNIT III OUTLINE
I. PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS AND NECESSITIES IV. DENTAL PRODUCTS
A. Acids and Bases A. Anticariogenic Agents
B. Buffers B. Polishing Agents
C. Antioxidants C. Desensitizing Agents
D. Water
E. Glass V. MISCELLANEOUS
A. Inhalants
II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS B. Respiratory Stimulants
A. Acidifying Agents C. Expectorants
B. Antacids D. Emetics
C. Antidiarrheal Agents E. Antidotes
D. Laxatives F. Tableting Agents
G. Suspending Agents
III. TOPICAL AGENTS
A. Protectives
B. Antimicrobials
C. Protein Precipitants
D. Astringents
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES

II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS

A. Acidifying Agents
B. Antacids
C. Anti-diarrheal Agents
D. Laxatives
 ACIDIFYING AGENTS
CLINICAL CORRELATION

ACHLORHYDRIA Treatment
• Absence of HCl In gastric secretions. 1. Address co-morbid conditions causing Achlorhydria

• HCl helps the body to breakdown and digest food; 2. Use of Acidifying Agents
eliminates bacteria and viruses (from food) in the A. Diluted HCl
stomach-protecting the body from infection → 5 mL dose is further diluted to 200 mL of water
• It is a more severe form of Hypochlorhydria, a → administered using glass straw laid well at the
deficiency of stomach acid. back of the tongue to avoid exposure of HCl to
dental enamel.
• The condition generally does not occur on its own but
is a secondary result of some other conditions like B. Glutamic Acid HCl
PUD (H. pylori infection) and hypothyroidism. → more expensive and usually administered in
capsules
• Signs & Symptoms: Abdominal bloating, indigestion,
nausea, epigastric pain
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES

II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS

A. Acidifying Agents
B. Antacids
C. Anti-diarrheal Agents
D. Laxatives
 ANTACIDS
CLINICAL CORRELATION

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (PUD)

• Is a condition in which painful sores or ulcers develop • Common Causes: Infection (H. pylori), Chronic use of
in the lining of the stomach. Normally, a thick layer of NSAIDs
mucus protects the stomach lining from the effect of
its digestive juices. • Signs and Symptoms:
-Dull or burning pain in the stomach (epigastric)
-Frequent burping
-Bloated feeling
-Black stools

Photo Source: Peptic Ulcer. Retrieved from:

https://www.mountnittany.org/articles/healthsheets/36804
 ANTACIDS
CLINICAL CORRELATION
HEARTBURN & GERD
• Heartburn is a common problem created by acid
reflux, a condition where some of the stomach
contents are forced back up into the esophagus. It
creates a burning pain in the lower chest.
• Persistent acid reflux that happens for more than
twice a week is typically called as GERD (Gastro-
Esophageal Reflux Disease).
DRUGS
ANTACIDS
• Drugs (generally a base or base salt) that react with
excess HCl in the stomach through
NEUTRALIZATION reactions
• Used to raise gastric pH, hence relieving symptoms of
stomach pain.
• Indications: Antacids are used for the symptomatic
relief od hyperacidity associated by PUD, heartburn,
GERD, dyspepsia, and gastritis.
 ANTACIDS
DRUGS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON EXTENT OF ABSORPTION IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Systemic Antacids Non-Systemic Antacids
Form relatively insoluble compounds in the GIT.
Soluble and easily absorbed; can cause
systemic alkalosis Absorbed to a lesser extent compared to systemic
antacids
Aluminum-, Calcium-, and Magnesium-containing
NaHCO3
antacids

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ONSET OF ACTION

Rapid-onset Intermediate-onset Slow-onset
Mg(OH)2
Magaldrate Magnesium Trisilicate
MgO
MgCO3 Aluminum compounds
CaCO3
 ANTACIDS
Common Side Effects
• Magnesium-containing
- Diarrhea
- Hypermagnesemia
containing Antacids
• Aluminum-containing
- Constipation
- Hypophosphatemia
NaHCO3 → Highly water-soluble antacid; systemic alkalinizer
• Al(OH)3 or Amphogel
→ reduces serum levels of phosphate by binding
with phosphate in the gut resulting in insoluble
Aluminum- and non-absorbable compound.
• AlPO4 or Phosphagel
→ does not interfere with the absorption of
phosphate

• Carbonate-containing • Mg(OH)2
- Bloating and flatulence • Magnesium trisilicate
Magnesium- → compound of MgO and SiO2
• Calcium-containing containing Antacids → result in the stomach is a gelatinous mass
- Hypercalcemia → POTECTIVE
- Constipation -- the colloidal silicates would protect the
ulcer from further acid attack.
 ANTACIDS
• Bismuth subnitrate, Bismuth citrate, Bismuth subcarbonate, Bismuth subgallate
→ mild germicidal or antiseptic, and astringent
Bismuth-
• Milk of Bismuth
containing Antacids
• Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®)
→ anti-inflammatory and bactericidal

→ Since no single antacid meets all the criteria for an ideal one, several products in the market
are mixture of antacids.
→ Most are used in attempt to balance individual side effects.

Combined Antacid • Al(OH)3 + Mg(OH)2

Preparations - Maalox®

• Alginic Acid-Sodium Bicarbonate

- Gaviscon®
 ANTACIDS
→ Antacids combined with Simethicone

SIMETHICONE
→ Is an anti-foaming agent used to reduce bloating, discomfort, or pain caused by excessive gas.
→ Therapeutic Use: ANTI-FLATULENT
Simethicone- → Mechanism of Action: As an anti-foaming agent, it reduces surface tension between small gas
containing Antacids bubbles to form bigger gas bubbles – pass more easily through the intestines.

• Al(OH)3 + Mg(OH)2
- Maalox Plus®
- Kremil-S®

PATIENT EDUCATION
• Take 30 mins to 60 mins after each meal and at bedtime.
• Chewable tablets and Suspensions
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES

II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS

A. Acidifying Agents
B. Antacids
C. Anti-diarrheal Agents
D. Laxatives
 ANTI-DIARRHEAL AGENTS
CLINICAL CORRELATION DRUGS

DIARRHEA ANTI-DIARRHEAL AGENTS

• Is a condition characterized by the passing of
abnormally loose stools at very short intervals
• Causes:
- Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections
- Change in diet
- Food intolerance
- Certain drugs
• People with diarrhea, especially the very young and
elderly are at risk of dehydration and electrolyte
imbalance.
• Symptomatic control of acute and chronic diarrhea
• Anti-diarrheal agents act directly on the smooth
muscle of the intestines to produce a spasm-like
effect with decreased peristalsis,
• Antibiotics are only given if needed.
• Adsorbent-protectives adsorb toxins, bacteria, and
viruses along with providing a protective coating of
the intestinal mucosa.
 ANTI-DIARRHEAL AGENTS
DRUGS

ANTI-DIARRHEAL AGENTS
KAOLIN
• Native hydrated aluminum silicate
• Adsorbent in the treatment of mild diarrhea

ATTAPULGITE
• Magnesium silicate
• Adsorbent in the treatment of diarrhea

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
• Adsorbent (fine form) in the treatment of diarrhea and antidote in certain types of poisoning
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Pharm 114: Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THEIR USES

II. GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS

A. Acidifying Agents
B. Antacids
C. Anti-diarrheal Agents
D. Laxatives
 LAXATIVES
CLINICAL CORRELATION

CONSTIPATION
• Occurs when bowel movements become less frequent
and stools become difficult to pass.

When are they indicated?

DRUGS o To ease defecation in patients with painful hemorrhoids
and other rectal disorders.
o To avoid potentially hazardous rise in blood pressure
LAXATIVES during defecation (Hypertension, and cerebral, coronary,
• Or purgatives are substances that loosen stools and or arterial disease)
increase bowel movements. o To relieve acute constipation
• Laxatives are mild cathartics. o To remove solid material from the intestinal tract prior to
certain radiographic procedures
 LAXATIVES
DRUGS

LAXATIVES
1. Stimulant
2. Bulk-forming
3. Emollient

4. SALINE LAXATIVES
→ Salts of poorly absorbable anions.
→ Acts by increasing osmotic load in the GIT.
→ The body relieves hypertonicity of the gut by
secreting additional fluids into the intestinal tract.
The resulting bulk stimulates peristalsis
• Monobasic Sodium Phosphate (NaH2PO4)
• Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4)
- Fleet® Enema
• Sulfates (Na2SO4)