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Wk12 Power Series
Wk12 Power Series
ECADVM30
SERIES
Power Series
A power series is a polynomial with infinitely many terms. An expression
of the form:
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 2+ 𝑎 𝑟 3 +…= 𝑎
1−𝑟
1 2 3
=1 − 𝑥+ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + …
1+ 𝑥
𝑥 2 3 4
= 𝑥+2 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + …
1 −2 𝑥
Example 1
Find a formula for the sum of the following series
𝑥2 +2 𝑥5 + 4 𝑥 8+ 8 𝑥 11 +16 𝑥 1 4 +…
Solution 1
∞
𝑛 𝑎 +3 𝑛+ 2 2 3 𝑎
=∑ 2 𝑥 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 + 𝑎 𝑟 +…=
𝟑 1−𝑟
𝒙 𝑛= 0
𝑥
−a. 3 𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟+ 𝑎 𝑟 2+ 𝑎 𝑟 3 +…= 𝑎
1 1−𝑟
b. 2
+ 𝑥
Solution 2
∞
𝑥 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏
a. = 𝒙+𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟗 𝒙 +𝟐𝟕 𝒙 +…= ∑ 𝟑 𝒙
3𝑥 𝒏= 𝟎
∞
1 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
b.
2
=𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 + …= ∑ ¿ ¿
+𝑥 𝒏=𝟎
Taylor Series
Consider again the power series
2 3 1
1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +…=
1−𝑥
Taylor series – a power series that adds up to a known function
1 3 1 5 1 7
𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +…
3! 5! 7!
−1 1 3 1 5 1 7
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + …
3 5 7
1 2 1 3 1 4
ln (1+ 𝑥 )= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 +…
2 3 4
All of the functions – the exponential, the sine, the cosine, the
logarithm, the inverse tangent, all of them are really just polynomials.