An Overview of Nuclear Power
L. K. Robertson, Mott MacDonald, and L. A. Lamont, Mott MacDonald Ltd
Abstract--Nuclear power is more than ever subject to debate:
with the push to reduce carbon emissions and the increasing
demand in energy, nuclear may seem an ideal way to meet both
concerns. However, the environmental and safety hazards
associated with nuclear are not negligible and are an important
factor to take into account in decisions to proceed with nuclear
power as a source of energy. In addition, the power sector is at a
point where provision must be made to replace the ageing
nuclear fleet: first and second generation reactors are coming to
their life end are due to be decommissioned in the next ten to
twenty years. Governments are faced with the decision of either
replacing them with new-generation reactors, or investing in
other energy sources, namely renewables. Understanding the
future of nuclear power requires one to know its history and
current status in terms of market, available technologies and
developments. The paper therefore reviews the important
developments of nuclear power reactors throughout history, the
current status of nuclear in the world and the evolving markets.
This informative paper will therefore include discussions of
subjects such as nuclear technology, reactors and licencing,
partnerships between countries, technology providers, perception
of nuclear in different countries and emergence of new markets.
The discussion on reactor technology will focus on Generation III
reactors, currently being implemented, and Generation IV
reactors being developed. The discussion provides a broad,
informed overview of the nuclear sector, identifying key players,
current developments, and current and future technology.
Index Terms— Fission reactors, Generation III reactors,
Generation IV reactors, Nuclear facility generation, Nuclear
power generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to the
current status of nuclear power. It will provide a brief
historical background of the technological developments,
covering the main milestones leading to present and future
reactor technologies. This background knowledge is necessary
for the reader in order to appreciate the current state of nuclear
power in the world: current reactor models, manufacturers,
cost and current developments, etc. In summary, and by the
end of the paper, the reader should have a better understanding
of the status quo of nuclear power and the nuclear energy
industry in general.
II. HISTORY
Commercial nuclear power reactors were first built in the
late 1950s. The technology has since evolved in several stages
and the evolutionary steps have been classified into
‘generations’. These are shown in Fig. 1 and include the main
reactor models for reference.
978-1-4673-7172-8/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Fig. 1. Generations of nuclear power with principal reactor models.
A. Generations I & II
The first commercial reactors, the ‘prototypic’ reactors
developed in the 1950s and 1960s, were derived from
experimental and military reactors. Generation I reactors were
commercially implemented in the UK, US, France and USSR.
The reactors built in France, USA and USSR were water-
cooled and water-moderated Pressurised Water Reactors
(PWRs). In the UK, gas-cooled Magnox reactors became the
adopted configuration, using carbon dioxide as the coolant and
graphite as the moderator. Wylfa 1 is currently the last
remaining Magnox reactor still in service and is due for
decommissioning in December 2015 [1].
Most of the nuclear reactors currently in operation are
Generation II reactors. They first appeared in the 1970s and
typify the French and American fleets. Also known as
‘commercial power reactors’, they are improved versions of
first generation reactors, designed to be more efficient and
reliable: they are built with a design life of 30-40 years and
have in-built active safety systems [2].
The majority of designs developed were water-cooled and
moderated, using either heavy water (CANDU reactor in
Canada) or light water, principally Water-Water Energetic
Reactors (VVER/WWER) in Soviet Russia, Boiling Water
Reactors (BWRs) and Pressurised Water Reactors (PWRs) in
USA, Europe, Japan and Korea. Contrarily, the UK pursued
the development of the first generation gas-cooled Magnox
reactors with second generation Advanced Gas-cooled
Reactors (AGRs).
The RBMK (high power channel-type reactor) is a further
Soviet design and another main reactor type. Like the
CANDU, it uses heavy water as a coolant. However, it differs
by incorporating a graphite moderator, like the Magnox gas-
cooled design.
Reference is sometimes made to Generation II+ reactors.
These are improved Generation II reactors built post 2000
with extended design life and improved safety. They are
currently in competition with the more expensive Generation
III reactors, and include the Chinese CPR-1000 reactor, based
on a PWR [3].
 2

B. Generation III/III+ TABLE I

GENERATION III+ REACTOR MODELS AND MANUFACTURERS.
Improvements on Generation II reactors were developed in Type Reactor Developers Country
response to operation experience, tighter regulation LWR PWR ACPR-1000 CGNPC China
requirements and to better protect again severe accidents
AP-1000 Westinghouse Japan
(natural disasters, core meltdowns, aircraft crashes, loss of
APR-1400 KEPCO Rep. of
reactant coolant, etc.). Generally, reactors built since 2000
Korea
belong to the third generation of reactors where the design
APWR MHI Japan
intent was to enhance and simplify safety systems in order to
ATMEA 1 Areva & MHI -
provide safer and more reliable designs.
EPR Areva France
The principle improvements made between second and third
BWR ESBWR GE, Hitachi -
generation reactors include passive safety systems, a reduced KERENA Areva France
risk of core meltdown and a design life of 60 years. The HWR EC9 AECL Canada
designs themselves offer modular construction and have been HTGR HTR-PM Tsinghua China
made simpler and more resilient. Fuel technology has also University
progressed and been accounted for in Generation III reactors. GT-MHR Multiple Russia, US,
Furthermore the intended improvements should entail shorter France,
licensing and construction times, and lower the overall cost of Japan
reactors.
Generation III reactors are already in operation in Japan and
the Republic of Korea, and include ABWR and CANDU 6 C. Generation IV
reactor models [4]. Others are under construction in Japan, Generation IV reactors are essentially future developments
Taiwan and the Republic of Korea [4]. and still very much at their research and development (R&D)
According to research references, no Generation III reactors stage, with the hope to implement them by 2030. Unlike
seem to have been implemented commercially in the USA. previous commercial generations, researchers are exploring a
The last reactor put into commercial operation was the Watts- wider variety of paths, including Liquid Metal Reactors
Bar 1 in 1996. Watts Bar-2 started construction at the same (LMRs) and Fast Neutron Reactors (FNR). Three initiatives
time but was put on hold until 2007 [4]. Both reactors belong were formed to establish a roadmap and frame the
to Generation II and the four reactors currently under development of these new reactors: the Generation IV
construction are generation III+ reactors (AP-1000) [4]. The International Forum (GIF), the Global Nuclear Energy
examples provided here are by no means exhaustive and serve Partnership (GNEP) and the International Project on
solely to indicate that Generation III reactors have been Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) [6, 7].
adopted for construction and operation since the late 1990s.
Roadmaps have been established and the projects have now
The potential for improvement became apparent during the
moved on to implementing R&D programmes. The aim is to
development and subsequent operation of the initial
Generation III reactors. As a consequence, improvements were design new reactors meeting the standards imposed by the
made, bringing about the emergence of Generation III+ regulating organisations. Generation IV reactors must fulfil
reactors which enhance the aspects considered for Generation several requirements: high economy, enhanced safety systems,
III. Here again, the main focus is on water-cooled and minimum waste and proliferation resistance.
moderated reactors. However, other reactor configurations GIF comprises 13 member countries in which nuclear
include High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) and power holds an important place. Together, these countries will
Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs) fall under the Generation III+ develop the six future reactor systems identified by the Forum
classification of development. Table 1 summarises the main [6]. The six systems are as follows:
Generation III+ designs developed or being developed in • Very-High Temperature Reactor (VHTR);
various countries. • Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR);
It is important to note that the distinction between • Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR);
Generation III and III+ is not always made, making it difficult • Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR);
to determine the precise status of Generation III/III+ reactors. • Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR);
Reactors belonging to this generation are still being • Molten Salt Reactor (MSR).
developed and undergoing assessment for licensing by Research plans for LFR and MSR are still being planned
relevant governmental bodies. but Memoranda of Understanding have already been
The main types of Gen III+ reactors being constructed and established between countries [6].
under construction are PWRs and BWRs. Most countries Other countries not currently involved with GIF are
install light water reactors, with exceptions such as Canada, running their own associated programs. India is currently in
India and Romania where heavy water is used [5]. the second phase of a three-stage program, looking into using
Thorium and Plutonium (the product of spent Uranium) to
reproduce Uranium in a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) [7].
In parallel to GIF, regulatory standards are being developed
by the Multinational Design Evaluation Program (MDEP) and
the IAEA [7]. The hope is to be able to start implementing

these new reactors in 20 years’ time.
D. Licensing and Regulation
Before they can be implemented commercially, nuclear
reactor designs must be validated by the appropriate
regulatory body. In Europe, designs must be certified in
accordance with the European Utilities Requirements (EUR)
as well as with the various national standards. Effort is
currently being made to harmonise the standards for all
European countries in order to facilitate licensing procedures
[8].
To take the UK as an example, new nuclear reactor designs
must undergo a four step assessment procedure called the
Generic Design Assessment (GDA). The designs take around
four years to be processed and reports are made public at the
end of Steps 2, 3 and 4 [9]. Regulatory bodies in other
countries include the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
in the USA, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission
(CNSC) in Canada and the Chinese Atomic Energy Authority
in China.
III. CURRENT PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGIES
Numerous designs for nuclear reactors have been developed
and constructed since the Gen I nuclear power plants.
As of January 2015, the most commonly used reactor type
by far is the PWR and accounts for over half the current fleet
(63.3%). They are followed by BWRs (18.2%) and PHWRs
(20.5%) which include CANDU-type and RBMK reactors.
Together, these three reactor types account for over 90% of
reactors worldwide [4].
IV. MANUFACTURERS
This section will discuss the five selected manufacturers of
nuclear reactors built in the world. According to the IAEA, the
top five manufacturers in terms of reactors built in 2014, were
from largest to smallest provider, Areva, Rosatom, General
Electric/Hitachi, KEPCO and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries [4].
Fig. 2. Number of reactors built by top five reactor manufacturers as per [4],
February 2014.
A. Areva
The world’s leading supplier of nuclear reactors is Areva,
with the two main shareholders being the Commissariat à
l’Energie Atomique (CEA) and the French government. The
public multinational company is based in France has evolved
from Framatome. Its main focus is nuclear but also operates in
3
the renewables market. The company offers a range of
services covering fuel provision, servicing and reactor design.
The reactors offered by Areva for commercial nuclear
power are the EPR, KERENA and ATMEA 1. The EPR is a
high-power output pressurised water reactor (1650MWe) [10].
It is currently being installed in Olkiluoto 3 (Finland),
Flamanville (France) and is to be implemented in new nuclear
power stations in Sizewell and Hinkley (UK) [4, 10].
ATMEA 1 and KERENA reactors are both medium power
output reactors (around 1200 MWe). The former is a
pressurised water reactor built in collaboration with Mistubishi
Heavy Industries [10, 11]. The latter is a boiling water reactor.
ATMEA 1 obtained approval from French regulators in 2012,
whereas the KERENA, although ready to be implemented
commercially, has not been submitted for approval [12].
Currently, the company is important in France and
Germany. It has developed business relationships with
operators in other countries, namely China, and collaborated
with Mitsubishi on the new ATMEA 1 reactor [11]. The
company is currently involved in British (Sellafield, Sizewell)
and Brazilian (Angra) new-builds and aims to break further
into the Asian market [7].
As a member of GIF, Areva will collaborate on the
development of two of the six prospective Generation IV
reactors: the SFR and VHTR [7].
B. Rosatom
Rosatom is a state corporation bringing together nuclear
companies and R&D institutions involved in nuclear industry.
Rosatom’s main reactor designs offered were the RBMK
and the VVER. After the incident in Chernobyl, the RBMK
design became defunct and focus was put on the VVER
reactor design for both Russian and global plants [13].
At present, Rosatom is participating in a number of current
and future projects in several other countries. The subsidiary
company Atomstroyexport, is responsible for providing
nuclear power facilities outside Russia. The countries to which
they provide services include China, Eastern Europe, India,
Turkey and Iran [14]. In 2008, an agreement was made
between Russia and India to potentially provide up to 20
nuclear reactors [15] for which the main modal on offer is the
VVER-1000.
With regards to the nuclear developments in the UK,
Rosatom has signed a Memorandum of Understanding to
introduce the Russian VVER type reactor. Rolls Royce,
having worked closely with Rosatom since 2011, has been
involved in the project to provide engineering and safety
assessment work for the reactor in question [16].
As a member of GIF, Rosatom will be taking part in the
development of the LFR and the SFR [10].
C. GE Hitachi
GE was the first to design and licence a BWR for the first
privately-owned commercial nuclear power plant, Dresden 1,
in 1960 [4]. In 2007, GE joined with Hitachi to continue
developing and building reactors. In Japan, the alliance is
known as Hitachi GE Nuclear Energy Ltd (HGNE). To date,
the company has built reactors mainly in Japan (including
Fukushima) and USA.

Presently, GE Hitachi is involved in a number of new
nuclear projects, including Wylfa in the UK. They are also
involved in Poland [17] and are preparing for potential bids in
India [18] and other countries emerging on the nuclear market.
The reactor designs offered by the company are based on
BWR-type reactors. They are also currently working on the
development of the PRISM reactor, a fourth generation
sodium-cooled reactor [19].
D. KEPCO E&C
KEPCO E&C was established in 1975 and is a subsidiary
company of KEPCO, an acronym for Korean Electric Power
Company. It provides nuclear power plant design, operation,
maintenance and decommissioning services.
KEPCO are currently offering the APR-1400, an advanced
pressurised water reactor developed from the OPR-1000 [20].
The company is also developing a generation APR+ to
compete with other Generation III+ reactors and the design is
to be finalised by 2015.
To date, KEPCO has built reactors in Korea and China. It
has recently been awarded the bid to build four reactors in the
UAE [4] and is developing relationships with various foreign
companies based in North America, Europe and China. They
include AECL, Westinghouse, Areva and CNPEC.
Besides the in-house PWR-type reactor designs, KEPCO
has collaborated with the AECL on the design of the CANDU-
6 reactor [20]. As a member of GIF, Korea has agreed to
collaborate on the development of fourth generation SFR and
VHTR [6].
E. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) is fifth in terms of
number of reactors built, designing and manufacturing fully-
integrated plants and steam generators.
The nuclear reactors offered by MHI are the PWR and the
Advanced PWR (APWR) [21]. In order to meet American and
European requirements, MHI modified the design of the
APWR, creating US-APWR and EU-APWR models. The
company has also constructed and operated a prototypic Fast
Breeder Reactor (FBR) and headed the design and
construction group for a High Temperature Gas-cooled
Reactor (HTGR).The company works primarily in Japan and
the US, but is involved in other countries such as South
Africa. It has also established relationships with companies in
Europe, including collaborative partnerships with Iberdrola
[22] and Areva [11].
V. CURRENT STATUS
A. Overview
Globally, the production of nuclear energy has decreased
since 2010, and will continue to decrease as reactors reaching
the end of their design life are decommissioned. The question
that must now be answered is whether to renew the fleet, or
redirect towards other energy sources. The decision on the
subject has been postponed due to 2011 Fukushima events
which have heightened awareness to the inherent dangers of
nuclear power. As a result, a number of countries have
decided to delay or even cancel projects to build new nuclear
reactors and the market is currently static.
4
In the UK, the nuclear share represents 18% of the total
energy production. However, out of the 16 nuclear reactors
currently in operation, only one will still be functioning in
2023 if the fleet is not renewed. As a result, it is estimated that
over £100 billion of capital investment will be required over
the next decade to replace and upgrade the UK’s energy
infrastructure [23].
The current political climate promotes energy derived from
low-carbon energy sources. This, in addition to rising energy
prices, increases the attractiveness of nuclear power, bringing
about a nuclear renaissance.
In countries that already possess a nuclear fleet, ageing
plants must be replaced to satisfy growing energy demands
whereas countries with no nuclear history are searching to
invest in developing low-carbon nuclear energy production.
In the UK, the current energy demand is expected to
decrease marginally, with a slight increase in the nuclear share
to increase slightly to the detriment of natural gas, oil and
other solid fuels [24]. Worldwide, however, the total energy
consumption is expected to increase by over 50% by 2040
[25].
Environmental concerns are another important aspect in
choosing energy sources. The UK aims to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by at least 80% between 1990 and 2050, in
accordance with the international Climate Change Act signed
in 2008. To achieve this objective, the UK government intends
to develop more than 16 GW of installed nuclear capacity by
2030 [23].
In 2014, the nuclear technologies undergoing review and
licensing in the UK include the UK EPR, the AP-1000 and the
UK ABWR [26].
Worldwide, the world fleet tallied 439 reactors in operation,
with a further 69 under construction [4] in January 2015. More
nuclear developments are expected, namely in the UK with
projects to build plants at Sizewell, Hinkley and Wylfa.
However, significant challenges must be confronted,
including high capital investment costs, production of medium
and high level radioactive waste and associated disposal and
storage difficulties, mitigation of severe consequences in case
of accidents. With regards to the mitigating the impacts of
accidents, the recent Fukushima events have spurred
developers to review risk mitigation and reduce proliferation
of radiation in case of severe accidents.
B. Current Markets
In 2014, nuclear energy was being produced in 31 countries,
including Taiwan [4]. In Europe and North America, most of
the existing nuclear fleet is ageing and coming to the end of its
operational life. As a consequence, governments are faced
with renewing reactors in order to meet energy demands, if
other energy types are not developed. This creates multiple
potential projects for industry, ranging from the
decommissioning of old power stations to design and
construction of new ones. In the UK, a minimum of 16
reactors are to be built: the locations include Hinkley, Sizewell
and Sellafield [23, 27].
In Asia, Japan, China and India are the most advanced in
terms of nuclear activity, with many partnerships and
collaborations already established with Western countries.

They already have a number of operating power stations and
several others are under construction [4].
C. New & Emerging Markets
Another 45 countries, with no previous nuclear history, are
taking steps to initiate their own nuclear programs [23, 28].
Countries in the Middle East are currently inviting companies
to tender for licensed projects (UAE, Turkey) and
opportunities in South America and Africa are also emerging.
North African countries are either currently calling for bids
(Tunisia) or hoping to build power stations by 2025 (Egypt
and Morocco). South African countries, on the other hand, are
very much still at an “expression of interest” stage (Nigeria,
Ghana). South Africa is an exception as nuclear reactors are
already in operation.
In South America, nuclear power stations have already been
implemented in Argentina and Brazil [4, 23]. Chile is
currently at a stage where plans have been developed but not
committed to, whilst other South American countries are
investigating nuclear energy as an option for their energy mix
[28].
With this in mind, it is possible to see that opportunities for
companies working in the nuclear industry are flourishing at
an international scale and opens up significant potential to
establish relationships and to extend geographical experience.
VI. CONCLUSION
In terms of technology, Generation III/III+ reactors are
represent the majority of new build nuclear power stations as
the industry has now reached the stage where previous
generations no longer meet the more stringent safety
requirements. It is expected that these will be constructed at
least until 2030 when the intention is to implement Generation
IV reactors.
At the start of 2014, most of the reactors under construction
were located in China. However, many countries are
considering developing their nuclear programme with many
emerging countries requiring guidance from companies with
previous nuclear experience.
VII. REFERENCES
Periodicals:
[1] NDA (2014, Sep.), “Wylfa continues to 2015” [Online]. Available:
http://www.nda.gov.uk/2014/09/wylfa-continues-to-2015/
[2] S. M. Goldberg and R. Rosner, “Nuclear Reactors: Generation to
Generation”, American Academy of Arts & Science, 2011.
[3] Power Engineering, “Chinese CPR-1000 Nuclear Reactor Generates
Power for the First Time”, Power Engineering, July 2011.
[4] IAEA, Power Reactor Information System [Online]. Available:
http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/home.aspx
[5] P. Aldhous (2012), “Where are the World’s Nuclear Reactors?”, New
Scientist [Online]. Available: http://www.world-
nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-Reactors/Advanced-
Nuclear-Power-Reactors
[6] GIF (January 2014), “Technology Roadmap Update for Generation IV
Nuclear Energy Systems”, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 2012
[Online]. Available: https://www.gen-4.org/
[7] WNA (2014), Generation IV Nuclear Reactor [Online]. Available:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-
Reactors/Generation-IV-Nuclear-Reactors/
[8] CORDEL (2010), International Standardisation of Nuclear Reactor
Design, WNA.
[9] ONE, Generic Design Assessment [Online]. Available:
http://www.onr.org.uk/new-reactors/index.htm
5
[10] Areva, Integrated Offer in Nuclear Energy Carbonfree Power
Generation [Online]. Available: http://www.areva.com/EN/global-offer-
487/integrated-offer-in-nuclear-energy-carbonfree-power-
generation.html
[11] M. Schneider, A. Froggatt, and S. Thomas (2011), The World Nuclear
Industry Status Report, Mycle Shneider Consulting.
[12] WNA (2014), Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors [Online]. Available:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Power-
Reactors/Advanced-Nuclear-Power-Reactors/
[13] A. E. Kramer (March 2011), “Nuclear Industry in Russia Sells Safety,
Taught by Chernobyl,” The New York Times, 22 March
[14] Atomstroyexport (2014), Atomstroyexport [Online]. Available:
http://www.atomstroyexport.com/.
[15] V. Radyuhin and S. Dikshit (Dec. 2009), “India and Russia Sign Civil
Nuclear Agreement,” The Hindu, p. 1, 7.
[16] S. Ottewell (Nov. 2013), “Nuclear Industry Focuses on Generation III
Technology and Small Modular Reactors,” Power Engineer, pp. 58-59.
[17] Nuclear Engineering International, (Sep. 2011), “GE Hitachi signs up
Fluor for Poland”, Nuclear Engineering International.
[18] Nuclear Engineering Internaional (June 2012), “US vendors move
towards India deals”, Nuclear Engineering International.
[19] General Electric, General Electric, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ge-energy.com
[20] KEPCO (2014), KEPCO E&C. [Online]. Available: http://www.kepco-
enc.com/
[21] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd, Nuclear Power Generation [Online].
Available: https://www.mhi-
global.com/products/category/nuclear_power_generation.html
[22] Unknown (June 2010), “MHI and Iberdrola in EU-APWR
collaboration”, Modern Nuclear News.
[23] IAEA (2014), Country Nuclear Power Profiles [Online]. Available:
https://cnpp.iaea.org/countryprofiles/UnitedKingdom/UnitedKingdom.ht
m
[24] Department of Energy and Climate Change (2013), Updated Energy and
Emissions Projections 2013, Crown.
[25] US Energy Information Administration (July 2013), “International
Energy Outlook 2013,” EIA [Online]. Available:
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/world.cfm
[26] ONR (2014), Generic Design Assessment (GDA) of New Reactors,
Environment Agency, [Online]. Available:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/newreactors/index.htm.
[27] Nuclear AMRC, UK New Build Plans [Online]. Available:
http://namrc.co.uk/intelligence/uk-new-build-plans/
[28] WNA (2014), Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries [Online]. Available:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Emerging-
Nuclear-Energy-Countries/
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
A technical biography for each author must be included. It
should begin with the author’s name (as it appears in the
byline). A photograph should also be included for each author.
The photo should be 2.54 centimeters (1 inch) wide by 3.18
centimeters (1.25 inches) high. The head and shoulders should
be centered, and the photo should be flush with the left
margin. The space required for the biographies and photos is
included in the eight-page limit. The following is an example
of the text of a technical biography:
Lucie Robertson (1989 – to date) graduated from the
University of Edinburgh, UK, in July 2014 with a
MEng in Structural Engineering and Architecture. For
her thesis project, she specialized in the behaviour of
prestressing steel in fire, presenting her research at the
ASFE conference in Prague 2014.
Since January 2014, Lucie Robertson has worked
for Mott MacDonald in the Power, Process and
Nuclear division as a civil/structural engineer
involved principally in UK-based nuclear related
projects. Although nuclear is the main sector involved in, she has also worked
on projects related to wind power.
 6

Previous employment experience includes working for Theisen Architecte

in Luxembourg, the Telecommunication company COTAS in Bolivia, and
French engineer MBI.

Lisa Ann Lamont graduated from University of

Ulster, Northern Ireland, with a BEng (Hons) in
Engineering with Specialisation in Mechanical and
Electrical and Diploma in Industrial Studies and
continued her studies there obtaining a PhD in
Modelling and Control of a VSC (Voltage Source
Converter) Transmission System in 2005. After
graduating Lisa held the position of Assistant
Professor for 7 years at the Petroleum Institute in
Abu Dhabi.
Lisa currently works for Mott MacDonald Limited in the area of Nuclear
Energy with her tasks not only being linked to the technical side of the
business but also the commercial side being involved in the business
development and enhancement of novel technologies.
Lisa has published numerous technical peer reviewed journals, conference
papers and book chapters in control and renewable energy specifically focused
on wind and solar. Lisa has been an invited presenter at worldwide events
discussing issues on alternative energy sources and their implementation. She
is currently a Chartered Engineer, member of the IET and IMechE and a
senior member of the IEEE.