Ãm≥tU¿Uv VII

`mKw 1

tIc-f- k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k- h-Ip∏v
Xøm-dm-°n-bXv
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2016
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—ePe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a- Ø n\pw sFiz- c y- Ø n- \ pw- th≠n
{]bXv\n°pw.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
E-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
First Edition : 2014, Reprint : 2016
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,

\mtam-tcm-cp-Øcpw kaq-lØ
- nse AwK-ßfm-Wt- √m. kaq-l-
Ønse \∑-Iƒ Dƒs°m≠pw Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn {]Xn-Ic
- n®p-
sIm≠pw Pohn-t°-≠Xv GsXmcp ]uc-s‚bpw IS-a-bm-Wv.
\ΩpsS kº-∂-amb kwkvIm-chpw \mw C∂\p`hn-°p∂
hnhn[ kuI-cy-ßfpw ap≥X-ea
- p-dI
- f
- psSIqSn kw`m-h\
- I
- f
- m-
Wv. Ah-cpsS XymK-]q¿Æ-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf BZ-cn-°p-
∂-tXm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS t\´-߃ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw
hcpw XeapdIƒ°mbn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠X
- p-≠v.

a\p-jy\pw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn-eq-∂n-bm-Wt√m

\ΩpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. AXn-\m¬ \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xnsb kwc-
£n-°p-Ibpw `mhn Xe-ap-db
- v°p-IqSn Ah-Im-is
- ∏-´X
- m-sW∂
t_m[-tØmsS kaq-lh
- n-Ik
- \
- Ø
- n-\mbn Icp-Xt- emsS hn\n-
tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠X
- m-Wv. P\m-[n-]X
- y-cm-Py-Ønse AwK-
ß-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-Im-iß
- ƒ A\p-`h
- n-°p-Ibpw IS-aI
- ƒ
\n¿Δ-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ \ap°p km[n-°-Ww. CØcw
Dƒ°m-gvN-I-tfmsS {]h¿Øn-°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw kmaq-ly-
im-kv{X-]T
- \w klm-bI
- a
- m-Wv. Bh-iy-amb Adnhv t\Sp-∂-
Xn\pw IqSp-X¬ At\z-jn-°p-∂X
- n\pw Is≠-Øp-∂X
- n\pw {]Xn-
I-cW
- {- ]-h¿Ø\-ßf
- n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂X
- n\pw Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw
\nßsf klmbn°-s´.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

tUm. ]n. F. ^mØna,

Ub-d-IvS¿,
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 ]mT-]p-kvXI cN\m-kanXn
A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n. taml-\≥, hn.]n.
F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.‰- n., lnÃ-dn, F®v.F - k - v.F - ., tNmXm-hq¿
hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.-F® - v.F- k - v.F
- kv., F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v., Nmºm-Sv
]pXq¿]≈n-°¬ ]n.Fw. apl-ΩZv apkvX^
A_q-t_-°¿ kn±n-Jv, sI. eIvNd- ¿, Ub‰v, ]me-°mSv
]n.Un. So®¿, Pn.bp.-]n.-Fk - v., {]Zo-]≥, ‰n.
hoºq¿, at©-cn F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.‰n., lnÃ-dn,
AP-bI - p-am¿, F≥. Pn.F-®v.F - k - v.F - k- v., I√m-®n
_n.]n.-H., _n.B¿.kn., tlmkvZp¿Kv F®v. F. kenw
tUm. _m_p-°p-´≥, ]n. bp.]n.-Fk - v.F - ., Pn.F-®v.F - k - v.F- k - v., t]mcp-hg- n, iqc-\m-Sv
ko\-b¿ eIvNd- ¿, Ub‰v, sIm√w ko\-tamƒ, Fw.Fw.
]n.hn. lpssk≥ F®v.F - k- v.F - k - v., tXm∂-bv°¬
H.F-®v.F- k - v.F - kv., Xncq-cß - mSn sI.sP. tj¿fn
Pam¬, sI. bp.]n.-Fk - v.F - ., Pn._n.-F® - v.F- k- v.F
- kv., Ic-a\ -
F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.‰n., lnÃ-dn, tkma-\m-Y≥, kn.hn.
B¿.-F.-kn.-F® - v.F
- k - v.F- k - v., {Xn®-ºmdw bp.]n.-Fk - v., Xfn-∏d- º -
IS-ta-cn ]n.H., hn√n-b∏ - ≈- n
hnP-bIp-am¿, kn.B¿.
Pb-Ip-am¿, sI. F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.‰n., tPym{K-^n,
F®v.F - k - v.F - ., Kh. t_mbvkv F®v.F - k - v.F- k - v., anXrΩe
F≥.-Fk - v.F - k - v.F®v.F - kv., ]mtem-Sv
hn¬{^Uv tPm¨, Fkv.
at\m-Pv, sI.hn. F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.‰n., tPym{K-^n,
F®v.F- k - v.F - k - v.‰n. s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv, Kh. Fw.Pn.-F® - v.F - k - v.F
- k - v., IWn-bm-]p-cw
tKmJse
tUm. F≥. Ie
F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v., Ipam-c\ - √ - q¿ dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.k - n.-C.-B¿.Sn.

hnZ-Kv[¿
tUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv, ]n.]n., Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃ-dn,
]n.F-kv.Fw.H. tImtf-Pv, Xncq-c-ßmSn
tUm. F≥.-]n. lm^nkv apl-ΩZv, Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v
tkmtjym-fPn, ^dq°v tImtfPv, tImgn-t°mSv
at\mPv Ipam¿, ]n.Fkv., Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃdn,
sI.sI.Sn.Fw. tImtf-Pv, sImSp-ß-√q¿, Xriq¿
alm-enw-Kw, Fkv., Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.),
Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v tPym{K-^n, Kh. tImtfPv, Nn‰q¿
tUm. {]ntb-jv, Fw., Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
tUm. thWptaml≥, Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v lnÃdn,
Kh. tImtfPv, s\Sp-a-ßmSv
A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿
Nn{Xm am[-h≥, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw˛695 012
1. bqtdm∏v ]cn-h¿Ø-\-]m-X-bn¬ ........................... 07

2. I®-h-S-Øn¬\n∂v A[n-Im-c-Øn-te°v ................... 17

3. sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw H∂mw kzmX{¥yka-chpw....... 27

4. C¥y ]pXp-bpK-Øn-te-°v .................................. 36

5. kmº-Øn-I t{kmX p-Iƒ ................................ 48

6. `q]-S-ß-fpsS s]mcpƒtXSn ................................ 58

7. `qanbpw Poh-tem-Ihpw ..................................... 72

 Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”߃
kuIcyØn\mbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p.

A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v
hnt[bamt°≠Xn√

]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃

kw{Klw

{][m\ ]T\t\´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h

hnebncpØmw

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃
 lKnb tkm^nb
Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ "lKnb
tkm^nb' temIØnse Ncn-{X-
kvamc-Iß - fnsem∂m-Wv. Cu
kvamcIw F.Un. Bdmw \q‰m-
≠n- e mWv ]WnIgn- ∏ n- ® Xv .
C∂v Xp¿°n-bn¬ Hcp Ncn{X
ayqknb-ambn CXv \ne-\n¿Øn-
bn- c n- ° p- ∂ p. at\m- l - c - a mb
hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bpsS DØaamXr-I-
bmb lKn- b - tkm- ^ n- b - s b-
t∏mep≈ \nc- h [n Ncn{X-
tijn∏p-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-
∏n-fn-ep≠v. CØcw Ncn-{X-kvam-
c-I-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn\v
temINcn-{X-Ønep≈ {]m[m-
\ysØ∏‰n \n߃°-dn-
bmtam?
 Icn-¶-S¬
bqtdm∏v
tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ

Gjy

saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥
IS¬

`q]-S-Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ ÿm\w {i≤n-°p.

Ing-°≥ tdmam km{am-Py-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\a- m-bn-cp∂ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn\v (Ct∏mƒ
CkvXmw-_pƒ) temI-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb ÿm\-amWv D≠mbn-cp-∂-Xv.
Fs¥√mam-bn-cp∂p tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ khn-tij-X-Iƒ?
$ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ ]fin-X≥am-cp-sSbpw Aaq-ey-{K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sSbpw tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ Gjy≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬\n∂v bqtdm-]y≥cmPy-ß-fn-te-°p≈ {][m\ {]th-i-\-
I-hmSambn-cp-∂p.
1453˛¬ Xp¿°n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-. A-tXmsS, \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn
\ne\n∂n-cp∂ Ing-°≥ tdmamkm{amPyw XI¿∂p. AhnsS tI{μo-I-cn-®n-cp∂ ]finX-
∑mcpw Iem-Im-c-∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c≥amcpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ sXm´-
Sp-Ø {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v ]em-b\w sNbvXp. Ah-cn¬ hen-sbm-cp -hn-`mKw C‰m-en-b≥
\K-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p FØn-t®¿-∂-Xv.
F¥m-bn-cn°mw Ch¿ C‰-men-b≥ \K-c-ß-fnte°v t]mIm≥ ImcWw?

8
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
$ ]pcm-X\ {Kot°m-tdm-a≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ss]XrIw t]dp∂ cmPy-am-bn-cp∂p
C‰en.
$ C‰-en-bnse kº-∂-cmb hym]m-cn-Iƒ Ie, kmlnXyw, kwkvImcw F∂nh
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.
$ Ncn-{X-ss]-XrI߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-¬ Cu kº∂hym]m-cn-Iƒ X¬∏-c-cmbn-
cp∂p.
CØcw khn-ti-j-XIfp≈ C‰-en-bn¬ FØn-t®¿∂ ]fin-X-∑m¿°v IqSp-X¬
Nn¥n°m\pw ]Tn-°m-\p-ap≈ Ah-k-c-߃ e`n-®p. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-
\-tØmsS C‰-enbn¬ Bcw-`n® \thm-∞m\ {]{Inb IqSp-X¬ hf-cp-Ibpw hym]n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
\thm-∞m\w
a[y-Im-eL- ´- Ø
- n¬ Ie, kmln-Xyw, Ncn{Xw F∂nh aX-]c - a
- mb Bi-bß
- ƒ tI{μoIcn-
®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. bqtdm-∏nse ]fin-X-`m-j-Ifmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv em‰n≥
(eØo≥), {Ko°v F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `mj-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. F∂m¬ 13˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°t- ØmsS em‰n≥, {Ko°v F∂o `mj-Iƒ°p]Icw
Cw•o-jv, kv]m\n-jv, {^©v XpS-ßnb {]mtZ-inI`mj-If
- n¬ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°m≥ XpSßn.
km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p CØcw IrXn-I-fnse {]Xn-]m-Zyw. AtXmsS
aX-]-c-amb Bi-b-߃°p]Icw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v {]m[m\yw e`n-°p∂Xc-Øn¬
kmln-Xy-Øns‚ D≈-S°w amdn. kam-\-amb am‰-߃ Nn{X-I-e, inev]-hnZy XpS-ßnb
taJ-e-I-fnepw D≠m-bn. CØ-c-Øn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v {]mapJyw sImSp-Øp-sIm-
≠p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-s\-bmWv am\-hn-IX F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
{]]-©-sØ-°p-dn®pw Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ Nn¥n-
°p-hm≥ am\-hn-IX t{]cn-∏n-®p. bp‡n-Nn-¥-bp-sSbpw At\z-j-W-Xz-c-bp-sSbpw
hf¿®bv°v CXv Imc-W-am-bn. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \m\mtaJ-e-Ifnepw ]pØ-≥
DW¿hm-Wv CXn-eqsS krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep-≠mb DW¿hm-Wv \thm-∞m\w.

bqtdm-∏n¬ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS hf¿®-bv°v klm-b-I-amb kml-N-cy-߃

hy‡-am-°p-I.

\thm-∞m\w hnhn-[ -ta-J-e-Isf Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®psh∂v

\ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
\thm-∞m\w kmln-Xy-Øn¬
\thm-∞m-\-Im-esØ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p
s]{Sm¿°v (AD 1304-1374). Ct±-lsØ "\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚
]nXmhv' F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. s]{Sm¿°ns‚ G‰hpw {]kn≤amb
IrXnbmWv ko{I´w (Secretum).
s]{Sm¿°v

9
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 B Ime-L-´-Ønse kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am-cn¬ Nne-cpsS Nn{X-߃ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p-∂p. Ah¿ cNn® ]pkvX-I-ß-fpw CtXm-sSm∏w \¬In-bn-´p≠v:

Zms¥ s_m°m-®ntbm
Unssh≥ tImaUn Z°m-a-d¨ I-YIƒ

sk¿hms¥ Cdm-kvakv
tUm¨ IznIvtkm-´v C≥ s{]bvkv Hm^v t^mfn
NphsSbp≈ ]´n-I-bn¬ \thm-∞m-\-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
Ahbv°p t\sc-bp≈ tImf-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßfpsS t]cv Fgp-Xp-I:

kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ ]pkvX-I-߃
s]{Sm¿°v

Zms¥

s_m°m-®ntbm

sk¿hms¥

Cdm-kvakv
\thm-∞m\w Ie-bn¬
\thm-∞m\Ie-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {it≤bw Nn{X-I-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. enbm-\m¿tUm
Umhn©n-bm-bn-cp∂p {it≤-b-\mb Nn{X-Im-c≥. samWm-en-k, Ah-km-\sØ
AØmgw F∂nhbmWv At±-l-Øns‚ {]i-kvX-ß-fmb Nn{X-߃.

10
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
\thm-∞m-\-Im-esØ {][m\ Nn{X-Im-c-∑mcpsSbpw Ah-cpsS krjvSn-I-fp-sSbpw
Nn{Xß-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p≈-Xv:

samWm-enk
\thm-∞m-\-Im-esØ {]kn-≤-amb Nn{X-am-bn-cp∂p
samWm-en-k. samWm-en-k-bpsS \nKq-V-amb ]p©ncn
]n¬°m-eØv \nch[n N¿®-Iƒ°pw kwhm-Zß - ƒ°pw
hgn-sX-fn®p. enbm-\m¿tUm Umhn-©n- F∂ {]kn-≤-
\mb \thm-∞m\ Nn{X-Im-c≥ F.Un. 1503˛\pw 1505˛\pw
CS-bn-emWv Cu Nn{Xw hc-®Xv. Cu Nn{Xw ]mco-knse
ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

samWmenk

Ah-km\sØ AØmgw enbm-\m¿tUm Umhn©n

ssa°¬ B©tem A¥y-hn[n

GY≥knse hnZym-ebw
dmt^¬
11
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ am{X-a-√, a‰p Iem-cw-K-ß-fnepw henb apt∂-‰-ß-fp-≠m-bn. inev]hnZy,
hmkvXp-hn-Zy, kwKoXw apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬ DZmØ krjvSn-I-fp-≠m-bn.
hmkvXp-hn-Zy-bn-sebpw inev]-hn-Zy-bn-sebpw {][m\ Iem-Im-c-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS
krjvSn-I-sfbpw Nn{X-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-Ømw.

temd≥skm Kn_¿´n ^vtfmd≥knse _m]v‰n-kv‰v ]≈n-bpsS hmXn¬

sZmWm-s‰sem K´m-sa-eoØ
\thm-∞m\Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, Ah-cpsS krjvSn-Iƒ, taJe F∂nh Nn{X-߃ t\m°n
]´n-I-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿ krjvSn-Iƒ taJe

^vtfmd≥knse
temd≥skm Kn_¿´n _m]v‰nÃv ]≈n-bpsS hmkvXp-hnZy
hmXn¬

12
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
\thm-∞m\w imkv{X-Øn¬
kqcy-\mWv kuc-bq-YØ
- ns‚ tI{μw F∂pw `qan-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈
{Kl-߃ kqcys\ {]Z-£nWw hbv°p-∂p-s≠∂pw \n߃ ]Tn-
®n-´p-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ `qan-bmWv {]]-©-Øns‚ tI{μw F∂
[mcWbmbn-cp∂p ap≥Ime-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂Xv. Cu Bibw
sX‰m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´Xv \thm-∞m\ Ime-L-´-ØnemWv.
tIm∏¿\n-°kv F∂ imkv{X-⁄≥ kuc-bq-Y-kn-≤m¥w Bhn-
jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw kqcy-\mWv kuc-bq-Y-Øns‚ tI{μw F∂v
ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Keoentbm Keoen sSe-kvtIm∏v hnI-
kn-∏n-°pIbpw AXneqsS kuc-bqYkn-≤m¥w icn-bm-sW∂v
sXfn-bn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Kp´≥_¿Kv A®-Sn-b{¥w I≠p-]n-Sn-
®tXmsS \thm-∞m\ Bi-b-߃ IqSp-X¬ P\-ß-fn-te°v Keo-en-tbm-bpsS
sSe-kvtIm∏v
hym]n-®p.

sPmlm≥kv Kp´≥_¿Kns‚ A®-Sn-b{¥w

Kp´≥_¿Kv

A®-Sn-bpsS IY
1439 ˛¬ P¿Ω- \ n- b nse teml- ∏ - W n- ° m- c - \ m- b n- c p∂
sPmlm≥kv Kp´≥_¿KmWv A®-Sn-b{¥w I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv.
acwsIm≠v \n¿Ωn® Cf-°n-am-‰m-hp∂ A£-cß - ƒ D]-tbmKn-
®m-bn-cp∂p Cu b{¥w \n¿Ωn-®X - v. A®-Sn- b{¥-Øns‚ I≠p-
]n- S nØw hmb- \ - b psS ]pXn- b - t emIw Xpd- ∂ p.
\thm∞m\Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ a\p-jy-cpsS Bi-bh - n-\n-ab
- Ø
- n¬
CXv hnπ-hI- c
- a
- mb am‰-߃°v Imc-Wa - m-bn. Kp´≥_¿Kns‚
A®Sn kmt¶XnI-hnZy temI-Øns‚ CXc`mK-ß-fn-te°p
hym]n-®p. hn⁄m\-Øns‚ hym]-\Ø - n\v A®-Sn- b{¥-Øns‚
I≠p-]n-SnØw henb kw`m-h-\-bmWv \¬In-b-Xv.

\thm-∞m\w imkv{X-cw-KsØ kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

13
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 aX\hoIcWw
\thm∞m\ Bib߃ aXcwKØpw kzm[o\w
sNepØn. ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠n¬ bqtdm∏nse ss{IkvXh
k`bn¬ D≠mb ]cnjv°cWw aX\hoIcWw
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p. P¿Ω\nbnemWv CXv Bcw`n®Xv .
ChnsS aX\hoIcWØn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØXv am¿´n≥
eqYdmbncp∂p. am¿´n≥ eqY¿
kap-{Z-am¿K-߃ tXSn
Xp¿°n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]nSn-®-S-°n-bXv \mw a\- n-em-°n-b-Xm-W-t√m. CtX
ØpS¿∂v Gjy≥ cmPy-ßfpw bqtdm∏pw XΩn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ hym]m-c-_-‘-߃°v
De- ® n¬ X´n. CXv ]pXnb hmWn- P y- a m¿§- ß ƒ Is≠- Ø m≥ bqtdm- ] y≥amsc
\n¿_‘nX-cm-°n. hS-°p-t\m-°n-b{¥Øns‚ I≠p-]n-SnØhpw kml-knIk©m-c-
tØm-Sp≈ Xm¬∏-cyhpw ]pXnb k©m-c-am¿§ßfpw kap-{Z-ßfpw h≥I-c-Ifpw
a\pjy\v ]cn-Nn-X-am-°n.
hyh-km-bhnπhw
\thm-∞m-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v imkv{X-cw-K-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn ]pXnb b{¥-ß-fpsS
I≠p]nSnØ- Ø n\v Imc- W - a m- b n. b{¥ßƒ D¬∏mZ\cwKØv henb am‰- ß ƒ
sIm≠ph∂p. CXv D¬∏m-Z\w ]Xn≥a-Sßv h¿≤n--°p-∂-Xn\pw D¬∏m-Z-\-s®-ehv
Ipdbp∂- X n\pw CS- b m- ° n. CØ- c - Ø n¬ D¬∏m- Z - \ - c w- K - Ø p- ≠ mb am‰- ß ƒ
hyhkmbhnπhw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hyh-km-bhnπhw Cw•-≠n-emWv
Bcw-`n-®Xv. CtX-Øp-S¿∂v hmWn-Py-cw-KØv hen-b- am-‰-ßfp≠m-bn.
hyh-km-b-hn-π-h-Im-esØ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃

kv]n∂nwKv P∂n Bhn-b{¥w

14
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 hyh-km-bhnπ-h-Im-esØ
imkv{X-⁄≥am¿
I≠p]nSn-Ø-߃
^vfbnwKv j´n¬ tPm¨- sIbv
kv]n∂nwKv P∂n sPbnwkv lm¿{Kohvkv

Bhn-b{¥w sPbnwkv hm´v

temt°mtam´ohv tPm¿Pv Ãoh¨k¨

imkv{X-cw-K-Øp-≠mb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-߃ D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KsØ kzm[o-\n-®-sX-ßs\?

N¿® sNøp-I.

$ \thm--∞m-\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®Xv C‰-en-bnem-Wv.

$ am\-hn-IX \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-bm-bncp∂p.
$ kmlnXyw, Ie, imkv{Xw, aXw F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ \thm∞m\w kzm[o\w
sNepØn.
$ IS¬hgn- b p≈ I®- h - S - ] m- X - I ƒ Is≠- Ø m≥ {ian- ° p- I bpw AXp- h gn
bqtdm]y≥am¿ ]e `qJ-fi-ß-fnepw FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
$ hyh-km-bhnπhw D¬∏m-Z-\-cw-KØv am‰-߃ krjvSn-®p.

$ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hnhn[ kmlN-c-y-߃ hgn-sX-fn®p F∂v

hy‡am°p-∂p.
$ temI- P - \ - X - b n¬ am\- h n- I - X bpw At\zjW- X - z - c bpw hf¿∂phcp- h m≥
\thm∞m\w ]¶phln-®p F∂v hniZoIcn°p-∂p.
$ \t-hm-∞m\w hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ kzm[o\w sNepØn F∂v hniIe\w
sNøp∂p.
$ imkv{Xkmt¶-XnIcwKsØ hf¿® hyhkm-b-hn-π-h-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn F∂v
hnebncpØp-∂p.

15
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 1. \thm-∞m-\Ø
- ns‚ khn-ti-jX - b- mb am\-hn-IX kmlnXyw, Ie, imkv{Xw F∂o
cwK-ß-fn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w hni-Z-am-°p-I.
2. ]pXnb kap-{Z-k©- m-ca
- m¿§-ßsfbpw Ah Is≠-Øn-bh - s
- cbpw ]´n-Is - ∏-Sp-ØpI.
3. \thm-∞m\Im-esØ {][m\ Iem-Im-c∑ - m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah-cpsS krjvSnIfpw
NphsS ]´n- I - b n¬ X∂n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. F tImf- Ø n- \ - \ p- t bm- P y- a mbn _n
{Ias∏SpØpI:

F _n
samWm-enk sZmWm-s‰sem
A¥y-hn[n enbm-\m¿tUm Umhn©n

GY≥knse hnZym-ebw ssa°¬ B©tem

K´m-sa-eoØ dmt^¬

$ \thm- ∞ m- \ - I m- e sØ kmln- X y- I m- c - ∑ m- c p- s Sbpw Iem- I m- c - ∑ m- c p- s Sbpw

imkv { X⁄≥am- c p- s Sbpw Nn{X- ß ƒ tiJ- c n®v Ipdn- ∏ p- I - t fmsS B¬_w
Xømdm°p-I.

16
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Idp-Ø-s]m-∂n-\p-ap-s≠mcp IY ]d-bm≥
Iq´p-Imtc, Rm≥ Ipcp-ap-f-Iv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-
ap-ºp≈ bqtdm-∏nse Imcy-amWv Rm≥ ]d-bp-
∂-X.v amk-߃ \o≠p-\n¬°p∂ ssiXy-Imew
Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv Ahn-SsØ I¿j-I¿
Ah- c psS BSp- a m- S p- I - f n¬ Ipd- s ®- Æ sØ-
sIm∂v Cd-®n-bm°n kq£n°pambncp∂p.
ssiXy- I m- e sØ a™p- h ogvN ImcWw
ta®n¬∏pdßfn¬ ]p¬\m-ºp-Iƒ Xfn¿Øn-cp-
∂n-√. CXv Xo‰-°-Ωn-°n-S-bm-°n. a\pjy¿°pw
`£y-£maw t\cn-´n-cp-∂p. ImenIsf sIm∂v
Cd®n-bm°n kq£n-®mWv CXn\v ]cn-lmcw
I≠-Xv. C∂-sØ-t∏mse sshZyp-Xntbm ioXoI-
cWkwhn- [ m- \ tam C√mØ Ime- a m- s W-
t∂m¿°p-I. Cd®n Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v tISp-Iq-
SmsX kq£n-°m\pw cpNn\¬Im\pw Ah¿
Fs∂-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®ncp-∂X - .v Npcp-°Ø
- n¬
Rm≥ Ah¿°v AXym-hiyLS-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Rm≥ am{X-a√, \ΩpsS \m´nse Gew, Idp-h-
∏´, C©n F∂n-hbpw Ah¿°v {]nb-s∏-´-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p. Rß-sf-tØSn ]≠papXte I®-h-S-
°m¿ FØn-bn-cp-∂p.

Ipcp-ap-fIv ]d™ IY tI´n-t√? CXn¬\n∂v \n߃

F¥p a\- n-em°n?
 $ \ΩpsS \m´nse kpK‘hyRvP\-߃ hntZ-in-Iƒ°v AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ CØcw hn`h-߃ tiJ-cn-°m≥ ]pcm-X\ImewapX¬t° I®-h-S-°m¿ ChnsS
FØn-bn-cp-∂p.
Xp¿°n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-bXv Gjybpw bqtdm∏pw XΩnep≈
I®hSsØ XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv C¥y-bn-te°v IS¬am¿§w Hcp
hmWn-Py-]mX Is≠-Øm≥ {iaw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. C°mcyw \Ωƒ Ign™ A[ym-b-
Øn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. kap-{Z-Øn-eqsS Hcp hmWn-Py-]mX Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imcpw U®p-Imcpw Cw•o-jp-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn
C¥ybnse-Øn.
t]m¿®pKen¬\n∂v tImgn-t°m-t´-°v
1498 tabv amk- Ø nse Hcp {]`mXw.
tImgnt°mSn\p kao-]-ap≈ Im∏mSv XocØv hmkvtImUKma-bpsS
aq∂v henb ]mbv ° - ∏ - e p- I ƒ \¶q- c - a n- ´ p. bm{Xbv°v sNe-hmb XpI-
hyXykvXamb thjhpw `mj-bp-ap≈ Ipd®p- bpsS 60 Cc-´n-tbmfw em`-amWv
t]-cm-bn-cp∂p I∏-en¬. t]m¿®pKen¬\n∂v ChnsS\n∂v sIm≠p-t]mb
I®-h-SØn\mbn FØnb hmkvtIm-U-Km-abpw hn`h߃ hn‰-gn-°pI hgn
kwL-hp-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. e`n®-Xv.
A°m-eØv tImgn-t°mSv `cn-®n-cp∂ kmaq-Xncn cmPmhv
hmkvtImUKmabv°v I®-hSkuI-cy-߃ \¬In-bn-
√. AXn-\m¬ At±lw IÆq-cn-se-Øn. Ahn-sS-\n∂v
Bh-iy-amb hn`h߃ tiJ-cn®v t]m¿®p-K-en-te°v
Xncn®p-t]m-bn.
hmkvtIm-UK - m-asb XpS¿∂v A¬ta-U, A¬_p-°¿°v
XpS-ßnb t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ hmWnPyØn\mbn Chn-
sS-sb-Øn. tKmh, Zma≥, Znbp F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch-
cpsS {][m\ hmWnPy-tI-{μ-߃. Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse
tIm´- ∏ pdwtIm´bpw IÆqcnse sk‚ v B©- t em
tIm´bpw \n¿Ωn-
®Xv t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-W.v Chsc
""]d-¶n-Iƒ'' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂X- .v \ΩpsS
\m´n¬ ImWp∂ ss]\m∏nƒ, t]cbv°, ]∏mb,
h‰¬ap-fIv, Iiph≠n, ]pI-bn-e XpS-ßnb
Im¿jnI hnfIƒ ChnsS sIm≠ph∂Xv
t]m¿®pKokp-Im-cmWv. A®Sn-b{¥w {]N-cn-®Xpw
Nhn-´p-\m-SIw F∂ Iem-cq]w hnIkn-®Xpw
t]m¿®p-Kokv _‘Øns‚ ^e-am-bm-W.v

Nhn-´p-\m-SIw

18
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
C¥y-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-߃ ÿm]n-°m≥ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v Ign-™n√.
AXns‚ Imc-W-߃ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.
$ a‰v bqtdm]y≥ i‡n
Ifpambn a’- c n- ° m- \ p≈
kmº-Øn-Ihpw ssk\n-I-hp-
amb tijn Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-√.
$ {]mtZ- i n- I - a mb sNdp- Ø p-
\n¬∏p-Iƒ t\cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p. sk‚ v B©-tem tIm´

ae-_m¿Xocw tI{μo-I-cn®v t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿s°-Xnsc \S∂ sNdpØp\n¬∏p-Iƒ°v

t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXv Ip™m-en-a-c-bv°m¿am¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS \mhn-I-
∏S-bpsS Xe-h-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ip™m-en-a-cbv-°m¿am¿.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bp≈ C¥-y-bpsS I®-h-S-_-‘-߃ GsX√mw taJ-e-bn-emWv
kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX∂v Is≠Øn eLpIpdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.
U®p-Im¿
I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂v C¥y-bn-se-Ønb as‰mcp hn`m-
K-am-bn-cp∂p U®pIm¿. sIm®n, sIm√w F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-
cpsS {][m\ hmWnPytI{μ-߃.
\ΩpsS \m´nse Huj[kky- ß sf∏‰n ]cm- a ¿in- ° p∂
tlm¿Øqkv ae- _ m- d n- ° kv F∂ ]pkv X Iw Xøm- d m- ° m≥
ap≥ssI- s b- S pØXv U®p- I m- c \mb hm≥doUv BWv . U®p
Kh¿Æ-dm-bn-cp∂p Ct±-lw. ae-bm-fn-bm-b C´n A®p-X≥ sshZy-
cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv Cu IrXn Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xv.
I®-hSw kw_-‘n® X¿°-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse
cmPm-hmb am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bp-ambn U®p-Im¿ bp≤w sNbvXp.
1741˛¬ Ipf-®-en¬ h®p \S∂ bp≤-Øn¬ U®p-Im¿ ]cm-P-b-
s∏-´p. CtXmsS C¥y-bn¬ U®p-Im-cpsS ASn-Ød \jvS-am-bn.
U®p-Imsc "e¥-°m¿' F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p.

tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°-kn-s\-∏‰n a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. \nßfpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈

Huj[-k-ky-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ]Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS hchv
C¥y, ssN\ XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-fp-ambn I®-hSw \S-Øm≥ th≠n 1600 ¬ e≠-\n¬
Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym°º\n cq]o-I-cn-®p. Iº-\n-bpsS C¥y-bnse BZysØ hmWn-
Py- t I{μw KpP- d m- Ø nse kqdØv Bbn- c p- ∂ p. a{Zmkv (sNss∂), I¬°Ø
(sIm¬°Ø), t_mws_ (apwss_) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw Ah¿ hmWnPytI{μ-߃
ÿm]n-®p.
19
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 {^©v hmWn-Py-_-‘-߃
1664˛¬ {^©v CuÃv C¥y Iº\n ÿm]n-®p. CtXmsS I®-h-S-e-£y-hp-ambn {^©pIm¿
C¥y-bn-se-Øn. t]m≠n-t®cn (]pXp-t®-cn), amln, Imc-bv°¬ XpS-ßnbhbm-bn-cp∂p Ah-
cpsS {][m\ I®-hStI{μ-߃. Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Bÿm\w t]m≠n-t®cn
Bbn-cp-∂p.

kqd‰v
Znbp I¬°Ø
Zma≥

t_mws_

tKmh
Ad-_n-°S- ¬

_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬

a{Zmkv
amln t]m≠n-t®cn
Imc-b°
v ¬
sIm®n
sIm√w

C≥Uy≥ alm-ka
- p{Zw

apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tcJ \nco-£n®v hnhn[ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-

fpsS hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-ß-fmbn-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fpsS ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I. Cu hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-
߃°v Fs¥-¶nepw s]mXp-hmb khn-ti-j-X- \n߃ ImWp∂p-t≠m? Cu tI{μ߃
Ct∏mƒ C¥ybnse GsX√mw kwÿm\ßfnemsW∂v Is≠Øp.

I®-hSm[n-]-Xy-Øn-\pth≠n-bp≈ a’cw
bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃ C¥y-bn¬ I®-hSm[n-]Xyw t\Sm≥th≠n ]c-kv]cw a’cn®p.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imcpw U®p-Imcpw XpS-°-Ønte ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv, Cw•o-jp-Imcpw
{^©p-Imcpw XΩn-embn a’-cw. Ah¿ XΩn¬ \S-Ønb a’-csØ I¿Wm-´nIv bp≤-
߃ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu bp≤-Øn¬ {^©p-Im¿ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.

20
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n A[n-Im-c-Øn-te°v
hmWnPym[n-]-Xy-Øn\pth≠n-bp≈ a’-
c-Øn¬ hnPbn® Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym
Iº\nbpsS ASpØ e£yw A[n-Imcw
t\SpI F∂-Xmbn-cp-∂p. _wKm-fn-em-bn-
cp∂p Iº\n BZy-ambn A[n-Imcw t\Sn-
b-Xv. Im¿jnI kar-≤nbpw I®-h-S-ku-I-
cy- ß - f p- a mWv _wKm- f n¬ A[n- I mcw
t\Sm≥ Iº\nsb t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. 1757˛¬
_wKmfnse \hm-_m-bn-cp∂ kndm-Pv˛-D-
Zv-˛-Zuesb πmknbp≤-Øn¬ {_n´o-jp-
Im¿ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- Ø n. 1764 ˛se
_Iv k m¿ bp≤hpw hnPbn®- t XmsS
_wKmƒ Iº-\n-bpsS Iogn-em-bn.
_wKm-fn¬ A[n-Imcw t\Sm≥
Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\nsb
t{]cn-∏n® LS-Iß
- ƒ Fs¥-√m-
ambncp∂p?
Cw•o-jp-Imcpw {^©p-Imcpw XΩn¬ \S∂
bp≤ß- f psS {][m- \ - t hZn C∂sØ
Xangv \ mSns‚ `qcn- ] £ taJ- e - I ƒ
Dƒs∏´ I¿Wm-´n°v {]tZ-iß - f
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ XΩn¬ \S∂
bp≤ßsf I¿Wm-´n°v bp≤-߃ F∂v
hnfn-°p-∂X- v.
πmknbpw _Ivkmdpw
kndm-Pv˛DZv˛Zu-eb - psS ssk\ym-[n-]\ - m-bn-cp∂
an¿Pm-^d- p-ambn {_n´ojv ssk\ym-[n-]\ - m-bn-cp∂
tdm_¿´v ss¢hv D≠m-°nb clky[mc-W-bn-
eq-sS-bmWv πmkn-bp-≤-Øn¬ {_n´o-jp-Im¿
hnPbn-®Xv. F∂m¬ _Ivkm-dn-teXv ssk\nI
i‡n- b psS hnP- b - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. jm Bew
c≠ma≥ (apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn), jqPm˛ DZv˛Zue
(Ah[nse \hm-_v), an¿Imknw (ap≥ _wKmƒ
\hm-_v) F∂n-h-cpsS kwbp‡ ssk\y-sØ-
bmWv {_n´o-jp-Im¿ ]cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v.
{_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈ {]tZi-
߃ (_Ivkm¿ bp≤Øn-\p-ti-jw)
21
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 B[n-]Xyw hym]n-°p∂p
ssakq¿ Bbn-cp∂p {_n´ojv A[o-\X - bn-emb as‰mcp {]tZiw. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse {][m\
\m´p-cm-Py-am-bn-cp∂p ssakq¿. sslZ¿ Aen-bpsSbpw Sn∏pkp¬Øms‚bpw t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ ssakq¿ {]_ei‡n-bmbn. ssakq-dns‚ B[n-]Xyw ae-_m-dn-te°v hym]n-®n-cp-
∂p. CXv {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ae-_m-dnse I®-h-S-Øn\v XS ambn. {^©p-Im-cp-ambn Sn∏p-
kp¬Øm-\p-≠mb kulr-Zhpw ssakq¿ Iog-S-°m≥ {_n´o-jp-Imsc t{]cn-∏n-®p. {_n´o-
jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc [oc-ambn t]mcm-Snb Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥ \mem-asØ ssakq¿ bp≤-Øn¬
acWw- h-cn-®p. ssakq¿bp-≤-ß-fn-eqsS ae-_m¿, Iq¿Kv F∂o {]tZ-i-߃ {_n´ojv B[n-
]-Xy-Øn-em-bn.
{iocwK]´Ww DSºSn
ssakq- c n¬ B[n- ] - X yw ÿm]n- ° m≥
{_n´ojp-Im¿°v \mev bp≤-߃ \S-tØ≠n
h∂p. aq∂mw ssakq¿ bp≤-Øn-\p-tijw
Sn∏p-kp¬Øm-\p-ambn {iocwK]´WØp h®v
H∏ph® DSºSn A\p-k-cn-®mWv ae-_m¿
{_n´o-jp-Im¿°v e`n-®X
- v.

Sn∏p-kp¬Øm≥

{_n´ojv A[o-\-X-
bn- e p≈ {]tZ- i -
߃ (19˛mw \q‰m-
≠ns‚ XpS- ° -
Øn¬)

22
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
admØ {]tZ- i ambn- c p∂p {_n´ojpImcpsS ASpØ e£- y w. adm- Ø n- I ƒ
{_n´ojpImcpsS ]cp-Øn-°®-h-S-Øn\v XS- -߃ krjvSn-®p. CXv admØm{]tZiw
Iog-S-°m≥ {_n´ojpImsc t{]cn-∏n®p. Xma-kn-bmsX kn‘v, ]©m_v, Ah[v F∂o
\m´p-cm-Py-ßfpw Ah¿ Iog-S-°n.
ssk\nIi‡n D]-tbm-Kn®v {]_-e-cmb \m´pcm-Py-ßsf {_n´o-jp-Im¿ Iog-S-°n-bXv
Fß-s\-sb∂v \mw I≠p. Iog-S-°nb {]tZi߃ {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\p Iogn-em-bn.
a‰pNne \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf DS-º-Sn-Iƒhgnbpw \nba\n¿ΩmWwhgnbpamWv Ah¿ hcp-
Xn- b n- e m- ° n- b - X v . sh√…n{]`p \S- ∏ n- e m- ° nb "ssk\nIklmb hyh- ÿ ',
U¬lukn{]`p sIm≠p-h∂ "ZØ-h-Im-i-\n-tcm-[-\-\n-baw' F∂nh \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf
hcpXnbnem-°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\ ]¶phln®p.

ssk\nIklmb hy-h-ÿ-bn¬
sslZcm-_mZv, X©m-hq¿, C≥tUm¿
XpS-ßnb \m´p-cmPy߃
H-∏p-h®p

{_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-߃ (1857˛¬)

23
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 ZØh-Imi\ntcm-[\
\nb-a-Øn-eqsS kmº¬]q¿, kØmd, ssk\nIklmbhy-h-ÿ-bn¬
DZ-bv]q¿, Qm≥kn, \mKv]q¿ F∂o tNcp∂ cmP-y-Øn\v Iº\n kpc£
\m´p-cmPy-߃ {_n´ojpIm¿ Dd-∏p- \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu
]nSns®SpØp. cmP-y-ß-fpsS `cWw bYm¿∞-Øn¬
\S-Øn-bXv Iº-\n-bpsS {]Xn\n-[n-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p.
]pcpj A\¥cmhIminIfn√mØ \m´pcmPm°∑m¿ Ip´nIsf ZsØSp°p∂
k{ºZmbw \nehnep≠mbncp∂p. Ah¿°v cmPm[nImcw e`n®ncp∂p. U¬lukn
{]`p \S∏nem°nb ZØhImi\ntcm[\nbaw cmPm°∑mcpsS Cu AhImisØ
C√mXm°n. ]pcpj A\¥cmhImin C√msX Hcp cmPmhv acn®m¬ B cmPyw
{_n´ojn¥ytbmSv Iq´nt®¿°m\pw Cu \nbaØn¬ hyhÿbp≠mbncp∂p.
\m´p-cm-P-y-ßsf Iog-S-°m≥ hy-X-ykvX X{¥-ß-fmWv {_n´ojpIm¿ kzoI-cn-®-Xv. Cu
{]kvXm-h\ N¿®sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

1857 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw C¥y-bpsS `qcn`mKw {]tZ-i-ßfpw {_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn.

{_n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn¬h∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ GIo-IrX`cWw \S-∏n-em-°n.

Iº\n A[n-Im-c-Øn-te°v

bp≤-߃hgn \nba \n¿Ωm-Wß

- ƒhgn

πmkn-bp≤w, ssakq¿ admØ ssk\nI ZØ-hI - mi

_Ivkm¿ bp≤-߃ bp≤-߃ klmb \ntcm-[\
bp≤w hyhÿ \nbaw

sslZ-cm-_mZv, Qm≥kn,
ae-_m¿,
_wKmƒ admØ X©m-hq¿, kØmd,
Iq¿Kv C≥tUm¿ XpS-ßn-b-h \mKv]q¿ XpS-ßn-bh

Iog-S-°nb {]tZ-i-ßfn¬
GIo-IrX `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w \S-∏m°n

I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn® Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº\n C¥y-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fmbn amdn-b-sX-ßs\ F∂Xv kw_-‘n®v ¢mkn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ kwLSn∏n°pI.

24
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
$ I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn C¥y-bn-se-Ønb bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p t]m¿®p-K¬,
s\X¿em‚ vkv, Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv F∂n-h.
$ Cu cmPy-ßf- p-am-bp≈ _‘-߃ \ΩpsS kmaq-ln-I˛kmwkvIm-cnI˛kmº-ØnI
cmjv{Sob taJ-e-Isf kzm[o-\n-®p.
$ I®-hSm[n-]-Xy-Øn-\pth≠n Cu cmPy-߃ \S-Ønb a’-c-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®Xv
Cw•≠mbn-cp∂p.
$ bp≤-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw DS-º-Sn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf hcp-Xn-bn-em-°nb
{_n´ojp-Im¿ C¥y-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-bn -amdn.

$ C¥y-bn-te°v IS¬am¿§w hmWn-Py-]mX Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS t]m¿®p-K¬,

s\X¿em‚ vkv, Cw•-≠v, {^m≥kv F∂o cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v I®-h-S-°m¿ ChnsS
FØnsb∂v hnebncpØp∂p.
$ I®hS°p- Ø I t\Snb Cw•o- j p- I m¿ ChnsS cmjv{Sobm[n- I mcw
ÿm]n®sXßs\-sb∂v hniZam°p∂p.
$ ssk\n-I-i‡nIfpw DS-º-Sn-Ifpwhgn Cw•o-jp-Im¿ \m´pcm-Py-ß-fpsSta¬
B[n]Xyw Dd-∏n-®p-sh∂v hy‡am°p∂p.

1. Xp¿°n-Iƒ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏nƒ Iog-S-°n-bXv C¥ybnte°v IS¬am¿§w

hmWnPy]mX -Is≠-Øm≥ bqtdm-]-y≥amsc t{]cn-∏n®p. F¥psIm≠v?
2. C¥-y-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hmWn-P-y-tI-{μ-߃ ÿm]n-°m≥ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿°v
Ign™n-√. ImcWw hy‡am-°p-I.
3. t]m¿®p-Kokv _‘-߃ \ΩpsS kmº-ØnI kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bn¬ henb
am‰-߃ krjvSn-®p. {]kvXmh\ hne-bn-cpØpI.
4. Ip™men-a-cbv-°m¿am¿ Bcm-bn-cp∂p? C¥ymNcn-{X-Øn¬ Ch-cp-sS {]m[m-\yw
hnebn-cp-ØpI.
5. I¿Wm- ´ nIv bp≤- Ø n¬ {^©p- I m¿ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S m- \ p- ≠ mb ImcW߃
]cntim[n°pI.

25
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 6. Ime-K-W-\-b-\p-k-cn®v {Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ πmkn-bp≤w
$ Ipf-®¬bp≤w
$ U®p-Im-¿ C¥y-bn¬ I®-h-S-Øn-s\Øn
$ hmkvtIm-U-Kma tImgn-t°m´v FØn
$ {^©p-Im-¿ C¥y-bn¬ I®-h-S-Øn-s\Øn
7. 'F' hn`m-KØ
- nse c≠v LS-Iß
- f
- p-sSbpw ]c-kv]c_‘w Is≠Øn AXp-t]mse
'_n' hn`m-K-Ønse hn´p-t]mb `mKw ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
F tKmh t]m¿®p-Kokv
_n t]m≠n-t®cn .............................
F ssk\nIklm-b-h-y-hÿ sh√…n {]`p
_n ZØ-h-Imi\ntcm-[\\nbaw .............................

1. C¥-y-bn¬ I®-h-S-Øn-\mbn FØnb bqtdm-]-y-≥ cmP-y-ßsf temI`q]-S-Øn¬

Is≠Øn \ndw sImSp-°p-I.
2. bqtdm-]-y-≥-am¿ C¥-y-bn¬ \n¿Ωn® tIm´-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w
\n¿Ωn°pI. GsX¶nepw Hcp tIm´ kμ¿in®v hnhcWw Xømdm°pI.
3. t]m¿®pKokv _‘ßfpsS ^eambn aebmf`mjbn¬ cq]s∏´ ]Z߃
Is≠Øn Hcp Nm¿´v Xømdm°pI.

26
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
\tKmUIfpsS s]cphnc¬
_wKm-fnse ]´p-\q¬ Irjn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p \tKm-U-Iƒ. Ah-cp-≠m-
°p∂ ]´p-\q¬ tXSn hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn¬\n∂v s\bvØp-Im-sc-Øn-bn-
cp- ∂ p. _wKm- f n¬ Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº- \ n- b psS `cWw
ÿm]n®tXmsS Iº\n DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿ \tKm-U-Isf NqjWw
sNøm≥ XpS-ßn. Ipd™ thX-\Ø - n\v Ah-sc-s°m≠v s\bvØptPmen-
sN-øn-∏n®p. D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v a‰p am¿§-߃ tXSm≥ km[n-°m-Ø-hn-[-
Øn¬ Iº-\n-bpsS sXmgn-em-fn-If - m°n Ahsc am‰n. ASn-aI
- ƒ°v Xpey-
amb PohnXw! Iº\n DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS Xocp-am\w AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-hsc
{Iqc-ambn a¿±n-®p. hkvXphI-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. PohnXw hgn-ap-´nb
\tKmU-Iƒ Ipe-sØm-gn¬ Dt]-£n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. AXn-\-h¿
Is≠-Ønb am¿§w kz¥w s]cp-hn-c¬ apdn-®p-am-‰p-I- F∂Xm-bn-cp∂p.
 \tKm-U-I-fpsS IY hmbn-®t√m. CXv H‰-s∏´ kw`-h-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]cºcmKXsXmgn-
ep-I-fn-¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp∂ F√m hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw Iº-\n-`-cWw _m[n®n-cp-∂p. AXn-
s\- X nsc i‡- a mb coXn- b n¬ hyXykv X cq]- Ø n- e p≈ sNdp- Ø p- \ n¬∏pIƒ
Db¿∂ph∂p.
GsX√mw hn`m-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Iº\n`c-W-Øns‚ Nqj-W-߃°v Cc-bm-bXv?
$ I¿j-I¿
$ s\bvØp-Im¿
$ ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿
$ tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿
I¿jI¿s°Xnsc
_wKmƒ IogS°nb-tXmsS Iº\nbpsS {i≤ kº-∂-amb Im¿jnItaJ-e-bn-te°v
Xncn™p. Cu taJ-e-bn¬\n∂v ]cam--h[n kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
AhcpsS e£yw.
AXn\mbn Ahscs¥√m-amWv sNbvXXv?
$ I¿j-I¿°p-ta¬ Aan-X-amb \nIp-Xn-`mcw ASn-t®¬∏n-®p
$ hcƒ®tbm sh≈- s ∏m- ° tamaqew Irjn \in- ® mepw \nIpXn Cf- h p- I ƒ
\¬Inbncp-∂n-√
$ \nIpXn ]ncn-s®-Sp-°m≥ CS-\n-e-°m-sc- (Paoμm¿am¿) Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-
$ \nIpXn ]W-am-bn-Øs∂ \¬I-W-sa-∂p≈ hyh-ÿ sIm≠p-h-∂p
$ ]W-Øn-\mbn I¿j-I¿ ]Ww ]en-ibv°v sImSp-°p-∂-hsc- (kmlp°m¿)
B{ibn-t°-≠n-h-∂p
_wKm-fnse aÆv ]cp-Øn, NWw, \oew F∂nh Irjn-sN-
øm≥ G‰hpw A\p- t bm- P y- a m- s W- ∂ v Iº\n Is≠- Ø n.
]cpØnbpw NWhpw \oehpw Cw•-≠nse hyh-kmbime-
Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb {][m\ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
AXp-sIm≠v ]cp-Øn-bp-sSbpw NW-Øn-s‚bpw Irjn hym]n-
∏n-°m≥ Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. CXn-\mbn I¿j-Isc \n¿_- ]cpØn°rjn
‘n-®p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn `£y-hn-f-Iƒam{Xw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-®n-
cp∂ Irjn-bn-S-߃ ]cp-Øn-bp-sSbpw NW-Øn-s‚bpw \oe-
Øn-s‚bpw tXm´-ß-fm-bn-amdn. I¿j-I¿°v Irjn-bn-S-߃
\jvSs
- ∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah¿ sXmgn-em-fn-If- mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

_wKm-fnse `cWw Iº-\n-bpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-b-tXmsS

hnhn[ hn`m- K - ß ƒ A\p- ` - h n® Zpcn- X - ß ƒ kw_‘n®v
¢mkn¬ skan\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
NW°rjn

28
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
tKm{XP\-X-bvs°-Xnsc
sdbn¬sh-bpsS XpS°w
Iº- \ n- b psS CS- s ]- S ¬
Im¿jnItaJ-e-bn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp- C¥y-bn¬ sdbn¬sh Bcw-
`n- ° p- ∂ Xv 1853 G{]n¬
∂n-√. C¥y-bnse h\-k-ºØv
16 ˛\mWv . A∂v sshIp-
sIm≈- b - S n- ° pI F∂ e£y- t∂cw 3.35˛\mWv t_mws_-
tØmSpIqSn Ah¿ h\-\n-ba - ߃ bn¬\n∂v Xms\-bn-te-°p≈
Bhn-jv°-cn®p. Cu \nba߃ BZy Xoh≠n IqIn-∏m-™X - v. 14 tIm®p-If
- p≈ Cu h≠n-
aptJ\ h\߃ ]q¿Æ- a mbn bn¬ 400 bm{X- ° m¿ D≠m- b n- c p- ∂ p. 1861 am¿®n¬
Iº\nbpsS A[o\X- b nembn. Xncqcn¬\n∂v t_∏q-cn-te°v tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn h\-ßsf B{i- Xoh≠n HmSn.
bn®v Pohn- ® n- c p∂ tKm{X- P - \ -
Xsb CXv {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-®p. AtXmsS tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS h\-hn-`htiJ-c-Whpw
]c-º-cm-KX IrjncoXn-Ifpw XS- -s∏-´p.
tKm{X-P\-X-bpsS BhmktaJe -[mXp\nt£-]-ß-fm¬ kº∂-ambncp∂p. Ch
NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn tdmUv, sdbn¬ kuI-cy-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-®p. CXv tKm{XP\X-
bpsS PohnXw Zp lam°n.
Iº-\n-bpsS h\-\nba-߃ tKm{XP\-X-bpsS Pohn-XsØ Fßs\sbms° _m[n®p
F∂v N¿®-sNøp.
s\bvØpIm¿s°Xnsc
Iº\n`c-W-Im-eØv C¥y-bn¬ ]cp-Øn-°rjn hym]-I-ambn F∂v \mw a\- n-em-°n-
bt√m. F∂m¬ A°m-eØv C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ssIØ-dn-ta-Je XI¿®sb
t\cn-´p. F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw ssIØdntaJe XI¿∂Xv? \ap°v ]cn-tim[n°mw.
$ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-hmb ]cpØn {_n´-\n-te°v Ib‰n Ab-®p.
$ {_n´-\nse b{¥-\n¿ΩnXßfmb hne-Ip-d™ XpWn-Ø-c-߃ h≥tXm-Xn¬
C¥y-bn-te°v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXp.
$ C¥y≥ \n¿ΩnX XpWn-Ø-c-߃°v Db¿∂ \nIpXn Npa-Øn.
C°mcWßfm¬ ssIØdntaJebn¬ \nch[n sXmgnemfnIƒ°v sXmgn¬
\jvSs∏´p.
\tKmUIfpsS {]Xntj[Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ A∂sØ s\bv Ø pImcpsS
s]mXp{]iv\߃ hniZoIcn°p∂ kvIn‰v Xømdm°pI.

Iem-]-ß-fn-te°v
Iº\n`c-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-߃ C√m-Xmb hn`m-K-߃ GsX-√m-
sa∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bt√m. Cu P\-hn-`m-K-߃ Iº\n°v FXn-scbpw AhcpsS
CS-\n-e-°m-cmbn\n∂ Paoμm¿am¿s°Xn-scbpw Iem-]-߃°v XpS°an´p.
29
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 kwL-SnX kz`m-h-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√¶nepw C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ßfn¬ CØcw
sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Iƒ \S∂ncp∂p.
Iº-\n-`-cWw ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXm-sSm∏wXs∂ Im¿jnI Iem-]-ßfpw Bcw-`n-®p. CXn\v
sXfn-hmWv 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ _wKmfn¬ \S∂ k∂ymkn Iem]hpw
^°o¿ Iem-]hpw.
19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-_m-dn¬ Iem-]-߃ s]m´n∏p-d-s∏-´p. ]m´-°p-Sn-bm-∑m-cmb am∏nf-
am-cm-bn-cp∂p Cu Iem-]-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXv. Cu Iem-]-ßsf am∏n-f-Iem-
]-߃ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. CtX Ime-b-f-hn¬ _wKm-fn¬ kam\kz`m-h-Øn-ep≈
Iem-]-߃ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. Ch ^dmkn Iem-]-߃ F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
I¿j-Isc IqSmsX tKm{X-h¿§-°mcpw Iº-\n-s°-Xnsc Iem-]-Øn-te¿s∏´p. CØ-c-
Øn¬ Iem-]-Øn-\n-d-ßnb tKm{Xhn`m-K-ß-fmWv:
$ adm-Ø-bnse `oep-Iƒ
$ Al-ΩZv\K-dnse tImen-Iƒ
$ tOm´m-\m-Kv]q-cnse tImfp-Iƒ
$ cmPva-l¬Ip-∂nse km¥mƒam¿
$ hb-\m-´nse Ipdn-Ny¿
km¥mƒ Iem]w
_wKmƒ {]hn-iy-bnse cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-I-fn-
em-bn-cp∂p km¥mƒ tKm{XP\X Xma-kn-®n- Hcp km¥mƒ tKm{XKoXw
cp- ∂ - X v . sIm≈∏en- i - ° m- c p- s Sbpw Iº\n
kntZm, \osb¥mWnßs\
DtZymK-ÿ≥am-cp-sSbpw Nqj-W-Øn-\ncbmb c‡Øn¬°pfn®ncn°p∂Xv?
tKm{XP\X \SØnb Iem]amWv km¥mƒ Im≥lp, \osb¥mWnßs\
Iem]w. cmPva-l¬ Ip∂p-Isf \nW-a-Wn-bn® lqƒ lqƒ F∂edp∂Xv?
Cu Iem-]-Øn¬ 15000˛Øne-[nIw km¥mƒ Cu I®hS°m¿, I≈∑m¿
P\-XbmWv Poh≥ _en-b¿∏n-®-Xv. kn±phpw aÆn√mØhcm°n \sΩ.
Im≥lphpw Bbn- c p∂p Cu Iem- ] - Ø n\v \ΩpsS P\Xbv°mbn
\Ωƒ c‡Øn¬°pfn®ncn°p∂p.
t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-Xv.
Ahew_w:
km¥mƒ tKm{X-P-\-Xsb Iem-]-Øn\v t{]cn- Ranajith Guha
Elementary Aspect of Peasant Insurgency
∏n® kml-Nc
- y-߃ N¿®-sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-
dm°p.
A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏´ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw `q{]-`p-°-∑m-cp-amWv Iem-]-Øn-\n-d-ßnb
as‰mcp hn`m-Kw. CØcw Iem-]-߃°v t\XrXzw sImSpØ Nne-cm-Wv:
$ Hu[nse cmPm sNbvØv knßv
$ Xncp-s\¬th-en-bnse hoc-]mfiy I´-s_m-Ω≥

30
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
$ inhKwKbnse acpXp]mfiy≥
$ ae-_m-dnse ]g»ncmP
$ I¿Æm-S-I-bnse In´q¿ N∂Ω
$ Xncp-hn-Xm-wIq-dnse thep-غn
$ sIm®n-bnse ]men-b-Ø-®≥
tIcfØnse Iem]-߃ ]g-»n-bpsS Ah-km-\b
- m{X...
]g- » n- c m- P - b psS arX- t Zlw Rm≥
{_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂
k©cn® ]√- ° n- t e°p am‰n. cmP-
{][m\ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-I-fn¬ H∂m-bn-cp∂p ]Xv \ nsb as‰m- ∂ n¬ Ib‰n. ASp- Ø -
]g»nka- c - ß ƒ. hSs° ae- _ m- d nse Znhkw arX-tZlw i‡-amb ]´m-f° - mh-
tIm´bw taJ-e-bn¬ \nIpXn ]ncn-°m-\p≈ temsS am\-¥-hm-Sn-°-b-®p. arX-i-co-c-
Ah-Imiw XS-™X - mWv ]g»ncmPsb bp≤w tØm-sSm∏w Ab® inckvXZm¿°v F√m
sNøm≥ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. hb-\m-S≥ h\-߃ {_m“- W - s cbpw hnfn- ® p- h - c pØn
ihkwkvImcw ]mc-ºcyhn[n-{]-Imcw
tI{μo-Icn®v -{_n´o-jpIm¿s°-Xnsc Hfn-t∏m-
\SØ-W-sa∂v \n¿tZiw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
cmWv ]g»ncmP- \SØnbXv. Cß-s\-sbmcp _lp-a-Xn°v ]g-»n-cmP
Xe-bv°¬ N¥p-, ssItXcn Aºp-, FS-®\ A¿l-\m-sW∂v F\n°v tXm∂n...
Ip¶≥, AØ≥ Kpcp- ° ƒ F∂n- h - c psS IÆq¿, Sn.F-®v.t- _-_¿
t\XrXz- Ø n- e p≈ ]S- b m- f n- I - f m- W v bp≤- 1805 Unkw-_¿ 31. (k_v Ie-IvS¿, ae_m¿)
Øn¬ ]g-»ncmPsb klm-bn-®Xv. F∂m¬
]g-»n-cmPbpsS ac-W-tØmsS Cu bp≤w
Ah-km-\n-®p.
{_n´o-jv-hn-cp≤ t]mcm-´-߃°v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv Zf-h-bm-bn-
cp∂ thep-غn Bbn-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥ym-I-º-\n-bpsS \nc-¥c CS-s]-S¬
Zf-h-bpsS `cWw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øn. CXv {_n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn-s\-Xnsc Xncn-bm≥
At±lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®p. sIm®n-bnse a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂ ]men-b-Ø-®≥ At±-lsØ
klm-bn-®p. 1809˛¬ Ip≠-d-bn¬ h®v {_n-´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥ th-ep-غn
Blzm\w sNbvXp. CXmWv thep-Ø-ºn-bpsS {]ikvX-amb Ip≠dhnfw-_-cw. {_n´o-
jp-Im¿ B{IaWw i‡n-s∏-SpØn At±-l-Øns‚ \o°-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.
1857˛se H∂mw kzmX{¥ykacw
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃ \S-Ønb H‰-s∏´ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-I-sf-°p-dn®v \Ωƒ
a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. Ah-sb√mw Iº\n∏´mfw ASn-®-a¿Øn.
1857˛¬ Iº- \ n- t bmSv Iqdp]pe¿Ønbncp∂ hn`m- K - ß ƒt]mepw Ah¿- s °- X nsc
Xncn™p. Iº\n∏´m-f-Ønse C¥y≥ ssk\n-I¿ (in∏m-bn-am¿), ZØ-h-Imi \ntcm[\
\nb-a-Øns‚ ^e-ambn A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-d-∏mb \m´p-cm-Pm°-∑m¿ F∂n-h-
cm-bn-cp∂p ka-c-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-Xv.

31
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 in∏m-bn-am-cpsS PohnXw ]c-a-Z-b-\o-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ Xp—-amb thX-\w
$ Zo¿L-t\-c-ap≈ tPmen
$ Ah-[n-bn-√mbva
$ ASn- a - I - t fm- s S- ∂ - t ]m- e p≈ taep- t Zym- K - ÿ - ∑ m- c psS
s]cpam‰w
$ tami-amb `£-Ww
ta¬∏-d-™ -Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ in∏m-bn-am¿ Akw-Xr-]vX-cm-bn-cp-∂p. awKƒ ]msfi
Cu Ah-k-c-Øn-emWv ]´mf°m¿°nSbn¬ ]pXn-b-Xcw
F≥^o¬Uv tXm°p-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNbvX-Xv. Cu tXm°n¬
D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ Xnc (shSn-bp-≠) khn-ti-jXbp≈-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p. Ah \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]ip-hn-s‚bpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw
sImgp- ∏ p- I ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- s ∂∂ hm¿Ø {]N- c n- ® p.
IqSmsX in∏m- b n- a m¿°v hnX- c Ww sNbv X n- c p∂ sdm´n
F√ps]mSn tN¿Ø tKmXºps]mSnsIm- ≠ m- s W∂
hm¿Øbpw ]c-∂p. AtXmsS ssk\n-I¿ {]tIm-]n-X-cm-hp-
Ibpw Iem-]-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. in∏m-bn-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v BZyambn {]Xn-tj[w Db¿Øn-bXv
_l-Zq¿jm c≠m-a≥
awKƒ ]msfi Bbn-cp-∂p.
ssk\nIta[m- h n- I ƒs°- X nsc kwL- S n- X - a mb coXn- b n¬
Iem]-߃ Bcw-`n-®Xv aod-‰n-em-Wv. Iem-]-Øn-\n-d-ßnb
ssk\n-I¿ U¬ln-bn¬ FØn Ah-km-\sØ apKƒ `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ _lZq¿jm c≠m-as\ C¥y-bpsS N{I-
h¿Øn-bmbn {]Jym-]n-®p. Iem]w aod-‰n¬ am{X-a-√ DØ-tc-
¥y-bpsS ]e- `m-K-ß-fnepw s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´p.
A[nImcw \jvSs∏´ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw Iem-]-Øn¬ ]¶p-
tN¿∂p. Im¨]q¿, eIv\u, Ae-l-_m-Zv, Qm≥kn, Bc,
ss^km-_mZv XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v Iem]w ]S¿∂p.
\m\m kmln_v

Xm¥n-bm-tXm∏n _oKw l{kØval¬ Qm≥kn dmWn

32
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
Im¨]qcn¬ \m\m- k m- l n- _ pw eKvXm \lnssl Po tacm
Xm¥nbmtXm∏nbpw, Qm≥kn- b n¬ dmWn "PohnXØns‚ ]I¬ Xocmdmbn
e£van-_m-bn, eIv\u-hn¬ _oKw lkvdØv k‘y]S¿∂pXpSßnbncn°p∂p
al¬, ss^km-_m-Zn¬ auehn Al-ΩZp-√, C\n, CcpImepIfpw \o´n
ih°√dbnepdßmw.
Bc- b n¬ I≥h¿ knßv F∂nh- c m- b n- c p- ∂ p
kacw \bn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu Iem]w Iº\n P\n®aÆn¬ ebn°m≥
BdSnt]mepw e`n°mØ
ASn-®-a¿Øn.
k^¿, \o F{X \n¿`mKyhm≥.
_lZq¿jm k^dns\ d¶qWnte°v _lZq¿jm k^¿
\mSpISØn.
F¥psIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw H∂mw kzmX{¥ykacw ]cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-´Xv? \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
$ DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ an° ÿe-ß-fnepw Iem-]-߃ D≠m-sb-¶nepw CXn-s\mcp
kwLSnX kz`mhw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
$ Iem-]-Im-cn-Isf At]-£n®v ssk\nItijnbpw kwLm-S\ anIhpw sa®-s∏´
Bbp-[-ßfpw Iº\n°p≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
$ C¥y°m-cn¬ F√m hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n¥pW t\Sp-∂-Xn¬ Iem-]-Im-cn-Iƒ
]cm-P-b-s∏-´p.
$ Cw•ojvhnZym-`ymkw t\Snb C¥y-°m¿ ka-c-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
$ kº∂cmb \m´pcmPm°∑m¿ Iº\n°mbncp∂p ]n¥pW \¬Inbncp∂Xv.
`q]Sw {i≤n-®-t√m.

$ aod‰v
$ Ah[v
$ ss^km-_mZv
$ Im¨]q¿
$
$ Qm≥kn
Ad

-S¬
°
_n

Dƒ
°-S

mƒ
¬

wK
_

1857˛seH∂mw kzmX{¥y kacØns‚

{][m\ tI{μ-߃

33
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ Iem]w \S∂ {][m-\ -ÿ-e-߃ Is≠Øp.
$ Ah- C∂v GsX√mw kwÿm-\-ß-fn-em-sW∂v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp.
{]Xy-£-Øn¬ kacw ]cm-P-b-s∏-s´-¶n-epw Iº\n`c-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc \mSns‚ tamN\-
Øn-\m-bp≈ BZysØ _lp-P\ka-c-ambncp∂p AXv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ Cu ka-
csØ C¥ybpsS H∂mw kzmX{¥yka-c-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
Iem]Øns‚ G‰hpw henb i‡n aXØn\v AXoXambn C¥y≥P\X Db¿Ønb
sFIyt_m[ambncp∂p. _lZq¿jmsb, "jmln≥-˛jmsb˛lnμpÿm≥' (C¥ybpsS
N{Ih¿Øn) Bbn {]Jym]n°m≥ in∏mbnamsc t{]cn∏n®Xv Cu sFIyambncp∂p.
aXkv]¿≤ hf¿Øm≥ {_n´ojpIm¿ \SØnb {ia߃ Iem]Imewhsc hnPbn®n√
F∂v Cu kw`h߃ hy‡am°p∂p.
]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°p.

Iem]w \S∂ ÿe-߃ t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿

Qm≥kn dmWn- e-£van-_mbn

C¥y-bpsS `cWw {_n´ojv cm⁄n-bpsS ssII-fn-te°v

1857˛se H∂mw kzmX-{¥y- k-acw C¥y-bpsS `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ am‰whcp-Øn.
{_n´ojv cm⁄n-bpsS 1858˛se hnfw-_-c-tØmsS Cw•ojv CuÃn-¥y-I-º-\n-bpsS
`cWw Ah- k m- \ n- ® p. C¥y- b psS `cWw {_n´ojv cm⁄n- b psS t\cn- ´ p≈
\nb{¥WØn-em-bn.
" 1857˛se H∂mw kzmX- { ¥y- k- a cw' F∂ hnj- b sØ Bkv ] - Z - a m°n ¢mkn¬
skan\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

$ {_n´o- j p- I m¿ C¥y- b n¬ \S- ∏ m- ° nb \b- ß ƒ hnhn[ hn`m- K - ß fn¬s∏´

P\ßsf Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°n.
$ bmX-\-Iƒ t\cn´ I¿j-I¿, Ic-Iu-iesØmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, {]`p-°-∑m¿, tKm{X-
h¿§-°m¿, cmPm-°-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿ {_n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Iem-]-߃ \S-Øn.
$ H∂mw kzmX{¥y kacØn\p tijw C¥y-bpsS `cWw Cw•ojv CuÃn¥y
Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v Gs‰-SpØp.

34
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
$ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ \S∏m-°nb kmº-ØnI \b-߃ P\-Po-hnXw Zpcn-X-
]q¿Æ-am-°nsb∂v hy‡am°p∂p.
$ I¿j-I¿, Ic-Iu-iesØmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿, {]`p-°-∑m¿, cmPm-°-
∑m¿ F∂n- h ¿ {_n´o- j p- I m¿s°- X nsc \SØnb Iem- ] - ß sf°pdn®v
A]{KYn°p∂p.
$ 1857˛¬ \S∂ H∂mw kzmX{¥ykacØns‚ khn-ti-jX Xncn®dn™v {]kvXmhn°p∂p.
$ C¥y-bpsS `cWw Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ym Iº-\n-bn¬\n∂v {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ v
Gs‰-Sp°m\p≠mb kmlNcyw hniZam°p∂p.

1. Xmsg sImSpØ ]´nI DNn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ tbmPn-∏n-°p-I:

F _n
km¥mƒ Xe-bv°¬ N¥p
_l-Zq¿jm c≠m-a≥ Im¨]q¿
]g-»n-cmP kn±phpw Im≥lphpw
\m\m-km-ln_v U¬ln

2. {_n´ojn¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb hnhn[ \nIpXn k{º-Zm-b-߃aqew I¿j-I¿

t\cn´ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
3. {_n´o- j p- I m- c psS Cd- ° p- a Xn\bw _wKm- f nse hnhn[ P\- h n- ` m- K - ß sf
F{]ImcamWv _m[n-®Xv?
4. 1857 ˛se kacw C¥y- b nse `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ - Ø n¬ hcp- Ø nb am‰w
F¥mbncp∂p?

$ tIc-f-Ønse sNdpØp\n¬∏v ka-c-ß-fp-sSbpw 1857˛se kzmX-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn-

s‚bpw t\Xm-°-fpsS Nn{X-߃ Dƒs°m-≈n®v B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.
$ C¥y-bpsS `q]-S-Øn¬ hnhn[ sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏v ka-c-߃ \S∂ ÿe-߃
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

35
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 F.Un. 1612˛'16 Ime-L´w
kqd-Ønse Hcp Znhkw
_\nb hn`m-KØn¬s∏´ Hcmƒ acn®p.
ihicocw Zln-∏n-°m-\mbn AI-se-bp≈ Hcp ivaim-\-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
ih-a-©sØ A\p-K-an-®p-sIm≠v \qdp-I-W°n\v Bƒ°m¿. ]tc-Xs‚ `mcy-bm-I-s´, ]pØ≥
hkv{X-ßfpw B`-c-W-ßfpw [cn®v B kw-L-tØmsSm-∏-ap-≠v. hnhm-l-a-fi-]-Øn-te-s°-∂-
t]mse _‘p-°fpw tXmgn-amcpw tN¿∂v Ah-sf- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
ih-i-cocw NnX-bn¬h®p. aq∂p-h´w hewh®v Ahƒ NnX-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂n´v `¿Øm-hns‚ inckv aSn-bn¬h®p.
`¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Ahƒ Xma-kn-°m≥ t]mIpIbmWv˛AXmWv hnizmkw.
DW-ßnb hnd-Ip-sIm-≈nIfpw s\øpw FÆbpw Ahƒ°p- Np‰pw Ipan-™p.
kpK-‘-{Zhy-߃ Ahƒ°p-ta¬ h¿jn-®p. NnXbv°v XosIm-fp-Øn.
]Øp-h-b- n-e-[nIw {]mb-an-√mØ Ahƒ
`¿Øm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Xma-kn-®n-´n√.
F∂n´pw, `mcy F∂- \n-e-bn¬
Ahƒ NnX-bn-se-cn-™p.
Ah-ew_w
hneyw t^mÿ CIE, Early
Travels in India 1583-1619
36
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kXn F∂ Zpcm-Nmc-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv apI-fn¬ hnh-cn-
®n´p≈Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \nc-h[n kmaq-lnI A\m-N-mc-߃ C¥y-bn¬ \ne-
\n∂ncp∂p. Ah GsX-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?
$ ssii-hhn-hmlw
$ hn[hmhnhml\ntj[w
$ \c-_en
$ s]¨in-ip-lXy
$ ASn-aØw
$
$
CØcw A\m-N-mc-߃s°-Xn-sc 19˛mw \q‰m-t≠msS At\Iw ]cn-jvIcW {]ÿm-\-
߃ Db¿∂ph∂p. bp‡n-Nn-¥bpw Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-w Df-hm-°nb kmaq-lyt_m-
[-hp-amWv CXn\v t{]c-I-am-b-Xv. A\m-Nm-c-ß-tfmSpw A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈
FXn¿∏v, kv{XokzmX-{¥yw, hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]-\w, C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-
dn-®p≈ A`n-am-\-t_m[w F∂nh CXns‚ s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kmaq-lnI
A\m-Nmc-߃s°-Xnscbpw kmaq-lnI D∂-a-\-Øn\pwth≠nbpw {]h¿-Øn® {][m\
hy‡n-I-sfbpw Ah¿ XpS°w Ipdn® {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

cmPm -dmw-tam-l≥ tdmbv

]m›m-X-y-hn-Z-ym-`-ymkw t\Snb cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbv C¥y-
bn¬ \ne\n∂n- c p∂ ]e A\m- N m- c - ß - s fbpw
i‡amsbXn¿Øp. kXn, ssiihhnhm-lw F∂o A\m-
Nm-c-߃s°-Xnsc i_vZ-apb¿Øn. {_n´o-jv Kh¿W¿ P\-
d¬ Bbn-cp∂ hneyw s_‚nIv {]`p BWv kXn \ntcm-[n-
®-Xv. CXn\v {][m\ ImcWw cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbn-bpsS
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Bi-b-߃ {]N-cn-∏n-°m-
\mbn {_“kamPw F∂ kwL-S\ ÿm]n-® At±lw ASn-
ÿm- \ - ] - c - a mbn F√m aX- ß fpw H∂m- s W- ∂ p≈
s]mXpktμiw {]N-cn-∏n-®p. ""PmXn-k-{º-Zm-b-amWv C¥y°m¿°n-S-bnse Ass\-Iy-
Øns‚ Dd-hnSw'' F∂v hniz-kn-®p. "C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]nXmhv' F∂mWv
cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

kzman Zbm-\μ kc-kzXn

PmXnhyh-ÿ-sbbpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-sbbpw FXn¿Ø
\thm∞m\ \mb-I-\mWv kzman Zbm-\μ kc-kz-Xn.
Cu e£y-Øn-\p-th≠n At±lw BcykamPw F∂
kwLS\ cq]o-I-cn-®p. "thZ-ß-fn-te°p aS-ßpI' F∂v
At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp.

37
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 tPmXn-dmhp ^pse
tPmXn-dmhp ^pse hn[-h-I-fpsS hnhm-lsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw PmXnhyh-
ÿsb FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-. ]{¥≠v hb- p-h-sc-bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \n¿_-‘n-
Xhpw kuP\y-hp-amb hnZym-`ymkw \¬I-W-sa∂v hmZn® At±lw A[xÿnX hn`m-
K-°m-cpsSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v {]mapJyw \¬In. Cu Bi-b-߃
{]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ^pse ÿm]n® kwL-S-\-bmWv kXy-tim-[Iv kam-Pv.

]finX cam-_mbv
kv{XoI-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn Bcy-a-lnfmk` F∂ kwL-S\ ÿm]n-® cam-_mbv,
kv{XoIƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ kmaqly Ak-a-Xz-߃s°-Xnsc t]mcm-Sn. hn[-h-I-fpsS
D∂-a\Øn\pw kv{XohnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pwth≠n Ah¿ {]h¿Øn-®p.

k¿ køvZv Al-ΩZv Jm≥

ap…o-߃°n-Sb - n¬ B[p-\n-Ih
- n-Zym-`ym-kØ- n\v {]Nmcw \¬Inb
Al- Ω Zv Jm≥, apl- Ω Z≥ Bwt•m Hmdn- b ‚¬ tImtfPv
ÿm]n®p. CXmWv ]n∂oSv {]kn-≤-amb Aen-KUv ap…nw k¿h-
I- e m- i me- b mbn amdnbXv . lnμp- ˛ - a p…nw sFIysØ°p- d n®v
At±lw Cßs\ ]d™p: ""lnμp-°fpw ap…n-ßfpw C¥y-bpsS
hmbp izkn®pw KwK- b p- s Sbpw bap- \ - b p- s Sbpw Pew
]m\wsNbvXpw Pohn-°p-∂p. \mw c≠pw C¥y-bpsS aÆn¬
D¬∏mZn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv `£n-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-Ønepw ac-W-Ønepw
\mw H∂n-®m-Wv.''

kzman hnth-Im\-μ≥
PmXo-b-amb D®\oN-Xz-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw kv{XohnZym-`ym-ksØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂p kzman hnth-Im-\μ - ≥. hniz-km-tlm-ZcyØn\v
Du∂¬ sImSpØ At±lw Cßs\ A`n-{]mbs∏Sp-I-
bp-≠m-bn: ""al-Ømb c≠v hyh-ÿ-I-fmb sslμ-h-X-
bpsSbpw C…m-an-IX-bpsSbpw IqSn-t®-c-emWv \ΩpsS
amXr-cm-Py-Øns‚ GI {]Xo-£.'' {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-]-c-a-
lw-k≥ Bbn-cp∂p kzman- hn-th-Im-\-μs‚ Kpcp. Kpcp-
hns‚ Bi- b - ß ƒ {]N- c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn
hnthIm\μ≥ ÿm]n® kwLS\-bmWv cm-a-Ir-jvW -
an-j≥. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ cmPy-Øp-
S-\ofw [mcmfw hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-®p. C¥y-°m-cn¬
tZiob-t_m-[hpw Bflm-`n-am-\hpw DW¿Øp-∂-Xn¬
hnthIm\-μs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ {][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-®p.

38
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI
\thm∞m\ {][m\
{]ÿm\w
\mbI¿ {]h¿Ø\߃

C¥y-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®p≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Ipdn∏mbn

Xøm-dm-°p.
aXm-Xo-X-amb kmaq-ln-It_m[w Df-hm-°p-∂-Xn\v \thm-∞m\\mb-I¿ hln® -]-¶n-s\-°p-
dn®v N¿® sNøp-I.

amdp∂ P\X
PmXn°pw aX-Øn\pw AXo-X-ambn am\-hn-IXbn¬ Du∂n-s°m-≠p≈ hniz-km-tlmZcy-
Øns‚ ImgvN∏
- mSv C¥y-°m-cn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ kmaq-ly]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ°v Ign™p.
F√m ]cn-jvI¿Øm-°fpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Du∂n-∏-d-™p. Ah¿ ]pXnb
hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-®p. CXv C¥y-bn¬ hnZym-`ym-k]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Imc-W-am-bn. ]cn-
jvI¿Øm-°ƒ C¥y-bpsS ss]Xr-I-sØ-°p-dn®v Hm¿Ωn-∏n-®p. CXv kz¥w cmPy-sØ-°p-
dn®p≈ A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw Bfl-hn-izm-khpw C¥y°mcn¬ hf¿Øn. Cßs\ C¥y≥
P\-Xbn¬ ]pXnb DW¿hv krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ henb ]¶p-h-
ln-®p.

tZio-b-t_m[w hf-cp∂p
\mw CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-bpsS \mb-
I≥am-cp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ C¥ym-°m-cn¬ ]pXnb Ah-t_m[w krjvSn®p. A°m-
eØv C¥y-bn¬ cq]-s∏´ cmjv{Sob˛kmº-ØnI kml-N-cy-ßsf°p-dn®v ap≥ A[ym-b-ß-
fn¬ \mw a\ n-em-°nbt√m.
Ah Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
$ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ \m´p-cm-Py-ßsf Iogvs∏-SpØn H‰ `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-em°n cmjv{So-b-ambn
C¥ysb GIo-Icn®p.
$ {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmº-Øn-I- Nq-jWw C¥y°mcn¬ s]mXpsh {_n´ojvhncp≤
at\m-`mhw hf¿Øn.
$ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hym]-\hpw KXm-KX˛hm¿Ømhn\n-ab kuI-cy-ßfpsS
hf¿®bpw hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf Hcp-an-∏n-®p.
$ H∂mw kzmX-{¥yk-acsØ ASn-®-a¿Øp-hm≥ {_n´o-jp-Im¿ kzoI-cn® am¿§w C¥y-
bnse P\-ßsf H∂n-∏n-°p-hm\pw Hcp cmPy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-sW-∂p≈ t_m[w D≠m-
°p-hm\pw klm-bn-®p.
C¥y°msc√mw Hscm‰ P\XbmsW∂ t_m[w Dfhm°m≥ ta¬∏d™ LSI߃
klmbIambn. aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°-∏pdw F√m
C¥ym-°mcpw H∂m-sW∂ Cu t_m[-amWv C¥y≥ tZio-bX.

39
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 ""C¥y-bnse ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw \Zn-I-fpw, h\-ßfpw
\ap°p `£Ww Xcp∂ hnim-eß - f - mb hb-ep-Ifpw
F√mw \ap°p {]nb-s∏-´h - X
- s
- ∂. ]t£ F√m-‰n-ep-
ta-sd-bmbn KWn-t°-≠Xv C¥y-bnse P\-X-sb-
bmWv. Ah-scbpw Fs∂bpw t]mep≈ Bfp-Iƒ.
Ah-cm-Is´ Cu ]c∂ \m´n¬ apgps° hym]n®p
InS-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kmc-ambn t\m°n-bm¬ Cu
tImSn-°-W-°n-ep≈ P\-amWv `mc-X-am-Xm-hv. Ah-
cpsS Pbw F∂p-sh-®m¬ Cu P\-Øns‚ Pbw
F∂m-W¿∞w. \n߃ Cu `mc-Xa - m-Xm-hns‚ Awi-
ß-fm-Wv. Hcp hn[-Øn¬ \n߃X-s∂-bmWv `mc-X-am-Xmhv F∂p Rm≥ Ah-
tcmSp ]d-bpw. Cu Bibw ]Xps° Ah-cpsS Xe-t®m-dn¬ In\n™p sNs∂-
Øp-tºmƒ, Hcp hºn® I≠p]n-SnØw km[n-®m-e-sØ-t∏mse Ah-cpsS IÆp-
Iƒ {]Im-in-°pw.''
˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp "C¥ysb Is≠-ج'

C¥y°m¿°nSbn¬ tZiobXbpsS hf¿®sb klmbn®

LSI߃ hy‡-am°pI.

tZiobt_m[w hf¿∂tXmsS {_n´ojv tZio-b-X-bpsS hf¿®sb

`cWØn¬\n∂v tamN\w t\Sm- \ p≈ C¥y- klm-bn® kmln-X-y-Im-c-∑m¿
°mcpsS {]h¿Ø\߃°v B°w IqSn. CXv
$ _¶nwN{μ Nm‰¿Pn
kzmX{¥yØn\pth≠nbp≈ {]ÿm\ßfpsS
$ cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿
{]k‡n h¿≤n∏n®p.
$ apl-ΩZv CJv_m¬
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw $ e£vao-\mYv s_kv_-dph
C¥-y-°m¿°n-S-bnep≠mb DW¿hns‚ ^e-ambn $ A¬Øm^v lpssk≥
C¥-y-bpsS ]e `mK-ß-fnepw {]mtZ-inIkwL-S-
\-Iƒ cq]wsIm≠p. a{Zm v t\‰ohv Atkm-kn-tb-j≥, ]q\ km¿hP\nIv k`, C¥y≥
Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ XpS-ßn-bh Ahbn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ch-sb√mw {]mtZ-inI
Bh-iy-߃°m-bn-cp∂p ap≥K-W\ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. tZiobXe-Øn¬ Hcp kwLS\
cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX A°m-eØv _e-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

C¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{Kkns‚ DZbw

1885 Unkw-_¿ 28. t_mws_-bnse tXPv-]m¬ kwkvIrX tImtf-Pnse hnim-e-amb
apdn. C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ 72 t]¿ HØp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah¿
]e thj-°mcpw ]e aX-°mcpw ]e `mj-°mcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. hyXykvX kwL-S-\-I-sf
{]Xn\n[oIcns®Ønb Ah¿ U_vfyp.kn. _m\¿PnbpsS A≤y-£Xbn¬ tbmKw

40
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
tN¿∂p. F.H. lyqw F∂ ap≥ {_n´ojv
DtZy- m K- ÿ \mWv CØcw Hcp tbmKw
BZy tbmKØnse {]kwKØn¬ \n∂v
hnfn®pIq´phm≥ ap≥ssI FSpØXv. Cu ""C¥y-bnse `c-Wk - w-hn-[m\w Iptd-°qSn ]cn-
tbmK- Ø n¬ h®v C¥y≥ \mj- W ¬ jvIr-Xa - m-IW- s- a∂pw \sΩbpw `c-WØ - n¬
tIm¨{Kkv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
]¶m-fn-If- m-°W- s- a∂pw \mw B{Kln-°p∂p''
U_vfyp. kn. _m\¿Pn

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ BZy ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ {][m\ e£y-߃:
$ C¥-y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ cmjv{So-b {]-h¿Ø-I¿°n-S-bn¬ kulrZ-
t_m[w hf¿ØpI.
$ PmXn-˛aX˛{]mtZ-inI Nn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn tZiobt_m[w hf¿Øp-I.
$ C¥y-°m-cpsS {]iv\-߃ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-SpØpI.
C¥-y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kns‚ cq]o-I-c-W-tØmsS {_n´ojvhncp-≤- k-a-c-Øn\v
kwL-SnX kz-`mhw ssIh-∂p. {_n´ojm[n-]-X-y-Øn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ kwL-SnX {]t£m`-
ßsf tZio-b-{]ÿm\w F∂p hnfn-°mw. ka-c-co-Xn-bpsS ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ tZio-b-
{]-ÿm-\sØ aq∂v L´-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn°mw:
$ anX-hm-Z tZio-bXbpsS Ime-L´w
$ Xo{h- tZio-bXbpsS Ime-L´w
$ Km‘n-b≥ Ime-L-´w
1885 apX¬ 1905 hsc- b p≈ Ime- L ´w anX- h mZ tZio- b - X - b ptS- X m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
Cw•ojvhnZym`ymkw e`n-®-h-cm-bn-cp∂p BZ-y-Imet\Xm-°ƒ. Ah-cn¬ {]ap-J-cm-bn-
cp∂p ZmZm-_mbn \h-tdmPn, tKm]m-eI- rjvW tKmJse, _Z-dp-±o≥ Xz-øn_vPn, ^ntdmkv
jm taØ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. ]cm-Xn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw {]ta-b-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]Xn-tj-[-ß-fn-eq-
sSbpw s]mXp Bh-i-y-߃ {_n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Øm\mWv Ah¿
{ian- ® - X v . ]s£ Cu Bh- i y- ß ƒ {_n´ojv A[n- I mcnIƒ th≠hn[- Ø n¬
]cnKWn®n√.
41
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 tKm]m-e-IrjvW _Z-dp-±o≥ Xz-øn_vPn ^ntdmkv jm taØ
tKmJse

{_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\p Iogn¬ C¥y Zcn-{Z-am-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂v Ch¿ ]Tn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. Ch¿ \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fmWv C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm-\-Øn\v Bi-b-]-c-amb
ASn-Ød \¬In-b-Xv.

tNm¿®m-kn-≤m¥w

ZmZm-`mbn \h-tdm-Pn-bsS {][m\ kw`-mh-\-bmWv tNm¿®mkn≤m-

¥w. C¥-y-bp-sS kºØv Cw•-≠n-te°v ]e -X-c-Øn¬ tNm¿Øn-
s°m-≠pt]mbncp∂p. iº-f-ambpw kΩm-\-ambpw \nIp-Xn-bmbp
ambn-cp∂p Cu kmº-ØnItNm¿®. C¥-y-bpsS Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-\p≈
ImcWw Cu tNm¿®-bm-sW∂v ZmZm-_mbn \htdmPn ka¿∞n®p.
ZmZm-_mbn \htdmPn

{_n´ojv \b- ß ƒ Xpd∂p Im´p- ∂ - X n¬ anX- h m- Z n- I ƒ hln® ]¶v

hnebncpØp-I.

_wKm-ƒ hn`-P\w
_wKmƒ tI{μ-am-°n-bmWv Cw•o-jp-Im¿ C¥y-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. hnhn[
P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬s∏´ ChnSpsØ P\-߃ ktlm-Z-c≥am-sc-t∏msebmWv Ign-™n-
cp∂Xv. {_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \b-ßsf FXn¿°p∂ [mcmfw {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Ah¿ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

""H∂n®p\n¬°p∂ _wKmƒ Hcp i‡n-bmWv . _wKm-fns\ hn`-Pn-®m¬ i‡n Ipdbpw;

\ΩpsS `c-WsØ FXn¿°p-∂-h-cpsS IcpØv tNm¿∂p-t]mIpw''. 1904˛¬ {_n´ojn¥y-
bnse B`y-¥-c-sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ dnkv-se- _wKm-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ P\XbpsS
sFIysØ°p-dn®v C{]-Imcw \nco-£n-®p. {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn Db¿∂p-h-
cp∂ i‡nbmbmWv _wKm-fns\ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ I≠-Xv. Cu kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ ssht{km-
bn-bmb Igvk¨ {]`p 1905˛¬ _wKm-fns\ c≠mbn hn`Pn®p.

42
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 _wKmfns\ hn`Pn°m≥
{_n´ojpImsc t{]cn∏n®
LSI߃ Fs¥√mambncp∂p?

1905˛hn`-Pn-°-s∏´ _wKm-fns‚ `q]Sw

tZiob]{X-ßfpw Ihn-Ifpw kmaq-l-y-{]-h¿Ø-Icpw _wKmƒ
hn`-P-\sØ FXn¿Øp. alm-Ihn cho-{μ-\m-Y -Sm-tKm¿ _wKmƒ
hn`-P-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb tZiob \ne-]mSv Cßs\ hy‡-am-°n:
""]›n-a-_wKmfpw ]q¿h-_w-Kmfpw Hcp lrZ-b-Øns‚ c≠v
AdI-fm-Wv. KwKbpw {_“-]p{Xbpw Bt«jn-°p-∂Xpw ^e-
`q-bn-jvTa-- m-°p∂Xpamb c≠v Ad-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Cu Ad-I-fn¬
\n∂p-¤-hn-°p∂ NpSp-c-‡-amWv _wKm-fn-I-fpsS knc-I-fn-eqsS
Hgp-Ip-∂Xv.''
cho{μ\mY SmtKm¿
_wKmƒ hn`P\Øn¬ {]Xn- t j- [ n- ® p- s Im≠v t]mÿ
Xømdm°pI.
_wKmƒ Pzen°p∂p
hn`-P\
- Ø
- n-s\-Xn-cmb kacw _wKm-fns\ Cf-°n-ad
- n-®p. GsX√mw coXn-bn-emWv _wKmƒ
hn`-P-\-Øns\Xn-cmbn Ah¿ {]Xn-I-cn-®Xv?
$ {]Xn- t j[- t bmK߃
kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. ]©-kmcbv°pw hne°v!
$ hntZi hkv X p- ° ƒ
hn¬°p∂ IS- I ƒ kztZin D¬∏-∂-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°pI, hntZi
D]tcm-[n-®p. D¬∏∂-߃ _ln-jI v c
- n°pI F∂Xv _wKmƒ hn`-
P-\h- n-cp≤ ka-cØ
- ns‚ {][m\ ap{Zm-hm-Iy- a - m-bn-cp-
$ hntZi hkv { X- ß ƒ ∂p. C{]-Imcw hntZi \n¿ΩnX ]©-km-cb - n´ Nmb
Xobn´v \in-∏n®p. \¬In hncp∂pImsc k¬°-cn-°p∂ hnhm-lß - ƒ
$ kz- t Zin D¬∏- ∂ - ß - _ln-jvI-cn-°m≥t]mepw Blzm-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
fpsS D]- t bm- K - Ø n\v ]©-km-cbv°v ]Icw i¿°-cb - m-bn-cp∂p tZio-bh - m-
t{]cn-∏n-®p. Zn-Iƒ t{]m’mln-∏n-®n-cp-∂X- v.
$ Cw•o- j p- I m¿s°- X n- s c
{]I-S-\-ßfpw s]mXp-tbm-K-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-®p.

43
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 ka-c-Øns‚ Xo£vWX a\-kn-em-°nb Kh¨sa‚n\v _wKmƒ hn`-P\ Xocp-am\w
]n≥h-en-t°≠nh∂p.

_wKmƒ hn`-P-\-hpw hn`-P\hncp≤ ka-c-ß-fpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ¢mkn¬ Hcp ]{Xw

Xøm-dm-°p-I.
anXhmZ Ime-L-´-Ønse tZiobkacßfn¬ \n∂v _wKmƒ hn`P\hncp≤
kac߃ Fßs\ hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p?

kzmX{¥yw Fs‚ P∑m-h-Imiw

_wKmƒ hn`P\hpw XpS¿∂p≠mb kacßfpw tZiob{]ÿm\sØ ]pXnsbmcp
L´Ønte°v \bn®p. Cu ImeL´w Xo{htZiobXbpsS ImeL´w F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
_me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-Iv, _n]n≥ N{μ-]m¬, emem ePv]Xvdmbv F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p CXns‚
{][m\ t\Xm-°ƒ. "em¬, ]m¬, _m¬ Iq´p-sI´v' F∂mWv Ch¿ Adnbs∏´ncp∂-Xv.
Xo{htZiob hmZnIfmb ChcpsS {]h¿Ø-
\߃ tZiob{i≤ BI¿jn°pIbpw
P\Xsb {]tNmZn∏n°pIbpw sNbv X p.
_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Iv Xo{h-tZ-io-b-X-bpsS
apJy-h-‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p. "temI-am-\y' F∂v
P\-߃ BZ-c-thmsS At±lsØ hnfn-®p.
At±lw Bcw- ` n® c≠v ]{X- ß - f mWv
admØbpw tIkcnbpw. ""kzmX{¥yw Fs‚
P∑m-h-Im-i-amWv, Rm\Xv t\SpI Xs∂
sNøpw'' F∂Xv Xne-Ins‚ {]kn≤amb
emem ePv]Xvdmbv, _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-Iv,
{]Jym]\amWv. _n]n≥ N{μ-]m¬

NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI:

anXhmZn Xo{htZiob
t\Xm°∑m¿ t\Xm°∑m¿
tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW -tKm-Jse _me-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-Iv

tZiob{]ÿm\Øn¬ anXhmZnIfpsSbpw Xo{htZiobhmZnIfpsSbpw

{]h¿Ø\coXnIƒ XmcXayw sNøpI.

44
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
k¿tΔ¥ym ap…ow-eoKv
_wKmƒhn`-P-\-hn-cp≤ kacIme-L-´-ØnemWv C¥-y-bn¬ k¿tΔ-¥ym ap…ow-eoKv
cq]wsIm≠Xv. 1906˛¬ [m°-bn¬h®v BKm-Jm\pw \hm_v keo-ap-≈mJm\pw
tN¿∂mWv Cu kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv.

kqdØv ]nf¿∏v
_wKmƒhn`-P\ hncp-≤- k-a-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tZiob{]t£m`w i‡n-s∏´p.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨{K-kn-\-IØv anX-hm-Zn-I-fpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-
Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]mbhy-X-ymkw h¿≤n-®p. 1907˛se tIm¨{K-kns‚ AJnte¥ym
ktΩf\w kqd- Ø nemWv \S- ∂ - X v . ktΩ- f - \ - Ø n¬ tIm¨{Kkv ]nfcpIbpw
tZiob{]ÿm\Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\߃ Xm¬°menIambn Zp¿_es∏SpIbpw
sNbvXp.

tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm-\-߃

H∂mw temIbp≤m-\-¥cw C¥-ybv°v kzbw`cWw \¬Ipw F∂ {]Xo-£-bn¬
tIm¨{Kkv bp≤-Øn¬ {_n´s\ ]n¥p-W-®p. Cu ka-bØv C¥-y≥ tZio-b-{]-ÿm-
\sØ kPo-h-am°n \ne\n¿Øn-bXv _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-Ipw B\n _k‚pw Bcw`n®
tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm-\ßfm-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥-y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ BIr-jvS-bmbn 1893˛¬

C¥y≥ ]uc-Xzw kzo-I-cn® sFdnjv h\n-X. 1916˛¬
tlmw dqƒ Bcw`n®p.

B\n -_-k‚ v
eIv\u k‘n
tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm\w kPo-h-ambn \n¬°p∂ ka-b-ØmWv 1916˛¬ C¥-y≥ \mjW¬
tIm¨{K-kns‚ eIv\u ktΩf\w \S-∂-Xv. kqdØv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ hgn-]n-cn-™p-
t]mb anX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Xo{htZio-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw H∂n®v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.
IqSmsX, k¿tΔ-¥ym ap…ow-eo-Kp-ambn kl-I-cn®v {_n´ojvhncp≤ ka-c-߃
kwLSn∏n-°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

$ "C¥y≥ tZiob {]t£m-`-Øns‚ KXnsb kzm[o-\n® _wKmƒ hn`-P\w' F∂

hnj-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°p-I.
hnj-b-ta-JeIƒ
˛ Xo{h-tZ-io-bX-bpsS hf¿®
˛ _wKmƒhn`-P\hncp≤ ka-c-߃
45
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ C¥ybn¬ [mcmfw kmaqlnI A\mNmc߃ \ne\n∂ncp∂p.
$ cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbv, Zbm\μ kckzXn, tPmXndmhp ^pse, ]finX
cam_mbv , k¿ køv Z v AlΩZv J m≥, kzman hnthIm\μ≥ XpSßnbh¿
C¥ybnse \thm∞m\ \mbI∑mcmbncp∂p.
$ 1857˛se H∂mw kzm- X - { ¥- y - k - a - c - Ø n\ptij- a mWv C¥- y - b n¬ tZio- b X
hf¿∂ph∂Xv.
$ "`n∂n∏n®p `cn°pI' F∂ {_n´ojv X{¥Øns‚ `mKambn´mWv _wKmƒ
hn`P\w \S∂Xv.
$ tlmw dqƒ {]-ÿm\w tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-Øn\v DW¿thIn.

$ C¥y-bn¬ ]e kmaq-lnI A\m-N-mc-ßfpw \ne-\n∂n-cp∂psh∂v hy‡a°p∂p.

$ cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbv, kzman Zbm\μ kckzXn, tPmXndmhp ^pse, k¿
køvZv AlΩZvJm≥, ]finX cam-_m-bv, kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS
kmaqlnI]cn-jvI-cW {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°pdn®v hniZoIcn°p-∂p.
$ kmaq-lnI-Xn-∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc {]h¿Øn® hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw
]¶v hni-Ie -- \w sNøp∂p.
$ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-lnI-Xn-∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw
t\Sp∂p.
$ C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]s∏-Sp-∂Xn-\n-S-bm-°nb LS-I-ßfpsS enÃv sNøp-∂p.
$ `n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI F∂ {_n´ojv X{¥-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-´mWv _wKmƒ hn`P\w
\S-∂sX∂v hnebncpØp∂p.

1. C¥ybnse kmaq-lnI A\m-Nm-c-߃ \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \thm-∞m\

t\Xm-°-ƒ hln® ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

46
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
2. "F' tImf-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-hsb "_n' tImf-hp-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-ambn _‘n-
∏n-°p-I.

F _n
{_“kamPw kzman hnthIm\μ≥
BcykamPw cmPm dmwtaml≥ tdmbv
Bcyalnfmk` kzman Zbm\μ kckzXn
cmaIrjvW anj≥ ]finX cam_mbv

3. ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI

1 tKm]m-e-IrjvW tKmJse anX-hmZtZio-bX

2 _me-Kmw-Km-[c Xne-Iv ........................................
3 ........................................ tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm\w
4 BKm-Jm≥ ........................................

4. Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hnj-b-ßsf A[n-I-cn®v Ipdn∏pIƒ Xøm-dm-°p-I:

-˛ kztZin {]ÿm\w
˛ tlmw dqƒ {]ÿm\w

$ C¥-ybnse \thm-∞m\\mb-I-cpsS- Nn{X-߃ tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xøm-dm-°pI.

$ \ΩpsS \m´n¬ C∂v GsX- ¶ nepw Xc- Ø n- e p≈ kmaq- l nI A\m- N mcw
\nehnept≠m? ¢mkn¬ N¿® kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
$ kmaq-lnI A\m-Nm-c-߃s°-Xn-cmb Bi-b-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kmln-Xy-IrXn-
Iƒ Is≠Øp-I.
$ tZi-kvt\lw DW¿Øp∂ Ihn--X-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°pI.

47
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 kvIqfnse Hmtcm- Ip-´n-sbbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂ F√m hnh-c-ßfpw tiJ-cn®v tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂Xn\mbn \S-∏m-°nb "kºq¿W' F∂ ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n-cn-°p-
a-t√m. CXns‚ `mK-ambn Hcp A[ym-]nI Xs‚ ¢mknse Ip´n-I-fpsS c£n-Xm-°-ƒ
sNøp∂ sXmgnepIƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØnbXns‚ Hcp `mKw NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p:

sXmgn-ep-Iƒ
$ Irjn-∏Wn
$ tlm´¬ tPmen
$ A[ym-]\w
$ ^mIvSdnsØmgn¬
$ k¿°m¿ DtZymKw
$ NnIn’

]´nI 1

Cu sXmgn-ep-Iƒ F√mw \n߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-am-W-t√m. hcp-am\w D≠m-°p-hm≥ klm-

bn-°p-∂Xp-sIm≠v Chsb- kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ F∂vv hnfn°p-∂p. \nß-
fpsS Np‰pw CXp-t]mse At\Iw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂p-≠m-hp-a-
t√m. Ah Is≠Øn ]´nI 1 hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp.
Cu kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ NneXv Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´XmWv. ]´nI
hniIe\w sNbvXm¬ a‰v GsXms° taJ-eI
- fnse {]h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ Is≠-Øm-\mIpw?
$ hyh-kmbw
$ tkh\w
48
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
{]IrXnhn`-h-߃ t\cn´v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn \S-Øp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂
taJ-e {]mY-anItaJe F∂mWv Adn-bs∏Sp-∂Xv. Irjn°v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m-\y-
ap≈XpsIm≠v Im¿jnItaJe F∂pw CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]mY-anItaJ-e-bnse
D¬∏-∂-߃ Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn®v ]pXnb D¬∏-∂-߃ D≠m-°p∂
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p∂ taJ-e-bmWv ZznXob taJ-e. hyhkmb-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-
ap≈ Cu taJ-esb hymh-km-bnItaJe F∂pw hnfn°pw. {]mY-anI, ZznXob taJ-
e-Ifnse D¬∏-∂-߃ kw`-cn-°p-∂Xpw hnX-cWw sNøp-∂Xpw tkh-\- ta-J-e-bnse
{]h¿Ø-\ßfm-Wv. Chbv°p ]pdta tkh-\ -ta-J-e-bn¬ hnZym-`ymkw, KXm-K-Xw,
_m¶nwKv, sF.Sn. XpS-ßnbhbpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. tkh\{]h¿Ø-\-߃ F√mw tN¿∂-
XmWv XrXo-b- ta-J-e. CXv tkh\-ta-Je F∂pw ]dbp-∂p.
{]mY-anI, ZznXob, XrXob taJ-eI
- f
- n¬ Dƒs∏-SmØ GsX-¶nepw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ Dt≠m? N¿® sNøp.
{]mY-anI, ZznXob, XrXob taJ-e-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´v {]h¿Øn-°p-tºm-gmWv
kmº-ØnIhf¿® D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. HcpZm-l-cWw t\m°mw. {]mY-anI ta-J-e-bnse
D¬∏∂-amb ]cp-Øn, ZznXobtaJ-e-bmb XpWn-hy-h-km-b-ta-J-ebv°v Akw-kvIr-X-
h-kvXp-hm-Wv. hyh-km-b-ta-J-e-bnse XpWn Bh-iy-°m¿°v FØn-°p-∂Xn\v KXm-
KXhm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab cwKsØ klm-b-ßfpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch-sb√mw XrXob
taJebnse tkh-\ßfm-Wv.
Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w ImWn-°p∂ Nn{Xw t\m°p. Nn{X-߃ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-SpØn Cu taJ-e-Iƒ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp-a-t√m.

{]mY-anI taJe

XrXo-b- taJe ZznXob taJe

I CE
F ACTORY

COTTON MILL

49
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 taJ-e-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w ImWn-°p∂ as‰mcp DZm-l-cWwIqSn Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.
{]mY-anI, ZznXob, XrXob taJ-e-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf
sk≥{S¬ Ãm‰n-Ãn-°¬ Hm^okv (CSO) h¿§o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AXv Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p:

{]mY-anI taJe ZznXob taJe XrXo-b -ta-Je

$ Irjnbpw A\p-_‘ $ hyh-kmbw $ hym]mcw
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw $ KXm-KXw
$ h\-]-cn-]m-e\w $ sshZypXn D¬∏m-Z\w $ tlm´¬
$ a’y-_-‘\w $ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-abw
$ J\\w $ sI´nS \n¿ΩmWw $ kw`-cWw
$ _m¶nwKv
$ C≥jp-d≥kv
Central Statistical Office (CSO) $ _nkn-\kv
tI{μ ÿ- n-Xn-hn-hc]≤Xn \n¿Δl-W- a{¥me- $ dnb¬- F-tÉv
b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]\w $ kmaq-ly-tk-h\
{][m-\ N
- p-aX
- e- I- ƒ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
$ kvYnXnhn-h-c-°-W-°p-IfpsS kwtbm-P-
\hpw hni-Ie - \- hpw \S-Øp-∂p.
hn]p-e-s∏-SpØn Fgp-Xnb ]´nI 1 se
$ F√m- ta-Je - Ifnsebpw ÿnXn-hn-hc - °
- W
- -
kmº- Ø nI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ Xmsg-
°p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®v Bkq-{XW {]h¿Ø-\-
sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ {Iao-I-
߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-
cn-s®-gp-Xq.
Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ÿnXn- h n- h - c IW- ° p- I ƒ D]- t bm- K - s ∏-
SpØn tZio-bh - c
- p-am\w Is≠-Øp∂p.

{]mY-anItaJe ZznXobtaJe XrXo-bta-Je

taJ-e-Ifpw sXmgn¬e`y-Xbpw
{]mY-anI, ZznXo-b, XrXob taJ-e-Ifn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp--∂-hbmWv \ap°p Np‰pw ImWp∂
F√m- sXm-gn-ep-If
- pw. C¥y-bn¬ {]mY-anI, ZznXo-b, X
- r-Xob taJ-eI
- f
- nse sXmgn¬e`yX
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Nne taJ-e-I-fnse sXmgn¬e`yX IqSnhcp-tºmƒ a‰p Nne taJ-e-I-

50
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
fn¬ sXmgn¬e`yX Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂Xmbn ImWmw. 1993 apX¬ 2011 hsc Hmtcm taJ-
e-bn-sebpw sXmgn¬e`yX hni-Z-am-°p∂ ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n-°p.
C¥y-bn¬ Hmtcm taJ-eb
- nsebpw sXmgn¬e`y-Xb
- psS iX-am\w
taJe 1993 2005 2011
{]mY-anItaJe 64.9 56.5 53.2
ZznXo-bta-Je 14.2 18.7 21.5
XrXo-bta-Je 20.9 24.8 25.3
BsI 100 100 100

]´nI 2 (Source - Economic Survey 2012 - 13)

Xmsg s- Im-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ kqN-Iß

- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ]´nI 2 hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXv \nßfpsS
\nK-a-\-߃ FgpXp-I:
kqN-I-߃
$ GsX√mw taJ-e-Ifnse sXmgn-¬e`y-X-bmWv h¿≤n®p hcp-∂Xv?
$ GXv taJ-e-bn-emWv sXmgn¬e`yX F√m Ime-L-´-Ønepw IqSp-X¬?
$ 2011˛¬ {]mY-anItaJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬e`yX a‰p c≠v taJ-eIfnse sXmgn¬
e`y-X-tb-°mƒ- F{X iX-am\w IqSp-X-emWv?
{]mY-an-I, ZznXo-b, XrXob taJ-e-I-fn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ e`y-am-
°p-∂Xv {]mY-anItaJ-e-bm-sW∂v I≠p-h-t√m. ChnsS Irjnbnepw A\p-_‘
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnep-amWv IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ e`n°p∂-Xv. \ap°v Bh-iy-
amb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu taJ-e-bnse {]h¿Ø\w hgn-bm-Wv.
`t£ym¬∏m-Z\w
kzmX-{¥yw e`n-®-Xp-ap-X¬ C¥y {]mY-anI taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\v {]m[m\yw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Bkq-{X-W-tØm-sS-bp≈ {]h¿Ø\-߃ \ΩpsS `t£ym¬∏m-Z-\-
cw-KØv [mcmfw am‰-߃
`t£ym-¬∏m-Z\w (Zi-e£w S¨)

300
D≠m- ° n. sXmgn- e - h - k - c -
257.4
߃ h¿≤n-°pI am{X-a√ 250

`t£ym¬∏mZ- \ hpw KWy- 200 196.8

176.4
ambn h¿≤n-®p.
150
C¥y-bn¬ hnhn-[ -Im-e-L´- 108.4
100
ß- f n¬ `t£ym¬∏mZ\
50
cwK-Øp-≠mb am‰w hniZam-
°p∂ Ub{KamWv \¬In- 0
1970-71 1990-91 2000-01 2011-12
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. h¿jw
Source - Economic Survey 2012-13

51
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 `t£ym¬∏m-Z\cwKsØ GXp Xc-Øn-ep≈ Zmcn{Zyw (Poverty)
am‰-amWv Ub{Kw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? Bkq- { X- W - ° - Ω o- j s‚ ip]m¿i-
C¥y-bn¬ `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂p {]Imcw \K- c - { ]- t Z- i - ß - f n¬ 2100
F∂v Ub- { KØn¬\n∂p hy‡- a m- W - t √m. Itemdnbn¬ Xmsg t]mj- I m- l mcw
`t£ym¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-®n´pw C¥ybn¬ ]e e`n°p-∂h - cpw {Kma-{]-tZ-iß
- f- n¬ 2400
{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Zmcn{Zyw \ne-\n¬°p∂p≠v. Item-dnbn¬ Xmsg- t]m-j-Im-lmcw
e`n°p∂hcpw Zmcn{Zyw A\p`hn
Fs¥m-s°-bmhpw CXns‚ Imc-W-߃?
°p∂- h - c mWv . 2011-12 kmº- Ø nI
$ hnX-c-W-Ønse A]m-IX k¿tΔ {]Imcw C¥y-bpsS Zmcn-{Zy-w
$ km[- \ - ß ƒ hmßp- h m- \ p≈ hy‡n- 29.8% BWv. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ _olm¿:
IfpsS tijn-°p-dhv 53.5%. G‰hpw Ipdhv lnam-N¬ {]tZiv:
`£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ Bh-iy-°m¿°v Bh-iym\p- 9.5%. tIcfw: 12%.
k- c Ww e`y- a m- I p- t ºm- g mWv `£y- k p- c £
km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv. F√m P\-߃°pw F√m°m-eØpw kPo-hhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-hp-amb
PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-am-b{X t]mj-I-{]-[m-\-amb `£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ `uXn-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb {]m]vXn- D-d∏phcp-Øp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv `£y-
kp-c£.
Cu \n¿Δ-N\w hni-I-e\w sNbvXm¬ `£y-kp-c-£sb∏‰n Fs¥ms° Is≠-Ømw?
$ F√m P\-߃°pw `£Ww e`n-°Ww
$ F√m°meØpw `£Ww e`n-°Ww
`£y-kzbw]cym-]vXX
(Self sufficiency in food)
$ Hcp cmPy-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb `£y-hkvXp-
$ °ƒ B cmPyØp Xs∂ D¬∏mZn-∏n-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bp∂psh¶n¬ B cmPyw `t£ym-
$
¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v
Zmcn-{Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]d-bmw.
]e Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤- X n- I fpw ]cn- ] m- S n- I fpw \S- ∏ m- ° nbpw s]mXp-
hnXcWk{ºZmbw i‡n-s∏-SpØnbpamWv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ `£y-kp-c£ F∂ e£yw
t\Sm≥ {ian- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . k¿°m¿Xe- Ø n¬ \S- ∏ m- ° nh- c p∂ {][m\
]≤XnIfpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw GsXm-s°-bmsW∂v t\m°q:

k¿°m¿ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ k¿°m¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ

$ A∂-]q¿W kwtbm-Pn-X -in-ip-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]mSn
$ At¥ym-Zb A∂-tbm-P\ kvIqƒ D®-`-£-W -]-cn-]mSn
$ alm-flm-Km‘n {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn tZiob {KmaoW D]-Po-h\ZuXyw
$ kz¿W-P-b-¥n- j-lm-cn tdmkvKm¿ tbm-P\

52
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
k¿°m¿X-e-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n-h-cp∂ Cu ]≤-Xn-IfpsSbpw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw e£yw
hni-Z-am-°p∂ ]Z-kq-cy≥ t\m°p.

kz¿W-Pb
- ¥n jlm-cn- tdm-kvKm¿ tbmP\
$ \K- c - ß - f nse sXmgn¬cln- X ¿°v
{]tbm-P\w
$ kzbwsXmgn¬ t{]m’m-ln-∏n°p-∂p.

D®-`£
- W
- ]- c
- n-]mSn A∂-]q¿W
$ F√m Kh./Kh. FbvUUv kvIqfp- $ kz¥- a mbn hcp- a m- \ - a n- √ mØ 65
I-fn-sebpw 8˛mw ¢mkp hscbp≈ hb n\pta¬ {]mb- a p≈h¿°v
Ip´n-Iƒ°v {]tbmP\w {]tbm-P\- w.
$ kvIqƒ ap-tJ\ t]mj-I-aq-ey-ap≈ $ amkw 10 Intem Acn kuP-\y-ambn
Blmcw Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂p. tdj≥IS-bn-eqsS \¬Ip-∂p.

At¥ym-Zb A∂-tbm-P\
tZiob {KmaoW D]-Po-h-\-ZuXyw
$ Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°p Xmsg-bp≈ G‰hpw
$ kzbw klmb kwL- ß ƒ°v
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ/ {]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂ IpSpw-_-߃°v
klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
]≤-Xn-Iƒ {]tbm-P\w
$ _m¶v hm-b] v b
- n-eq-sSbpw k_vkn-Un-
$ amkw 35 Intem Acn 3 cq]bv°v,
bn-eq-sSbpw ]Ww \¬Ip-∂p.
tKmX-ºm-sW-¶n¬ 2 cq]bv°v

alm-flm-Km‘n
kwtbm-Pn-X- in-ip-hn-I-k\ ]cn-]mSn {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn
$ AwK- ≥ - h m- S n- I ƒ aptJ- \ - b mWv $ tPmen- s N- ø m≥ Btcm- K yhpw
\S∏nem-°p-∂Xv. k∂≤Xbpw D≈-h¿°v sXmgn¬.
$ 6 hb- n\p Xmsg-bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ, $ 100 ZnhksØ sXmgn¬ Dd-∏m-°p∂
K¿`n-Wn-Iƒ, ape-bq-´p∂ AΩ-am¿ ]≤Xn.
F∂n-h¿°v KpWw. $ 18 hbkv ]q¿Øn- b m- b - h ¿°v
$ \n›nX Af-hn¬ t]mj-Im-lmcw cPnÿ sNømw.
e`y-am-°p-∂p. $ KpW-t`m-‡m-°fn¬ aq∂n¬ H∂v
kv{XoI-fm-bn-cn-°W
- w.

Source : India 2013

Hmtcm ]≤- X nbpw ]cn- ] m- S nbpw Fßs\ Zmcn- { Zy- \ n¿Ωm¿÷- \ - Ø n\pw `£y-
kpc£bv°pw klm-bn°p∂p F∂p Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.
kz¥w {]tZ-isØ P\-߃°v CXn¬ GXn-s‚-sbms° {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p∂p F∂v
At\z-jn-®-dn-bp.

53
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 tIc-fhpw s]mXp-hn-X-cWk{º-Zm-bhpw
tIcfw `£y-kzbw]cym-]vX-X-bp≈ kwÿm-
\-a-√. AXp-sIm≠mWv \mw `£-W-Øn-\v a‰p s]mXp-hn-X-cW kwhn-[m\w
(Public Distribution System)
kw-ÿm-\-ßsf B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. `£y-kp-
c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\v i‡-amb Hcp s]mXp- \ymbamb hnebv ° v kaq- l - Ø n¬
Bhiy-°m-cmbh¿°v `£y-h-kvXp-
hn-X-cWk{º-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn-\p-≠v. tIc-f-
°fpw a‰v \ntXym-]t- bmK hkvXp-°fpw
Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ s]mXp-hn-X-cWtI{μ-
\¬Ip-hm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏-´Xpw k¿°m¿
ß-fn-eqsS Acnbpw `£y-h-kvXp-°fpw a‰p
\nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-amb ÿm]-\-
\ntXym-]-tbmKkm[-\-ßfpw Bh-iy-°m-cmb
ß-fpsS irwJ-e-bmWv s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-
F√m P\-߃°pw \ymb-hn-e-bn¬ e`y-am-°n-
kwhn-[m\w.
h-cp-∂p. \ntXym-]-tbm-Kkm-[-\-߃ \ymb-
hn-ebv°v e`y-am-°pI F∂ e£y-tØmsS
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ [mcmfw tI{μ-߃ D≠v. Ahbn¬ NneXv t\m°mw.

tI{μw e`y-am-Ip∂
hkvXp-°ƒ
s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-tI{μw Acn, tKmX-ºv,
]©-km-c, asÆÆ
tlm¿´n-tIm¿]v ]®-°d- n-Iƒ
kssπ-tIm kq∏¿am¿°‰v
\∑ -tÃm¿
\oXn tÃm¿ F√m -\n-tXym-]-tbmK
em`w kssπtIm am¿°‰v km[-\-ßfpw
amthen tÃm¿
{XnthWn kq∏¿am¿°‰v
{XnthWn ^vtfm´nwKv
kq∏¿am¿°‰v

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp≈ CØcw Hcp ÿm-]\w kμ¿in®v \ymb-hn-e-bv°mtWm km[-

\-߃ hn¬°p-∂sX∂v Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.

54
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
`t£ym¬∏m-Z\w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√phn-fn-Iƒ
`t£ym¬∏m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n®pw Imcy-£- `£y-kpc-£m-\nbaw
a-amb s]mXp-hn-X-cWk{º-Zm-b-Øn-eqsS ( Food Security Act )
hnX-cWw \S-Ønbpw `£y-kp-c£ F∂ 2013˛¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v AwKo-I-cn®p.
e£y- t ØmSv ASp- ° p- t ºmgpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
`t£ym¬∏m-Z-\-cwKw Nne sh√p-hn-fn- $ `£y-kp-c£ k¿°m-cns‚ \nb-a-]-camb
Iƒ t\cn- S p- ∂ p- ≠ v. C¥y- b nse IS-a-bmWv.
`t£ym¬∏m-Z-\-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ $ Bh-iy-ap≈{Xbpw t]mj-I{- ]-Zh - pw KpW-
ta∑-bp≈Xpamb `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ anX-
sh√p- h n- f n- I ƒ GsXms°sb∂v
amb hnebv°v F√mh¿°pw Dd-∏m-°p-I.
t\m°mw.
$ `£y- h - k v X p- ° - f psS e`yX ]ucs‚
Xmsg- sIm- S p- Ø n- c n- ° p∂ hm¿Øm- \nba]c-amb Ah-Im-ia - m-Wv.
sImfmjv t\m°p:

¬
p-d-®p˛ nt£ m`w˛- `- t- £ym p
k_vkn-Un- sh-´n-° nbn¬ {]I rX
Wy-ambn I
pd™
‘ K
I¿jI¿ {]Xn-k ∏ mZ\ w nI
mº-Ø w
k °-cW
S ¬
h g n- a m- d p- ∂ p.
I rj n- ` q- a n- I ƒ - Z - \ - Ø n ¬ - I -cp ˛b{¥ h
s -
` t £ y m ¬ ∏ m v. I ¿ jn k ‘ n p∂p
{ ] X m-[y-am-°
KWyamb Ipdh Ak

`t£ym¬∏m-Z-\-cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ {][m-\ -sh-√p-hn-fn-I-fn¬ Nne-XmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂ sImfm-jn-ep-≈-Xv. hm¿Ø-msImfm-jn¬ \n∂v GsXms° sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
Is≠Ømw?
$ {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`waq-e-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Irjn\miw
$ Irjn-`q-an-Iƒ a‰v Bh-iy-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
$ k_vknUn Ipd-bv°p∂Xv
$ b{¥-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hmßm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ
$ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ hcp∂ am‰w
$ C≥jp-d≥kv ]cn-c£ Dd-∏m-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv
$ cmk-hfß-fpsS AanX D]-tbmKw `qan-bpsS ^e-]pjvSn \jvS-s∏-SpØp-∂Xv.
Cu sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ adn-IS-- -°m≥ Ign-™m¬ am{Xta `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w Iq´p-hm\pw
Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hnX-cWw sNøp-hm\pw AXp-hgn `£y-kp-c£ F∂ e£yw
t\Sp-hm\pw Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.

55
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ {]mY- a n- I , ZznXo- b , XrXob taJ- e - I - f psS ]c- k v]- c - _ - ‘ - a mWv
kmºØnIhf¿®bv°v B[m-cw.
$ kº-ZvL-S-\-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Im¿jnItaJ-e-bmWv C¥y-bn¬ C∂pw
IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv.
$ ZznXo- b , XrXob taJ- e - I - f nse sXmgn- e - h - k - c - ß ƒ IqSn- h - c p- I bpw
{]mYanItaJebnse sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ Ipd-™p-h-cpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcp khn-
ti-j-X-bmWv C¥y≥ kº-ZvL-S-\-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.
$ `t£ym-¬∏m-Z\w IqSn-bn´pw `£y-kp-c£ F∂ e£yw t\Sp-hm≥ C\nbpw
C¥ybv°v apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v.
$ i‡-amb Hcp s]mXp-hn-X-cWk{º-Zmbhpw k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS t£a-{]-h¿Ø-\-
ßfpw `£y-kp-c£ F∂ e£y-Øn-¬ FØp-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p.

$ kmº- Ø nI{]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf hnhn[ taJ- e - I - f mbn ({]mY- a n- I w, ZznXo- b w,

XrXobw) Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-sebpw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ ÿnXnhnhc°W-°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-SpØn hy‡-am-°p∂p.
$ `t£ym-¬∏m-Z\cwKØv D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ `£ykpc£ km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-N-cy-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p.
$ Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°n-h-cp∂ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-
]m-Sn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn™v hniZoIcn°p∂p.
$ s]mXp-hn-X-cWk{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.
$ tIc- f - Ø nse \ymb- h netjm∏p- I ƒ Xncn- ® - d n- b m\pw AXns‚ {]m[m\yw
hniZam°p∂p.
$ `t£ym-¬∏m-Z\cwKw C∂v t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw ]cn-l-cn-
°m-\p≈ am¿§-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂p.

56
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
1. {]mY-an-I, ZznXob, XrXob taJ-e-bpsS ]c-kv]-c-_‘w hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp
DZm-l-c-Ww Fgp-XpI.
2. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-߃ GsXms° taJ-e-bn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp∂psh∂v Xcw-Xn-cn-s®-gp-Xp-I:
$ a’y-_-‘\w $ A[ym-]\w $ _m¶nwKv
$ ^mIvS-dn-sØm-gn¬ $ J\\w $ sI´n-S-\n¿ΩmWw
$ dnb¬ FtÉv $ sshZypXn D¬∏m-Z\w
3. XrXobtaJe a‰v c≠p taJ-e-Itf-°mƒ hf¿∂phcp∂p. Nne DZm-l-c-W-
ßfneqsS hy‡-am-°p-I.
4. tIc-f-Øn¬ \ymb-hn-ebv°v \ntXym-]-tbm-K-h-kvXp-°ƒ e`n-°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃
GsXms°?
5. C¥y- b n- ¬ {]mY- a nItaJ- e bv°mWv C∂pw {]m[m- \ yw. D¬∏m- Z \w,
sXmgn¬e`yX F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
6. KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ 1/3 `mKw kv{XoIƒ Bbn-cn-°Ww F∂v \n_-‘-\-bp≈
k¿°m¿ ]≤Xn Xmsg- ]-d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ GXm-Wv?
$ At¥ymZb A∂-tbm-P\ $ A∂-]q¿W
$ alm-flm-Km‘n {KmaoW $ kz¿W-P-b¥n jlmcn -tdmkvKm¿
sXmgnep-d∏v ]≤Xn tbmP\
7. `£y-kp-c£ km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-k-{º-Zmbw klm-b-I-am-Wv.
{]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
8. s]mXp- h n- X - c WtI{μ- ß ƒ km[m- c W P\- ß ƒ°pth≠nbp≈- X m- W v.
ka¿Yn°pI.
9. `t£ym¬∏m-Z\w C∂v [mcmfw sh√p-hn-fn-I-ƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v. ka¿Yn-°p-I.
10. tI{μ-k¿°m-cns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v
Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv `t£ym-¬∏m-Z\cwKw t\cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ

Is≠Øn ]cn-lmcam¿§-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.
$ \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ GXv taJ-e-bn-em-sW∂v
At\zj-W-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-I.

57
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ a\p-jy≥ \S-Ønb Nne kap-{Z-bm-{X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhcW-
ß-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ch {i≤-tbmsS hmbn-°p-a-t√m.

{InÃ-^¿ sImf-ºkv

]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ dn∏-ªnIv Hm^v Pt\mh

(C∂sØ hS°p]Sn-™m-d≥ C‰-en) bn¬ P\n-®p.
\mhn- I ≥, ]cy- t h- j - I ≥ F∂o \ne- I - f n¬
{]ikvXn B¿÷n® hy‡n. {]IrXnhn`-hß - f- m¬
kar-≤a - mb C¥y-sb-°p-dn-®v tI´dn™v A‰vem‚nIv
kap-{Z-Øn-eqsS C¥ysb tXSn-bp≈ Xs‚ BZy-
I∏¬bm{X A.D. 1492˛¬ \S-Øn. Cu bm{X-bn¬, hgn Adn-bp-∂X - n-\mbn
hen-sbmcp tKmfw XpI¬sIm≠v s]mXn™v AXn¬ ÿe-߃ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv sImf-ºkpw Iq´cpw k©-cn-®ncp∂-Xv. \£-{X-ßf - psS
ÿm\w AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\mbn CØ-cØ
- n-ep≈ as‰mcp tKmfhpw
Ch¿ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p- ∂ p. F∂m¬
sImf- º - k ns‚ bm{X hgnsX‰n
C∂sØ hSt° Ata- c n- ° ≥
h≥Icbv°v kao-]-ap≈ Nne Zzo]p-I-
fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ib - m-Wp-≠mbXv. hgn-
Im-´m≥ IrXy-amb `q]-S-ßtfm a‰v
kwhn-[m-\ß - tfm C√m-ØX - m-bn-cp∂p
CXn\p Imc-Ww...

58
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 s^¿Un-\m‚ v saK-√≥

saK-√≥ ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ bqtdm-∏nse hS°≥

t]m¿®p-K-en¬ P\n-®p. temIw Np‰n k©-cn-°pI
F∂ AS-ßmØ taml-Øm¬ 1519 sk]v‰w-_dn¬
bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂v t]m¿®p-Kokv ]cy-th-jI - \- mb saK-
√\pw Iq´cpw I∏¬bm{X Bcw-`n-®p. A‰vem‚nIv
kaq-{Z-Øn-eqsS k©-cn®v ]k-^n-Iv kap{Zw ]n∂n´v
bqtdm-∏n-¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-Ib- m-bn-cp∂p e£yw. h≥I-cI - f
- psS ÿm\w
Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ \n¿Ωn°-s∏´ `q]-S-߃
Ch¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ bm{X h¿j-߃ - \o≠-tXmsS I∏-
en¬ Ie-l-ß-fmbn. ]k-^nIv kap{Zw ]n∂n´v ^nen-ss∏≥kv Zzo]-
k-aq-lØ- n-se-Ønb Ch¿ Ahn-SsØ aIvSm≥ (Mactan) Zzo]p-hm-kn-I-
fp-ambn bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ib - pw, Cu t]mcm-´Ø
- n¬ saK-√≥ sIm√-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I∏-en¬ _m°n-bm-b-h¿ 1522 sk]v‰w-_dn¬
bqtdm-∏n¬ Xncn-s®-Øp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bXv. hni-Za- mb `q]-Sß - tfm hgn
Adn-bp-hm-\p≈ a‰v kuI-cy-ßt- fm C√m-Xn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Ch¿°v
temIw Np‰n k©-cn-°p∂-Xn\v GItZiw aq∂p h¿jw th≠nh∂p...

e^v. Iam-≠¿ A`n-emjv tSman

C¥y≥ \mhn-I\ - mb A`n-emjv tSman tIc-fØ- nse Fd-Wm-Ipfw
Pn√-bn-ep≈ Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bn¬ P\n-®p. 2012 \hw-_-dn¬
kap{Zam¿§w temIw Np‰n k©-cn-°p-hm≥ apwss_-bn¬\n∂v
bm{X Xncn-®p. kap-{Z-Ønse ]e-hn[ßfmb XS- ß - s
- f√mw AXn-
Po-hn®v temIw Np‰n 2013 am¿®v 31-\v apwss_-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn.
IrXy-amb `q]-S-ß-fp-sSbpw B[p\nI D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw
klmb-Øm-emWv hgn-sX-‰msX GI-tZiw 150 Znhkw sIm≠v
`qansb Np‰nhcm≥ At±-lØ - n-\m-bX
- v...

59
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 C∂-tØ-Xp-t]m-ep≈ `q]-S-ßtfm B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-ßtfm C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Im-eØv
Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Intem-ao-‰¿ Xm≠n-bp≈ sImf-º-kn-s‚bpw saK-√-s‚bpw h¿j߃
\o≠ I∏¬bm-{X-Iƒ Gh-scbpw Aº-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. temI-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hniZ-
amb hnh-c-߃ \¬Ip∂ `q]-S-ßfpsSbpw B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnIhnZy-IfpsSbpw
klm-b-Øm¬ Npcp-ßnb Ime-b-f-hn¬ hgn-sX-‰msX temIw Np‰n Xncn-s®-Ømw F∂v
a\-kn-em-°n-b-t√m.
`q]-S-ßfpsS {]m[m\yw
`qanimkv{X-Im-cs‚ {][m\ D]-I-c-W-amWv `q]-S-w. \nß-fpsS ¢mkv apdn, kvIqƒ
]cnk-cw, \n߃ Xma-kn-°p∂ {]tZiw F∂nh Hcp IS-em-kn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥
Ign-bpw. CXp-t]mse `utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse F√m {]tZ-i-ß-sfbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-hp∂-
Xm-Wv. `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-sØ-bmWv `q]-S-߃ F∂v hnfn-
°p-∂-Xv. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]p Xs∂ `q]-S-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-
∂p. F∂m¬ Ah C∂-tØ-Xp-t]m-ep≈ hy‡hpw IrXy-hp-amb `q]-S-ß-fm-bn-cp∂n√.
`qan-bpsS hni-Z-amb hnh-c-߃ e`y-am-Ip-∂- `q]-S-߃ B[p-\nI temIØv Hgn®pIqSm-
\m-hmØ H∂mbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. C∂v hnhn-[-ß-fmb `q]-S-߃ H´-\-h[n taJ-e-I-
fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.

GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv `q]-S-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂sX∂v \n߃°v Is≠-

Ømtam?
$ `qan-im-kv{X-]-T\taJe
$ {]Xn-tcm-[-ta-Je
$ hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-ta-Je
$ `c-W-\n¿Δ-l-W-ta-Je
$ KXm-K-X-ta-Je
$
\nß-fpsS ]mT-]pkvXI-ßfn¬ hnhn[ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\mbn F{X `q]Sß-
fmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p.
hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw A[ym-]-I-cp-a-√msX a‰m-scm-s°-bmWv \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ `q]-S-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.
$ hyh-km-bn-Iƒ
$ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿
$ ss]e‰p-Iƒ
$ I∏n-Øm≥am¿
$
ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®-h¿ `q]-S-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F¥n-\m-bn-cn°mw? ]e Bh-iy-
߃°mbn Htc-Xcw `q]-S-ß-fmtWm Ch¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

60
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿®-bm-bmtem?
hyXykvX Bh-iy-߃°mbn hnhn-[-ß-fmb `q]-S-߃ C∂v \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
C{Xtbsd {]m[m-\y-ap≈ `q]-S-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw \ap-s°m∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

`q]SßfpsS Ncn{Xw
]Xn-\©pw ]Xn-\mdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ `q]-S-߃ IrXy-amb
ÿm\-\n¿Æ-b-Ønt\m Zn°v \n¿Æ-b-Ønt\m klm-bn-°p-∂hbm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn\m-
emWv sImf-º-kv, saK-√≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS kap{Zbm{X-Iƒ hgn-sX-‰m\pw ssZ¿Ly-
ta-dm\pw CS-bm-b-Xv F∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.
Cu Ime-L-´-߃°p ap≥]v `q]-S-߃ \n¿Ωn-®n-cpt∂m?
C∂sØ `q]-S-ß-sf-t∏mse hy‡hpw IrXy-hp-ambhbmbn-cpt∂m BZy-Ime
`q]-S-߃?
hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-¬ `q]-S-ßfnep-≠mb am‰-ß-fmWv Nn{Xw 1 apX¬ 6 hsc
{IaØn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1 2

satkm-s∏mt´anb≥ `q]Sw A\-Ivkn-am-≥sU¿ hc-®-sX∂v Icp-Xp∂

(Ifn-a¨ ^e-Iw) temI`q]S amXrI

3 4

ln∏m¿°kv \n¿Ωn® temI`q]Sw tSmfan \n¿Ωn® temI`q]Sw

61
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 5 6

sa¿°m-‰¿ Xøm-dm-°nb temI`q]Sw Hm¿´n-enbkv Xøm-dm-°nb temI`q]Sw

apI-fn¬ \¬Inb Nn{X-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m. \nß-fpsS kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-em-_nse temI-

`q-]-Shpw Cu Nn{X-ßfpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøq. Fs¥√mw am‰-߃ \n߃°v
Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw?
\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS `q]-S-ß-fn¬ h∂n-´p≈ Cu am‰-߃ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v \ap°v
]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
a\p-jy-kwkvIm-c-tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≈-XmWv BZy `q]Sw hc-®Xv?
`q]-S-ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xhpw F∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.
GI-tZiw 5000 h¿j-߃°p apºv satkm- {Ko°v XØz-Nn-¥-I-\m-bn-cp∂ A\-Ivkn-
s∏mt- ´ - a n- b - b n¬ Ifn- a Æn¬ \n¿Ωn®v am≥sU¿ (Anaximander) BWv BZysØ
Nps´SpØ ^e-I-ß-fmWv C∂p-hsc Is≠- `q]Sw hc-®s - X∂v Icp-Xs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. _n.kn.
Øn-b-h-bn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ta-dn-b- `q]-S-߃. 610˛¬ Gjym-ssa-\-dnse anse-ss‰-kn-
Ch-bn¬ hfsc sNdnb {]tZ-i-ß-fnse khn- emWv Ct±lw P\n-®-Xv.
ti-jX - I
- ƒ
- ImWn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂ {]tXy-
I-Xcw hc-Ifpw Nn”-ß-fp-amWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xv . BZy- ` q- ] Sw hc- ® - X mbn Icp- X - s ∏- S p∂
{Ko°v XXz-Nn-¥-I≥ A\-Ivkn-am≥s-U-dpsS
ImeL-´-Øn¬ `q]-S-߃ XpI-enepw sh¶e-
^-eI - ß-fn-ep-amWv Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂X - v. {Ko°v
KWn-X-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb CdmtØm-kvX-\o-
kns‚ I≠p- ] n- S p- Ø - ß fpw ln∏m¿°- k v ,
tSmfan F∂o tPymXn-im-kv{X-⁄-cpsS kw`m-
h-\-Ifpw `q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ klm-b-I-ambn. sImfºkv, saK-√≥ apX-
emb \mhn-I-cp-sSbpw ]cy-th-j-I-cp-sSbpw temI-bm{X-Iƒ hy‡hpw IrXy-hp-amb
`q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-®p.
B[p-\nI `q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sa¿°m-‰dpw BZy-ambn
hnhn[ `q]-S-߃ tN¿Øv "A‰vekv' Xøm-dm-°nb F{_lmw Hm¿t´-en-bkpw B[p\nI
`q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ \¬In-b-h-cm-Wv. B[p-\nI `q]-S-imkv{X-

62
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
Øns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ {Ko°v, tdma≥, Ad_v, C¥y≥ `qan-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS kw`mh\-
Iƒ Gsd hne-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
`q]-S-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw Ifna¨ ^e-I-ß- `q]-S-imkv{Xw (Cartography)
fn¬ XpSßn C∂v Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X-
amb `q]-S-߃hsc FØn-\n¬°p-∂p. Im¿t´ (Carte) {Km^nIv (Graphic) F∂o {^©v
]Z- ß - f n¬ \n∂mWv Im¿t´m{Km^n F∂
AXn- t hKw ]ptcm- K - X n- b n- t e°v IpXn-
Cw•ojv ]Zw cq]w-sIm-≠n-´p-≈-Xv. Im¿t´
°p∂ temIØv `q]-S-ßfpw Ime-Øn-
F∂Xn\v `q]Sw (Map) F∂pw {Km^nIv F∂-
s\mØv amdn-bn-´p-≠v. Iºyq-´-dp-I-fp-sSbpw Xn\v hc-bv°pI (Drawing) F∂p-amWv A¿Yw.
a‰pw klm- b - Ø m¬ `q{]- t Z- i - ß - f psS `q]-S-߃ Xømdm°p∂ imkv{X-imJbmWv
IrXy- a mb ÿm\w, {Xnam\Zriy- ß ƒ `q]S-imkv{Xw AYhm Im¿t´m-{Km-^n. `q]-S-
Ch-sbms° Hcp aukv ¢n°n¬ Xs∂ ߃ Xøm-dm-°p∂ Bfns\ Im¿t´m-{Km-^¿
kv{Io\n¬ sXfn-bp∂ Xc-Øn-te°v C∂v (Cartographer) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂Xv.
`q]-S\n¿ΩmWw hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
tcJm-Nn-{X-hpw πm\p-w (Sketch and Plan)
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n-°q.

tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚oao-‰-dn\v 10 ao‰¿

Nn{Xw F Nn{Xw _n

Htc {]tZ-iØns‚ c≠v Nn{X-ß-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu Nn{X-߃ XΩn¬

Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-fmWv \n߃°v Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bpI?

63
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ Nn{Xw F bn¬ e£y-ÿm-\Øv F-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Aº-S-bmfw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
F∂m¬ Nn{Xw _n bn¬ Ah ImWp-∂n-√.
$ Nn{Xw _n bn¬ hS°v Zni ImWn-°p∂ ZnikqNn-Ibpw tXmXpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
Ch Nn{Xw F bn¬ ImWp-∂n-√.
$ Nn{Xw F bn¬ e£y-ÿm-\-sØ-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒam{Xw \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Nn{Xw _n bn¬ B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-jXIƒ
F√mw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
$
Nn{Xw F bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv cmap-hns‚ kvIqfn-te-°p≈ hgn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂
tcJm-Nn-{X-am-Wv. as‰mcp kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ kplr-Ømb tKm]p-hn\v cmap-hns‚
kvIqfn-se-Øm-\p≈ hgn-bmWv Nn{X-Øn¬ cmap hc®p tN¿Ø-Xv.
Nn{Xw _n bnte-Xp-t]mse Zqcw a\-kn-em-°m-\mbn IrXy-amb Af-hp-Itfm Zn°v kqNn∏n-
°p∂ hnh- c - ß tfm H∂pwXs∂ Cu Nn{X- Ø n- e n- √ . F∂n- c p- ∂ mepw Cu Nn{X-
ap]tbmKn®v Iq´p-Im-c-\mb tKm]p-hns\ cmap-hns‚ kvIqfn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn¬ cmap
hnPbn®p. CØ-c-Øn¬ hf-sc-°p-d®v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒam{Xw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcm-fpsS
Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \nt∂m Hcp {]tZ-isØ t\m°n-°t≠m hc-s®-Sp-°p∂ Nn{X-ß-fmWv
tcJm-Nn{X-߃.
cmap Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xp-t]mse Hcp tcJm-Nn{Xw \n߃°pw Xøm-dm-°m-a-t√m.
hoSn-\-SpØ _ vkvt‰m-∏n¬\nt∂m sdbn¬sh tÃj-\n¬\nt∂m \nß-fpsS kvIqfn-
te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp tcJm-Nn-{Xw Xøm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in∏n°q.
Hcp {]tZ-i-Ønse hnh-c-ßsf kw_-‘n® IrXy-amb Af-hp-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS ÿm\w
F∂nh Xn´-s∏-SpØn tXmXn-s‚bpw Zn°n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm\ØnemWv πm\p-Iƒ
Xømdm-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw _n bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv cmap-hns‚ kvIqƒ ÿnXnsNøp∂
{]tZ-i-Øns‚ πm\m-Wv. Nne ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ap≥]n¬ B ÿm]\sØ kw_-‘n-
°p∂ hnh- c - ß ƒ Dƒs∏- S p- Ø n- b n- ´ p≈ πm\p- I ƒ {]Z¿in- ∏ n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv
{i≤n®ncn°pat√m.

\ap-s°mcp πm≥ Xøm-dm-°n-bmtem? \nß-fpsS ¢mkvap-dn-bpsS icn-bmb Af-hp-

IsfSpØv A[ym-]-Is‚ klmbtØmsS Hcp πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p.
hnkvXrXn IqSnb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS IrXyhpw hy‡-hp-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ß-fmWv
`q]S߃. Ch-sb-°p-dn®v \ap°v IqSp-X¬ a\-kn-em-°mw.

64
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
`q]Sßfnse Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.1) \nco-£n°q.

Nn{Xw 6.1

`q]-S-߃°v D≠m-tI≠ Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb `q]-S-am-Wn-Xv. CXn¬

A, B, C, D, E, F F∂nßs\ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂hbmWv `q]-S-ß-fpsS Ah-iy-
L-S-I-߃. `q]-S-Øn-s‚bpw (Nn{Xw 6.1) \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bp-sSbpw (]´nI 6.1)
klm-b-Øm¬ `q]-S-ß-fpsS Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-Øp-a-t√m.

A£-c-߃ `q]-S-ß-fnse Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃

A Xe-s°´v

B tXmXv

C Zn°v

D A£mwiob˛tcJmwiob ÿm\w

E AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw

F kqNnI
]´nI 6.1
Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw {]k‡n Fs¥∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
65
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Xe-s°´v
`q]- S - Ø n¬ Nn{Xo- I - c n- ® n- c n- ° p∂ {]tZ- i - ß ƒ GsX- ∂ pw `q]- S - Ø ns‚ D≈- S - ° -
sas¥∂pw Xe-s°-´n¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch s]mXpsh `q]-S-ß-fpsS apIƒ`mKØv
ImWn-®n-cn-°pw.

kvIqfnse kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-em-_n-ep≈ `q]-S-߃ ]cn-tim[n®v GsX√mw {]tZ-i-ß-

fpsS `q]-S-ß-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂v Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

tXmXv
\ΩpsS kvIqƒs°´n-S-Øns‚ Hcp πm≥ hc-®mtem? CXn\v BZyw sNtø-≠Xv tS∏v
D]-tbm-Kn®v sI´n-S-Øns‚ \ofhpw hoXnbpw Af-°p-I-bm-Wv. Af-∂-t∏mƒ In´nb
\ofw 30 ao‰dpw hoXn 10 ao‰-dp-am-sW-∂n-cn-°-s´. Cu Af-hp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kvIqƒ
sI´n-SØns‚ πm≥ hc-bv°mtam? Cu {]h¿Ø\w Xmsg ]d-bp∂ L´-ßf - mbn sNbvXp-
t\m-°mw.
L´w 1
sI´n-S-Øns‚ \ofhpw hoXnbpw AtX-]Sn IS-em-kn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-°q.
\ofhpw hoXnbpw IS-em-kn¬ HXp-ßp-∂n√, At√.
L´w 2
30 ao‰¿ \ofw F∂Xv 30 sk‚n-ao-‰-dm°n hc-®m-tem. Ct∏mƒ Hcp henb t]∏-dn¬
Cu \ofw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ignbpw At√? CtXcoXn D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ sI´n-S-Øns‚
hoXn hc-bv°m≥ F{X sk‚nao-‰¿ thWw? 10 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ th≠n-hcpw F∂v
a\ nembn-t√.
L´w 3
C\n sI´n-S-Øns‚ \ofhpw hoXnbpw hc-bv°p.

10 sk‚n-ao-‰¿

30 sk‚n-ao-‰¿

kvIqƒsI-´n-S-Øns‚ Hmtcm ao‰¿ \ofhpw hoXnbpw IS-em-kn¬ hcbv°m≥ Hmtcm

sk‚n-ao-‰¿ F∂ A\p-]m-X-amWv \n߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. \of-hpw hoXnbpw kuIcy-
{]-Z-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ \mw ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn® kt¶-X-amWv tXmXv. \n߃ \ofw,
hoXn F∂nh Nn{Xo-I-cn-®Xv Hcp sk‚nao-‰-dn\v Hcp ao‰¿ F∂ tXmXn-em-Wv.
`qan-bnse c≠v ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AIew `q]-S-Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ B\p-]m-XnI AI-e-amWv tXmXv.

66
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
tXmXv D]-tbm-Kn®p am{Xta `q]-S-߃ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ km[n-°p. CXn-eqsS henb
`q{]tZi-߃ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw IrXy-X-tbmsS sNdp-Xm°n hc-bv°m≥ km[n-°p-
∂p. am{X-a√ `q]-S-Ønse hnhn[ ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ bYm¿∞-Zqcw IW-°m-°m≥
tXmXv D]tbmK-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

`q]-Sß
- f- nse tXmXp-Iƒ ]e-hn[w
{]kvXm-h\mco-Xn, `n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-coXn F∂o aq∂v hn[-Øn¬ `q]-S-ß-fn¬
tXmXpIƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
{]kvXm-h-\m-coXn ˛ DZm-lc
- Ww: 1 sk‚n-ao-‰dn\v 10 Intem-ao-‰¿
-
`n∂I-coXn ˛ DZm-lc
- Ww: 1 : 10,00,000
tcJm-coXn ˛ DZm-l-cWw:
KM KM
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Zn°v
`q]-S-ß-fnse as‰mcp {][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-amWv Zn°v. hS-°v, sX°v, Ing-°v, ]Sn-™mdv
F∂n-h-bmWv {][m-\-s∏´ \mev Zn°p-Iƒ.
Zn°p-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-amWv hS°pt\m°nb{¥w (Magnetic Compass)
(Nn{Xw 6.2) {][m\ Zn°p-Isf hS°v Ing-°v, sX°v Ing-°v, sX°v ]Sn-™m-dv, hS°v
]Sn-™mdv F∂n-ßs\ \mev D]-Zn-°p-I-fmbn Xncn-°mw. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 6.3) \nco-£n®v Ah a\-kn-em-°q.
hS°v

hS°v ]Sn-™mdv hS°v Ing°v

]Sn-™mdv Ing°v

sX°v ]Sn-™mdvv sX°v Ing°v

sX°v
hS-°p-t\m-°n-b{¥w Zn°p-Iƒ
(Nn{Xw 6.2) (Nn{Xw 6.3)
`q]- S - ß - f n¬ ÿe- ß - f psS IrXy- a mb ÿm\w a\- k n- e m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v Zn°p- I ƒ
A\nhmcyam-Wv.
A£mwitcJ-Ifpw tcJmw-itc-JI
- fpw
Nn{Xw 6.4 {i≤n-°q. CXn¬ s\Sp-sIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw hc-®n-cn°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ I≠nt√?
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xem_nse t•m_pw `q]-S-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n°q. CØcw tcJ-Iƒ
ImWm≥ Ign-™-t√m. Cßs\ t•m_nepw `q]-S-ß-fnepw IpdpsI hc-®n-cn-°p∂

67
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 tcJIfmWv A£mw- i - t c- J - I ƒ. Ch `qa[y-tc-Jbv°v kam-¥c
- a
- mbn hrØm-Ir-Xn-
Un{Kn Af-hn-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p- bn- e p≈ km¶¬∏nI tcJ- I - s f- b mWv
∂-Xv. t•m_ns‚ t\¿a-[y-Øn-embn hc-®n- A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
cn-°p∂ A£mw-i-tc-J-bmWv `qa-[y-tc-J.
CXv 00 A£mwi-am-Wv. `qa-[y-tc-J-bn¬ \n∂v sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw 900 hsc
A£mwi߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 900 hS°v A£mw-isØ DØ-c-{[p-h-sa∂pw 900
sX°v A£mw-isØ Z£n-W-{[p-h-sa∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.
DØ-c-{[phw

A£mw-i-tcJ
tcJmw-i-tcJ

`qa-[y-tcJ

Z£nW-{[phw Nn{Xw 6.4

t•m_v \nco-£n®v {][m\ A£mw-i-tc-J-Ifpw Ah-bpsS Un{Kn Af-hpIfpw Is≠-

Øq.

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ°v ew_-ambn DØ-c-

`qan-bpsS DØ-c{- [p-hs
- Øbpw Z£n-W{- [ph-
{[ph-sØbpw Z£n-W-{[p-h-sØbpw tbmPn-
sØbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ A¿≤-
∏n®v hc- ® n- c n- ° p∂ tcJ- I ƒ I≠n- t √. hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ km¶-ev∏nItcJ-I-
Chsb tcJmw-i-tc-J-I-sf∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. fmWv tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ.
Chbpw Un{Kn Af-hn-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

t•m_v \nco-£n®v {][m\ tcJmw-i-tc-J-Ifmb 00 tcJmw-ihpw 1800 tcJmwihpw

Is≠-Øq.

`q]- S - w , t•m_v F∂nh D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S pØn Hcp ÿe- Ø ns‚ ÿm\- \ n¿Wbw
\SØp∂Xv A£mw-i˛tcJmwitc-J-Isf ASnÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv.
temI `q]Sw, t•m_v F∂nh \nco-£n®v C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w GsX√mw A£mw-i-tc-
J-Iƒ°pw tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ°pw CS-bn-em-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

68
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
AwKo-IrX AS-bmfßfpw Nn”-ßfpw
`utam]-cn-X-e-Ønse hnhn[ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb ]¿Δ-X-߃, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, ka-X-e-
߃, Pem-i-b-߃, KXm-KXam¿§-߃, ]m¿∏n-S-߃, Irjn-bn-S-߃ apX-em-b-h `q]S-
ß-fn¬ A¥¿tZ-io-b-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-em-_nse `q]-S-߃ \nco-£n®v Ahbn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ \nd-ßfpw

Nn”-ßfpw a\-kn-em°p-a-t√m.
kqNnI
`q]-S-hm-b\bv°p≈ Hcp am¿§-amWv kqNnI (Index/key). `q]-S-ß-fnse \nd-ßfpw Nn”-
ßfpw F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh∂v ImWn-°p∂XmWv kqNn-I. Cu kqNnI D]-
tbm-Kn®mWv `q]-S-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv.
kmaq-lyimkv{Xem_nse `q]-Sß
- f
- nse kqNnI hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXv `q]-S- khn-tijX-
Iƒ a\-kn-em-°p-a-t√m.
apI-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn® LS-I-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn Xøm-dm-°p∂ `q]-S-ß-fmWv hy‡hpw
IrXy-hpamb `q]-S-߃.
`q]-S-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, Ncn-{Xw, Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃ F∂o Imcy-ß-fm-Wt√m Cu
A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw N¿® sNbvX-Xv. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse hnhn[ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ Cu
Adn-hp-Iƒ \n߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.

$ B[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn¬ `q]-S߃°v hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m\yap≠v.

$ hnhn-[-ß-fmb `q]-S-߃ \nc-h[n taJ-e-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
$ hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv `q]-S-\n¿ΩmWw C∂v ImWp∂ coXn-bn¬
]ptcmKXn {]m]n-®-Xv. `q]-S-ß-fpsS Ncn-{Xw a\p-jy-kwkvImc-tØmfw ]g-°-ap-
≈-XmWv.
$ `q]-S-߃°v D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠ Ah-iy-L-S-I-ß-fmWv Xe-s°-´v, tXmXv, Zn°v,
A£mwi˛tc-Jmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ, AwKo-IrX AS-bmfßfpw Nn”-ß-fpw, kqNnI
F∂nh.

$ `q]- S - ß - f psS Ncn- { X- s Ø- ° p- d n®pw `q]- S - ß - f psS {]m[m- \ - y - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw

hy‡am°p∂p.

69
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ kvsI®v, πm≥, `q]Sw F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ ¢mkn¬ t\Snb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xs‚ ]cn-k-c-Øns‚ kvsI®v,
πm≥ Ch Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p.
$ `q]-S-ß-fpsS {][m-\ -L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hniZam°p∂p.

1. hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw am{X-a√ `q]-S-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Cu

{]kvXm-h-\ km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
2. `q]-S-ß-fnse Ah-iy-L-S-I-߃ GsX-√m-sa∂v hy‡-am-°p-I.
3. tcJm-Nn-{Xhpw cq]-tc-Jbpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠Øn
Fgp-Xp-I.
4. Hcp `q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXv 1 sk‚nao-‰-dn\v 15 Intem-ao-‰¿ BWv. B `q]-S-Ønse
c≠v ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ AIew 10 sk‚nao-‰¿ BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´. `qan-bn¬
Cu ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ bYm¿∞ AIew IW°m-°pI.

$ cmap-hns‚ hoSv ÿnXn sNøp∂ hm¿Un-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv NphsS

\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu hnh-c-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n B {]tZ-i-Øns‚ πm≥
Xøm-dm-°p.

$ hm¿Uns‚ \ofw 7 Intem-ao-‰dpw hoXn 4 Intemao‰-dp-am-Wv.

 Cu hm¿Uns‚ hS°p\n∂v sXt°m´v sNdnb Hcp \Zn Hgp-Ip-∂p-≠v.

 Cu {]tZ- i - Ø ns‚ ]Sn- ™ mdpw hS°p]Sn- ™ mdpw `mK- ß - f n- e mbn
hnimeamsbmcp Irjn-bnSw D≠v.
 Irjn-bn-S-Øn\pw \Zn°pw CS-bn-emWv cmap-hns‚ hoSv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]m¿∏n-S-߃
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
 cmap-hns‚ hoSv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]m¿∏n-S -kap-®-bØn¬ \n∂v \Zn°v kam-¥-c-ambn
Hcp Smdn´ tdmUv t]mIp-∂p.
 Cu hm¿Uns‚ sX°p]Sn-™mdv Zn°n¬ Hcp t£{Xhpw AXn-t\mSp tN¿∂v
Hcp InWdpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

70
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Xmsg \¬In-bn-´p≈ \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw πm≥ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn D]-
tbm-K-s∏Sp-Øp-a-t√m:

]m¿∏n-S-߃
Smdn´ tdmUv

\Zn

t£{Xw
InW¿
a™\ndw Irjn-bnSw

$ Hcp Nm¿´v t]∏-dn¬ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tcJ hc®v AXn¬ Zn°p-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-

SpØn ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I.

71
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 GXm≠v \m\q‰nbºXp -tImSn h¿j-߃°p -ap≥]m-bn-cp∂p B kw`-hw... kqc-ys‚
Hcp `mKw AS¿∂pamdn. AXv s]m´n-sØ-dn®p≠mb Ij-W-߃ `qan Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈
F´p {Kl-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-{K-l-ßfpambn-Øo¿∂p. \nc-¥-c-ambn \S∂ Xnf-®p-a-
dn-be
- n-eqsS `mcap≈ hkvXp-°s
- fms° `qan-bpsS tI{μ-Øn-te°-pw `mcw Ipd™ hkvXp-
°ƒ apI-fn-te°pambn {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. ]pd-tØ°p h∂ hmX-I-߃ `qan-bpsS Bh-
c-W-ambn amdn. Zi-e-£-°-W-°n\p h¿j-ßtfmfw Cu {]{Inb XpS¿∂p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-
∂p. At∏mgpw Np´p-]-gpØ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂p `utam-]-cnXew.
\nc-¥chpw hym]-I-hp-am-bp-≠mb A·n]¿Δ-X- kvt^mS\ß-fn-eqsS `qan-bpsS D≈nse
\ocm-hnbpw hmX-I-ßfpw ]pd-tØ°ph∂p. Cu \ocmhn XWpØv taL-ßfpw XpS¿∂v
h¿j-ß-tfmfw \o≠ ag-bp-ap-≠m-bn. `utam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-sfms°
sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn-em-bn. Aßs\ kap-{Z-ß-fp-≠m-bn. `qan-bn¬ Pohs‚ XpSn∏pIƒ
cq]wsIm≈p-∂-Xn-\v ]ns∂bpw e£-°-W-°n\v h¿j-߃ th≠nh∂p. HSp-hn¬ \mw
C∂p ImWp∂ Xc-Øn¬ Poh≥, kk-y-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw Bbnc-°-W-
°n\v C\ß-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®p... HSphn¬ a\p-j-y-\pw.

Nn{Xw 7.1
72
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
Icbpw Pehpw hmbphpw HSp-hn¬ Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw C∂p ImWp∂ Xc-Øn-te°v
]cnWan®Xns\°p-dn-®p≈ imkv{X-tem-I-Øns‚ \nK-a\w \n߃ hmbn-®t√m.
`qanbnse Ic, hmbp, Pew F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p∂ afi-e-ß-fmWv ssPh-a-fi-e-
Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\m[m-cw. Cu \mev afi-e-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬ Adn-bt≠?
inema-fiew
]Sp-Iq-‰≥ ]¿Δ-X-߃, hnkvXr-X-amb ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, hnim-e-amb ka-X-e-߃, Xoc-
{]tZ-i-߃, acp-`q-an-Iƒ, Zzo]p-Iƒ... kap-{Z-Øn-\-Sn-bnse hnhn[ `qcq-]-߃... Aßs\
F{X-am{Xw sshhn-[y-am¿∂-XmWv `qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew! Cu `qcq-]-ß-sf√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-
∂Xpw -ine-Ifpw aÆpw-sIm≠v cq]-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂Xpamb Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ `mK-amWv
inem-a-fi-ew. Ic-bnse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb `mK-amb Fh-dÃv sImSp-ap-Snbpw kap{Z-
Ønse G‰hpw Bgw IqSnb `mK-amb ]k-^nIv kap-{Z-Ønse Ne-©¿ K¿Øhpw
inem-a-fi-e-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂!
inem-a-fi-e-Ønse {][m\ `qcq-]-߃ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw (Nn{Xw 7.2)
{][m\ `qcq-]-߃

]¿ΔX߃ ]oT-`qanIƒ

kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v 900 ao‰-dn-e-[nIw apIƒ`mKw Gsd-°psd ]c-∂Xpw

Db-c-ap-≈Xpw sN¶p-Ømb hi-ß-tfmSp Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf At]-£n®v Db¿∂p
IqSn-b-Xp-amb `qcq-]-߃ \n¬°p∂Xpamb `qcq-]-߃
ka-Xe߃

Xmc-X-tay\ Xmgv-∂Xpw \nc-∏m-b-Xp-amb hnime {]tZ-i-߃

Nn{Xw 7.2 73
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Ic-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse ]¿Δ-X-߃, ka-X-e-߃, K¿Ø-߃, A·n-]¿ΔX-߃
Ch-sbms° kap-{Z-Øn-\-Sn-bn-epap≠v.

Nn{Xw 7.3
Nn{Xw 7.3 \nco-£n°p.
inema- fi ew a\p- j y\v F{X- a m{Xw {]tbm- P - \ - { ]- Z - a mWv F∂- X ns‚ GXm\pw
DZmlcW-ßfmWv apI-fn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse at‰-sX√mw Xc-Øn¬
inem-a-fiew a\p-jy\v D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp∂p F∂p Is≠Øpat√m.
inem-a-fiew ine-Ifpw aÆpw sIm≠v cq]-s∏-´-X-msW∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bt√m.
a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n-¬∏n\v A\nhm-cy-amWv aÆv.
aÆns\ A-dnbmw
At\-I-h¿j-ß-fmbn shbnepw agbpw a™pta¬°p∂ ]md s]mSn-bp-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ
Ahbv°v cmk-am-‰hpw D≠m-Im-dp-≠v. AXn¬ kky-ß-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw arXm-
h-in-jvS-߃ AgpInt®cp-∂-Xn-eqsS ssPhmw-ihpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v
h¿j-ß-fn-eqsS \nc-¥cw \S-°p∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-am-bmWv aÆv
cq]wsIm≈p-∂-Xv. \n›nX Af-hn¬ Pew, hmbp F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w ssPhmw-ihpw
kq£vaPohn-Ifpw aÆn-ep-≠v. \ΩpsS hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb {]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]e-t∏mgpw
aÆns‚ ^e]pjvSn \jvSs-∏-SpØm-dp≠v.

74
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
aÆns‚ ^e- ] pjv S nsb tZmj- I - c - a mbn _m[n- ° p∂ G- s X√mw {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ
\n߃°-dnbmw?
$ cmk-h-f-ß-fpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw
$ cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IfpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw
$
\nß- f psS \m´nse Irjn Hm^o- k sd kv I qfn- t e°v £Wn°p. aÆv kwc-
£WsØ°pdn®v At±-l-hp-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Ømw. CXn-\m-bp≈ tNmZym-hen
¢mkn¬ N¿® sNbvXv Xøm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
\q‰m- ≠ p- I - f m- b p≈ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f n-
eqsS cq]wsIm≠n- ´ p≈ aÆv C∂v
a\pjys‚ hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb CS-s]-S-
ep- I - f n- e qsS Fs∂- t ∂bv - ° p- a mbn {]Ir- X n- b n¬ Hcn©p I\- Ø n¬
\in®p-t]m-Ip-Itbm \jvS-s∏-Sp-Itbm aÆp≠m- I p- ∂ - X n\v Bbn- c - Ø n-
sNøp-I-bmWv. a\p-jys‚ hnth-I-c-ln- e[nIw h¿jw thWw.
X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ aÆns\ am{X-a√
inem-afi - e
- sØØs∂ tZmj-Ic - a- mbn
_m[n-°p∂p≠v. CXns‚ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv:
a¨a-d-bp∂ hb-ep-Iƒ
Hcp ImeØv tIc-f-Ø-\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-Xbmbn-cp∂p hnime-amb hb-ep-Iƒ. F∂m-
ent∂m? \ΩpsS hb-ep-Ifpw a‰p NXp∏p{]tZ-i-ß-fp-sams° aÆn´p \nI-Øn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ag-sh≈w `qan-bn-te°v Xmgv∂n-d-ßp∂ kzm`m-hnI CS-ß-fmWv \man-
ßs\ \nI-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS Fs∂-t∂-bv°p-ambn \jvS-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn-em-Is´
Imeß-fmbn hb-ep-I-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ sNfn CjvSn-I -\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\mbn a\p-
jy¿ Ipgns®SpØv Nqf-I-fn¬ Nps´-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv. hb-epI-fn¬ sNfn-bmWv sh≈w
tiJ-cn®p hbv°p-∂Xv. sNfn-bn-s√-¶n¬ hb-en-√.
Nne- b n- S - ß - f n¬ hb- e nse sNfn
\o°n AXn-\-Sn-bnse aW-emWv a\p-
jy¿ Ipgn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv!
]pg-bnse aW¬hmc¬
kar≤ambn- Hgp- I nbncp∂ \ΩpsS
\Zn- I - f n¬ ]e- X nepw ag- ° mew
Ignbp-∂-tXmsS Pe-\n-c-∏n¬
henb Ipd-hmWp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
\ZnIfnse aW¬hmc- e ns‚ (Sand
mining) ^e-ambn ASn-Ø-´ns‚ Bgw
IqSp-∂-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. CXv
kao- ] - { ]- t Z- i - ß - f nse InW- d p- I - Nn{Xw 7.4
fn¬Pe- \ n- c ∏v Xmgp∂Xn\pw Pe-
Zu¿e`yw A\p`h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. ]e \Zn-I-fpw Bgw IqSn ASn-Ø-
´nse ]md-bn-¬ FØn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p (Bedrock). CXv \Zn- I fpsS hi- ß ƒ (Bank

75
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 shelving) CSn-bp∂-Xn\v Imc-W-amI-p-∂p. aW-en-\p-th≠n a\pjy¿ \Zo-Xo-c-߃ hym]-
I-ambn CSn-°p∂p≠v. hf-°q-dp≈ \ZoXoc-߃ CSn-bp-∂-Xv Poh\pw kzØn\pw
I\Ø \mi-\-jvS-amWv hcp-Øn-h-bv°p∂Xv.

k©-cn°p∂ Ip∂p-Iƒ
apºv Ip∂p-Ib - d- n-t∏m-Ip∂ temdn-If - m-bn-cp∂p ae-bm-fn-Iƒ I≠ncp∂-
sX-¶n¬ C∂v temdn-If - n¬ Ib-dn-t∏m-Ip∂ Ip∂p-Iƒ ]Xnhp ImgvN-
bm-bn-cn-°p∂p! AXn-i-‡-cmb aÆp-am-¥n-b-{¥-߃ hym]-I-am-b-
tXmsS \ΩpsS Ip∂p-Iƒ Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v am¥nsbSpØv
temdn-If - n-te‰n sIm≠p-t]mIp∂p.

Ip∂n-Sn-°¬
Ip∂n-Sn-°¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v hym]I-
ambn \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-Wv. Ip∂p-
Iƒ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzm`m-hnI Pe-kw-`-c-
W-tI-{μ-ß-fm-Wv. Ip∂p-Iƒ CSn-®p-am‰p-
∂Xv Pe-e-`y-Xsb Fßs\ _m[n°pw?
N¿® sNøp.
Ncnhp IqSp- X - e p≈ `mK- ß - f nse
Aimkv{Xo-b-amb \n¿Ωm-W-{]h¿Ø\-
߃ Dcpƒs]m- ´ ¬ km[yX- Nn{Xw 7.5
Ip∂n-Sn-°epw Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb \n¿Ωm-Whpw
h¿≤n∏n°p∂p.
at‰-sX√mw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv aÆns‚ \mi-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv?
$ h\-\-io-I-cWw
$ Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ
$
\nß-fpsS \m´ntem hnZym-eb]cn-k-ctØm CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-°p-∂pt≠m?
Ds≠-¶n¬ A[ym-]-I-tcm-sSmØv AhnSw kμ¿in-°p. kμ¿i-\-Øn-eqsS t_m[y-s∏´
hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn dnt∏m¿´v Xøm-dm-°p.
_Z-ep-Iƒ tXSmw
{]IrXnhn`-h-߃ \ap°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m\p≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah A\n-b-{¥nXambn
NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ XI-cm-dn-em-°pw. AanXhn`h

76
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
NqjW-Øns‚ ^e-ambn {]Ir-Xn-°p≠m-Ip∂ \miw Ipd-bv°p-∂X
- n\v _Z-ep-Iƒ tXtS-
≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
hb-ep-I-fnse ta¬aÆv D]-tbm-Kn®v CjvSnI \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\p]Icw D]-tbm-K-iq\y-
amb πmÃn-Iv, Ifn-a¨]m{X^mIvS-dn-Ifn¬ \n∂p≈ Ah-in-jvS-߃ F∂nh D]-
tbm-Kn®v sI´n-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ I´-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ kt¶Xw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. CXv
]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv°m\pw klm-b-Iat√? F¥p-sIm≠v \ap°v CØcw
amXr-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-IqSm?
]pg-I-fnse aW-en-\p-]-Icw ]md-s∏mSn sI´n-S \n¿ΩmW-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn
{it≤-b-am-Wv. Dd-∏n-epw CuSnepw ]md-s∏mSn aW-en-t\-°mƒ H´pw ]n∂n-e-√ F∂mWv
A\p-`-h-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
\n¿Ωm-W-h-kvXp-hmbn ]md-bv°p ]-Icwhbv°m-hp∂ as‰s¥-¶nepw hkvXp I≠p-
]nSn-t°-≠-Xt√?
inem-a-fi-esØ A\n-b-{¥n-X-ambn NqjWw sNøp-∂Xv `qan-bnse Pohs‚ \ne-
\n¬∏n\p-Xs∂ `oj-Wn-bm-Wv.
Pea-fiew
`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠p `mKhpw Pe-amsW∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-
´p≠t√m. kap-{Z-߃, \Zn-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃, Acp-hn-Iƒ Ch-sb-°q-SmsX `qan-bpsS
D≈nepw Pew {Zmh-I-cq-]-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. {[ph-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw hfsc Db-c-
ap≈ ]¿ΔXßfpsS apI-fnepw Pew Dd™v Jc-cq-]-Øn¬ ÿnXnsN-øp-tºmƒ
A¥co£-Øn¬ CXv \ocm-hnbmbpw Pe-I-Wn-II-fm-bpamWv \ne-sIm≈p-∂-Xv.
ta¬∏d™ aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fn-ep-ambn `qan-bn-ep≈ PeamWv Pe-a-fi-ew.
Aaq-ey-amb ip≤-Pew
Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne-\n-¬∏n\v ip≤-Pew (Fresh water) AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. -`q-an-
bpsS aq∂n¬ c≠p-`m-Khpw Pe-am-sW-¶nepw, AXn¬ aq∂v iX-am\w am{X-amWv
ip≤Pew. \Zn-Iƒ, XSm-I-߃, Imb-ep-Iƒ, InW-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-
°p∂ ip≤-P-e-Øn¬ a\p-jy\v D]-tbm-
Kn- ° m≥ Ign- b p∂ Pe- Ø ns‚ Afhv
tIhew Hcp iX-am-\Ø - nepw Xmsg-bmWv.
_m°n Pew apgp-h\pw {[ph-ß-fnepw
]¿ΔX-ß-fpsS apI-fn-ep-ambn Dd™p
InS-°p∂p (Nn{Xw 7.6). `qan-°-Sn-bn-ep≈
Pehpw a\p- j y\v D]tbm- K - Ø n- s \- S p-
°m≥ ]ebnSØpw Gsd ]cn-an-Xn-If - p≠v.
Nn{Xw 7.6

77
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 Pe-Zu¿e-`yw
{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Pe-Zu¿e-`y-Øn\p ImcW-
am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. kzXth Zp¿e-`-amb H∂mWv ip≤-P-ew.
a\p-jys‚ Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IƒsIm≠v ip≤-Pew XnI®pw In´m-°-\n-
bmbn amdp-I-bm-Wv.

\nß-fpsS \m´nse ip≤-Pe t{kmX- p-Iƒ

Hgp-In-b-I-ep∂ ag-sh≈w
aen-\-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? Ch Fß-s\-bmWv
aen-\-am-°-s∏Sp-∂-sX∂v Adn-tbt≠? CXn- ]›n-a-L-´-Øn¬ s]øp∂ ag-sh-≈-
Øn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw c≠v Znh-k-Øn-
\mbn Hcp ]T\w \S- Ø mw. t{]mPIv S n¬
\Iw IS- e n- s e- Ø p∂p F∂mWv
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂h.
IW°v.
$ \m´nse {][m\ ip≤-Pe
- t- {km-X 
- p-Iƒ
$ aen-\o-I-cW Dd-hn-S-߃
$ aen-\o-I-cWw a\p-jy-cnepw a‰p PohPme-ß-fnepw D≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-߃
$ ]cn-lmc\n¿tZ-i-߃
ip≤-P-e- t{km-X- p-Iƒ kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv \mw
Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kIe Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-sSbpw \ne-
\n¬∏n\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv.
Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ kwc-£n°p∂Xns‚ Bh-iy-
I- X - s b- ° p- d n®v s]mXp- P - \ - ß - f n¬ Ah-
t_m[ap≠m- ° mw. CXn- \ mbn A[ym]Is‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp Pe-kw-c-£W PmY \SØp.
thWw \ap-s°mcp imkv{Xob ÿe
Pe-]-cn-]m-e-\w Nn{Xw 7.7 X´p-I-fm-bp≈ Irjn

$ Ip∂n≥N-cn-hp-Isf X´p-I-fm°n Irjn sNøp-I.

$ ]md-Iƒ \nd-™Xpw aÆn\v Bg-an√mØXp-amb ae-\n-c-I-fn¬ sXßv, Ihpßv
XpS-ßnb \mcp-th-cp-I-fp≈ ac-߃°p-]-Icw ÿmbn-bmbn \n¬°p∂ ^ehr£-
߃ \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

aÆns‚ Zmlw am‰mw

\Ω-fn¬ ]ecpw hoSns‚ ap‰w tIm¨{Io‰v sNøm-dp-≠.v Nne¿
Xd-tbmSv ]mIp-∂p. `qan-bn-te°v sh≈w Xmgv∂n-dß- m-\p≈
Ah-kc - a
- mWv Ah¿ Fs∂-t∂-b° v p-ambn AS®pIf-bp-∂Xv.
AXn\p]Icw Icn-¶¬ Nofp-Iƒ ]mIp. Ah-bv°n-S-bn¬
]p√p-h®p ]nSn-∏n-°mw. Imgv®°v `wKnbpap≠v; sh≈-Øn\p
aÆn-te°v Xmgp-∂X - n\v XS -hpan√.

78
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
$ ae- © - c n- h p- I - f nse \o¿®m- e p- I - f n¬ tIm¨{Io‰v XSbWIƒ°p]Icw
AXmXnSØp In´p∂ I√v, XSn apX--em-b-h-sIm≠v XS-b-W-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
$ aÆp-k-wc£W Iøm-e-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°pI.
$ Ncn-hp- Iq-Sp-X-ep≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ac-®o-\n, tNºv,
tN\ XpS- ß nb aÆn\v Cf°ap≠m- I p∂ Xc- Ø n- e p≈ hnf- I ƒ Irjn
sNøp∂Xpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.
$ Xcn-imb CS-ß-fn¬ ac-߃ h®p]nSn-∏n°pI.
$ Km¿lnI, hymh-km-bnI amen-\y-߃ Pem-i-b-ß-fn-te°v Hgp°nhnSm-Xn-cn-°pI.
$ hb-ep-Iƒ, Ipf-߃, XSm-I-߃, \Zo-Xo-c-߃ F∂nh aÆn´v \nI-ØmsX
kwc£n-°pI.
\ΩpsS \m´n¬ ta¬∏-d™ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ C∂v km[y-amtWm F∂v \n߃ Nn¥n-
°p-∂p-≠m-Ipw. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse ag Ipd™ Hcp {Kma-amb dmte-Km≥kn±nbn¬
a\pjycpsS {]h¿Ø\w B {KmasØ hmk-tbm-Ky-ambn am‰nb A\p-`-h-]mTw
\ap°pap-∂n-ep-≠v.

dmte-Km≥kn±n-bnse hnP-b-Km-Y...
alm-cm-j{v S-bnse Al-ΩZv\K¿ Pn√-bn¬s∏´ dmte-Km≥kn±n-sb∂ sNdp-{Kmaw.
h¿j-Øn¬ icm-icn 50 sk.ao. ¬ Xmsg am{X-amWv ag. AXp-Xs∂ ÿnc-
ambn e`n-°mdpan-√. D]-cn-Xe
- Ø
- n¬\n∂pw 20 ao‰-dn-e[- nIw Xmsg-bp≈ `qK¿`-
P-e\
- n-e, th\-¬ B-cw-`n-°p-∂t- XmsS h‰p∂ InW-dp-Iƒ, ISpØ Pe-£m-aw,
Db¿∂ tXmXn-ep≈ asÆm-en∏v, kkym-hc - W
- a
- n√m-bva, ag-sb a
- m{Xw B{i-bn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ ÿnc-X-bn-√mØ Im¿jnIhnfhv, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Zmcn{Zyw
CsXms°-bm-bn-cp∂p 1975˛\p ap≥]p≈ dmse-Km≥kn±n-bpsS Ncn-{Xw.
1975˛¬ ssk\n-I-tk-h-\-Øn¬ \n∂p hnc-an®v \m´n-se-Ønb {io. _m-_p-
dmhp lkmsc {Kmao-Wc - mb bphm-°sf kwL-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \mSns‚ hnIk\-
Øn-\mbn ap∂n´ndßn. Im¿jn-Ih - rØn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn k¿°m¿
\S-∏n-em-°n-hc
- p∂ hnhn-[ ]≤-Xn-Is- f-°p-dn®v At±lw P\-ßsf t_m[-h¬°-
cn-®p. H∏w, Irjn sa®-s∏-SpØp-∂X - n-\m-hi
- y-amb am¿§-߃ At\z-jn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw Ah Iq´mbn N¿®sNøp-∂-Xn\pw {ian-®p.
Aan-Xa - mbn Pew Bh-iy-ap≈ Icn-ºn\p]Icw D≈n- XpS-ßnb hnf-Iƒ Irjn-
sN-øm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. kzImcy InW-dp-Iƒ Ipgn-°p-∂Xv \ncp-’m-ls
- ∏-SpØn,
]Icw s]mXp-In-Wd- p-Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬In. C∂-h¿°v 7 s]mXp-In-WdpI-
fp-≠v, Ah-bn¬ CjvSwt]mse sh≈hpw. {Kma-ØnsehnsSbpw sh≈-sa-Øn-
°m-\p≈ sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpap-≠v.
aÆpkwc-£Ww Ah-cpsS Pohn-XØ - ns‚ Xs∂ `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
P\-߃ {Kma-Øn-se-ºm-Sp-ambn [mcmfw ac-߃ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p.
C∂-hnsS Hcp C‚¿ao-Un-b‰v tImtf-Pv, kvIqfp-Iƒ, kl-IcWkw-L-߃,
a‰v PohnXkuI-cy-߃ Ch-sbm-s°-bp-≠v.
79
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 hmbp-a-fiew
`qansb Hcp ]pX-∏p-t]mse s]mXn™v kwc-£n-°p∂ hmX-I-]m-fn-bmWv hmbp-a-fiew
AYhm A¥co-£w. ss\{S-P≥, HmIvkn-P≥ XpS-ßnb hmX-I-ß-sf-°q-SmsX s]mSn-
]S-e-ß-fpw \ocm-hnbpw A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠v. hmbp-hns‚ kzm`m-hnI kwc-N-\bv°v
am‰-ap-≠m-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ AXn¬ Ie-cp∂ F¥pw hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-W-am-Wv. `qan-bn¬
Poh≥ \ne\n¬°p-∂-Xn\v hmbp IqSntb Xocp. A¥-co£w \ap°v GsX√mw hn[-
Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v NphsS tN¿Øn-´p≈ Nn{Xw \nco-£n®v a\- n-em-
°p:
kky-߃°v Bh-iy-amb
Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv {]mW-hmbp

A¥-co£w

lm\n-I-camb Aƒ{Sm -h-b-e-‰v, ag, a™v XpS-ßnb

Kmam XpS-ßnb civan-Ifn¬ Imemhÿm {]Xn-`m-k-߃°v
\n∂p≈ kwc-£Ww ImcWw

`qan-bn¬ A¥-co-£-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw t_m[y-am-b-t√m. a\p-jys‚

GsX√mw {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f mWv A¥- c o£ aen- \ o- I - c - W - Ø n\v
ImcWamIp∂-Xv?
$ ioXo-I-cWn-I-fn¬ (refrigerators) D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmX-I-߃
$
hyh-km-b-im-e-Iƒ, hml-\-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v h≥tXmXn¬ \nc-h[n amc-I-amb
cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw hmX-I-ßfpw hmbp-hn¬ Ie-cp-∂p-≠v. hmbp-hns‚ kzm`m-hnILS-
\bv°v am‰ap≠m-°p∂ CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ a\p-jys‚ \ne-\n-¬∏n-s\-Øs∂
_m[n-°pw.

HmIvkn-P≥ ]m¿e-dp-Iƒ!
P∏m\nse \K-c-ßfn¬ Ipsd h¿j-ß-fmbn \ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. Cu
]m¿e-dn-\p-≈n¬ Ib-dp∂ GsXm-cmƒ°pw ip≤-amb hmbp izkn-°mw. U¬ln
\K-cØ - n¬ A¥-co-£Ø - n-te°v ip≤-hmbp ]ºp-sN-øp∂ Iq‰≥ b{¥-߃ ÿm]n-
®n-´p-≠v. \Kc-`c
- W
- I
- qSw CØcw \S-]S- n-If
- n-te°v ISt°-≠n-h∂
- Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-
bn-cn°mw?

A¥-co£ aen-\o-IcWw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnhc-

tiJcWw \S-Øp. tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿
kwLSn∏n°p.

80
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
ssPh-afi
- ew
`qan-bnse F√m Poh-Pm-eß
- fpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ taJ-eb
- mWv ssPh-afi
- e
- w. inem-afi
- ew,
Pe-a-fi-ew, hmbp-a-fiew F∂o aq∂v a-fi-e-ß-fp-sSbpw ]c-kv]c{]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fpsS ^e-am-bm-Wv ssPh-a-fiew \ne-\n¬°p∂-Xv. Nn{Xw 7.9 {i≤n-°p.

kutcm¿Pw

hmbp-a-fiew
ÿe-a-fi-ew

ssPh-a-fi-ew

Pe-a-fi-ew

Nn{Xw 7.9

a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-ß-fpsSbpw \ne-\n¬∏pXs∂ km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv inem˛-

P-e-˛-hmbp afi-e-߃ D≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. inem-a-fiew, Pe-a-fi-ew, hmbp-a-fiew
F∂n-h-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ sNdnb am‰-߃t]mepw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ henb BLmX-
߃ D≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C\n kky-ß-fpsS Imcyw t\m°p.
kky- ß - f psS \ne- \ n- ¬ ∏n\v Bh- i y- a mb LS- I - ß - f m- W t√m Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvsskUv, Pew, [mXp-e-h-W-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h. CXn¬ Im¿_¨ ssUHm-IvsskUv
e`yam-Ip-∂Xv A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂m-Wv. AXp-t]mse [mXp-e-h-W-߃ inem-a-fi-
e-Øn¬\n∂pw Pew Pe-a-fi-e-Øn¬\n∂p-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw
Hcp LS-Iw Hgn-®p-\n¿Øn-bm¬ `qan-bn¬ kky-߃ D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cpt∂m? kky-ß-
fn√mØ `qan-sb-°p-dn®v H∂p Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°p.
ÿe, Pe, hmbp, ssPhafi-e-߃°v a\p-jys‚ hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb {]hr-Øn-Iƒ
I\Ø BLmXw G¬∏n- ° p- ∂ p. CXv H´- \ - h [n {]Ir- X n- Z p- c - ¥ - ß ƒ°v
ImcWamIp∂p≠v.
{]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-߃ (Natural Disasters)
{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw a\p-jys‚ Poh\pw kzØn\pw I\Ø
\mi-\-jvS-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xp-amb {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fmWv {]IrXnZpc-¥-߃.
81
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 {]IrXnZpc- ¥ - ß ƒ kw`- h n- ® - X n\ptijw c£m- { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß fpw ]p\- c - [ n- h m- k -
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ {][m-\-amWv CØcw Zpc-¥-߃
kw`hn°msXt\m°¬.
\ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv km[m-c-W-bmbn D≠m-Ip∂ Nne {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
AØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]-Sn-Isf°pdn®pw a\- n-em-°mw.
Dcpƒs]m-´¬ (Landslide)
IpØs\ Ncn-hp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]mdbpw aÆpw sNfnbpw AXn-thKw Xmtg°p
\oßp∂ {]Xn-`m-k-amWv Dcpƒs]m-´¬ (Nn{Xw 7.10).

ASn-sX-‰n-bm¬ aÆpw...
Xncp-h\- ¥
- ]
- pcw Pn√-bnse Aºqcn (2001),
CSp°n Pn√-bnse shÆn-bm-\n (2001),
Nob∏md (2013), tImgn-t°mSv Pn√-bnse
]p√q-cm-ºmd (2012) Cßs\ Dcpƒs]m-´-ep-
Iƒ ]›n- a - L ´Øn¬ XpS¿°- Y - b m- h p-
IbmWv. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ a\p-jys‚ Aim-
kv { Xobamb CS- s ]- S - e p- I - f mWv Cu
Dcpƒs]m-´-ep-Iƒ an°-Xn\pw Imc-Ww.

Nn{Xw 7.10 Dcpƒs]m-´¬

Dcpƒs]m-´-ep-≠m-bm¬
$ F{Xbpw thKw kpc-£nXÿm\-ß-fn-te°v amdp-I.
$ sNdnb Ip´n-Iƒ, hr≤¿, imco-cnI Ah-i-X-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿ F∂n-h-cpsS
c£bv°v ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip-I.
$ ]cn-t°-‰-h¿°v {]Y-a-ip-{iqj \¬Ip-I.
$ ho≠pw Dcpƒs]m-´¬ D≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Pm{KX ]men-°pI.
$ t]meokv, Bw_p-e≥kv XpS-ßnb GP≥kn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-I.
$ sshZyp-Xm-Lm-Xw G¬°m-Xn-cn-°m≥th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ FSp-°p-I.
sh≈-s∏m°w
ag-°m-eØv \Zn-Iƒ°v Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hm-Ø{X Pew Hgp-In-sb-Øp-tºmƒ Ah Ic-
Ihn™v Hgp-Im-dp-≠v. CXmWv sh≈-s∏m-°w.

82
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
sh≈-s∏m-°-sØ- t\-cnSmw
$ ]pg-tbmSptN¿∂ {]tZ-iØv hoSp-h-bv°-cpXv.
$ ag°meØv ]pg-bn¬ Cd-ß-cp-Xv.
$ hb-ep-Iƒ ag-sh-≈-Øn\v Xmgv∂n-d-ßm-\p≈ CS-am-Wv. Ah aÆn-´p-aq-S-cp-Xv.
$ XocØp Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿ ag-°m-eØv {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww. hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈
km[-\-߃ Db¿∂ ÿe-ß-fn-te°v am‰-Ww.
$ sh≈w Ib-dp-∂p-s≠¶n¬ sshZyp-Xn-_‘w hnt—-Zn-°-Ww.

{]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ß-fpsS \nhm-c-W-Øn\pw eLq-I-c-W-Øn-\p-ambn

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ k¿°m¿ hIp∏pw kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw
$ tIcf dh\yq˛Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW hIp∏v
$ kwÿm\ Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW AtXm-dn‰n
$ Zpc¥ km[y-Xm- A-]-{K-Y\ sk¬
$ em‚ v & Unkm-ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

inema-fiew, Pe-a-fi-ew, hmbp-a-fiew F∂n-h-bn¬ GsX-¶n-ep-samcp afi-e-Øn-

ep-≠m-Ip∂ BLm-X-߃ a‰p afi-e-ß-sfbpw _m[n-°pw. Hmtcm afi-e-ß-fnepw
a\p-jy≥ {i≤m-]q¿Δw thWw CS-s]-Sp-hm≥. A√m-Ø-]£w {]IrXn \mw Dƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ Poh- P m- e - ß ƒ°p- t h≠n Hcp- ° n- Ø ∂ Cu kpμ- c - a mb temIw \ap°v
hkn°phm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcn-S-ambn amdpw F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv \mtam-tcm-cp-Ø¿°pw
D≠mIWw.

$ `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Ønse Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ `mK-amWv inem-a-fi-ew.

$ `qansb s]mXn™v \ne-sIm-≈p∂ hmbp-hns‚ Bh-c-W-amWv hmbp-a-fi-ew.
$ kap-{Z-Ønepw Ic-bnepw hmbp-hn-ep-sam-s°-bmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Pe-sa√mw
tN¿∂XmWv Pe-a-fi-ew.
$ inem- a - fi - e w, Pe- a - fi - e w, hmbp- a - fi ew F∂o aq∂v - a - fi - e - ß - s fbpw
B{ibn®mWv ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n-¬∏v.
$ a\p- j y≥ \S- Ø p∂ Aim- k v { Xo- b - a mb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß fpw CS- s ]- S - e p- I fpw
`qanbnse hnhn[ afi-e-ßsf _m[n-°pw.

83
kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII
 $ a\p-jy≥ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS kpÿn-c-amb \ne-\n-¬∏n\v {]IrXn-
hn-`-h-߃ imkv{Xo-b-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
$ {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßsf t\cn-Sm-\p≈ hnhn[ am¿§-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

$ inem- a - fi - e w, Pe- a - fi - e w, hmbp- a - fi ew F∂o aq∂v a- fi - e - ß - s fbpw

B{ibn®mWv ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏v F∂v hniZam-°p∂p.
$ ssPha-fi-e-Øns‚ km∂n-[yhpw hym]vXnbpw Xncn-®-dn-™v hy‡am°p∂p.
$ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS teme-k-¥p-e\amWv a\p-jys‚ \ne-\n-¬∏n\v B[mc-sa∂v
Xncn®dn™v hniIe\w sNøp∂p.
$ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£W{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏Sp∂p.
$ {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c¥\nhm-cWam¿§-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hy‡°p-∂p.

1. a\p-jys‚ Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb CSs]S-ep-Iƒ ÿe-a-fi-e-sØ tZmj-I-c-ambn

_m[n-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS ka¿Yn-°p-I.
2. ssPh- a - fi - e - Ø ns‚ Btcm- K y- I - c - a mb \ne- \ n¬∏n\v ÿe- a - fi - e - Ø nse
imkv{Xo-b-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. CXn\v Bhiy-amb aq∂v
{]h¿Ø\-߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.
3. \nß-fpsS {]tZ-isØ ip≤-Pet{kmX- p-Iƒ aen-\-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F-ß-s\-
sb-√m-am-Wv?
4. Pe-a-fiew aq∂v Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Fhn-sS-sbms° GsX√mw
cq]-Øn¬ F∂v Is≠-ØpI.
5. hmbpaen-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃°v Fs¥√mw sNøm-\mIpw? Ipdn∏v
Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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kmaqly-imkv{Xw VII