Наклонение в английском языке

В английском языке, как и в русском, существует следующие наклонения:

1) Изъявительное – The Indicative Mood (a fact, reality, or a real condition)
*He works at a factory.
I shall not go if it rains.
2) Повелительное – The Imperative Mood (a command or request)
 Come up here. Go away! Don’t be late!
 Let us go! Let us not go. (Do let’s go.)

3) Сослагательное - The Subjunctive Mood II

The Conditional Mood
The Subjunctive Mood I
The Suppositional Mood
1) Выражает действие не как реальное, а как таковое, которое могло бы
состояться при определенных условиях, а также необходимое, желательное
или, как нереальное, невыполнимое.

2) Образуется с помощью should/would

3) Имеет две временные формы: Present и Past

Сослагательное наклонение передается с помощью условных

предложений.

Условные предложения
1 тип (реальный) – показывает реальное действие, которое может произойти
при определенных обстоятельствах.
*We shall go for a walk if the weather is fine.
If I hear about it, I shall let you know.
I shall ask her tomorrow if I see her.

principle clause subordinate clause

The Future Indefinite The Present Indefinite

2 тип (полуреальный) - показывает нереальное действие, которое могло бы

произойти в настоящем времени, при определенных обстоятельствах.
* We should go for a walk if the weather were fine.
If I heard about it, I should let you know.
I should ask her tomorrow if I saw her.

principle clause subordinate clause

The Future- in the Past Indefinite The Past Indefinite

* If I were the President, I would change the legislative body of the country.
(Compare:
We are going to have a barbecue. – Oh, that’ll be nice.
We’re thinking of having a barbecue. – Oh, that would be nice.)

N.B. were – for all persons Sing. and Pl.

3 тип (нереальный) - показывает нереальное действие, которое могло бы
произойти в прошлом, при определенных обстоятельствах.
* We should have gone for a walk if the weather had been fine yesterday.
If I had heard about it before, I should have let you know.
I should have asked her yesterday if I had seen her.

principle clause subordinate clause

The Future- in the Past Perfect The Past Perfect

The Conditional Mood The Subjunctive Mood II

The Future- in the Past Indefinite The Past Indefinite
The Future- in the Past Perfect The Past Perfect

N.B. The Conditional Mood and The Subjunctive Mood (II) can be used separately.

N.B. if can be omitted.

If I had time, I would go to the cinema.
* Had I time, I should go to the cinema.
Had I seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it.
Were he here, he would advise something.

N.B. if the subordinate clause goes first, it is followed by Comma,

4 тип (смешанный) -
1) главное предложение – относиться к прошлому (would have done)
придаточное предложение – относится к настоящему или будущему
(did)
* She would have translated the article yesterday If she knew English.
He wouldn’t have given away his money if he weren’t generous.
I wouldn’t have married her If I didn’t love her.
If he knew English well, he would have translated the article yesterday.
If you were not so absent – minded, you wouldn’t have made so many mistakes.

2) главное предложение – относится к настоящему или будущему (would

do)
придаточное предложение – относиться к прошлому (had done)
* She would know what to do now if she had been at the lecture yesterday.
He wouldn’t have a stomachache if he hadn’t eaten those apples.
He would work at school if he had graduated from the Institute.
If you had worked harder last year, you would know English well now.

0 тип (нулевое условие) - показывает действие, которое всегда происходит

при определенных обстоятельствах.
* If I drop an egg it breaks.
If the weather is fine, people go for a walk.
 Notes:
I. Самостоятельное употребление сослагательных наклонений:
1) But for – если бы не - Conditional Mood
*But for the late hour they would stay here longer. (present)
But for him she wouldn’t have got these dictionaries. (past)

2) Otherwise - иначе - Conditional Mood

*We must warn her about it otherwise she would get into trouble. (present)
She was angry otherwise she wouldn’t have said it. (past)

3) You’d better – вам бы лучше – (совет)- Subjunctive II

*You’d better do it at once.
You’d (had) better not tell her about it.
(You‘d better (would) do it – modal verb)
4) I’d sooner – предпочел бы – (предпочтение) - Subjunctive II
*I’d sooner not interfere.

5) I’d (would, had) rather – предпочел бы – (предпочтение) - Subjunctive II

*She‘d rather stay at home and read a good book.
I’d rather you went home now.(had gone)
He’d rather they left him alone.
I’d rather he hadn’t spoken in that abrupt manner.

6) If only (Oh, if; Oh, that) – если бы только – (желание) - Subjunctive II

для выражения желательного действия, которое противоречит
действительности.
*If only he looked different! (present)
If only it could always be the spring! (present)
If only I knew it for sure. (present) If only I had told the truth then. (past)

7) As if , as though – как будто - Subjunctive II

*It is not as if you knew him. (present)
They spoke before her as if she were not there.
It seems as if she were angry with me.
He looked as if he knew it to be true.
* It looks as if they had left the house. (past)
He looked as if he had never seen me before.

8) I wish –жаль, хорошо бы - Subjunctive II

для выражения желательного действия, которое противоречит
действительности.
*I wish I knew it (where you are and what you are doing.) (present)
I wish you didn’t think so. (present)
I wish I were only joking. (present)
I wish I hadn’t told you about it. (past)
I wish it hadn’t happened. (past)
N.B. I wish smb. could (regret about personal lack of ability)
- might
*I wish I could also go.
We all wish he might win.

N.B. I wish smb. – would (criticise)

*I wish you would come tomorrow. I wish this computer would stop crashing.
I wish someone would fix the central heating.
II. Suppositional Mood (GB – all styles)
Для выражения сомнительного, но необходимого, желательного действия
(которое не противоречит действительности и должно состояться согласно
чьей – либо просьбе, распоряжению, приказу)
* It is necessary that he should go there at once.
1) Употребление:
1) В придаточных предложениях, которые вводятся оборотом с it
It is necessary
It is doubtful
It is important
It is desirable
It is ordered
It is demanded
It is recommended
It is strange that smb. should do
that smb. should have done

It is natural
It is impossible
It is a pity
It is a shame
It is requested
It is advisable
It is arranged
*It is necessary that you should come.
2) После:
to order
to suggest
to propose
to demand
to request
to advise
to recommend
to command
to insist
He ordered that you should come.
I insist that you should consult a doctor.

3) С союзом lest – чтобы не, как бы не

*Mary dreaded lest he should come in. (Мэри боялась, как бы он не вошел.)
She closed the window lest the children should catch cold.
Do it at once lest she should change her mind.
4) В дополнит. придаточных, зависящих от глаголов, выражающих чувство
радости, сожаления, удивления
* I am sorry that you should think so.(Жаль, что вы так думаете.)
I am surprised that he should have done it
5) В придат. предложениях, которые относятся к будущему - небольшая
вероятность, предположение.
*If you should meet her somewhere, you might travel with her.
(Случись так, что ты встретишь ее где – нибудь, ты смог бы поехать с ней.)
6) в вопросах с Why
*Why should you think so?
Why should you have left so unexpectedly.
III. Subjunctive I (American, GB – official style)
Имеет только одну форму для всех лиц ед. и мн. числа, которая совпадает с
инфинитивом без to
Употребление совпадает с The Suppositional Mood
*It is necessary that you be here.

that smb. do
that smb. have done

IV. Заменители If

N.B If can be replaced by - unless (=if …not)

- in case (=because of the possibility)
- as long as (provided, providing) (при условии)
- supposing (suppose) (=what if)
* Unless I hear from you, I will arrive at 8 o’clock.
I’ll take my umbrella in case it rains.
*Jim will land safely on the ground provided /as long as his parachute opens.
Supposing you missed the plane, what would you do?

N.B *Be it so!(да будет так)

Come what will!(будь, что будет.)
Success attend you!
Long live our country!
Manners be hanged!(к черту хорошие манеры!)
Dawn you!

N.B *It is time you knew the rule.

It is time he stopped behaving like that.