Module Code & Module Title

MN6P00NI
Management Investigation and Dissertation
Summited by:
Aradhya Khanal
(17032073)

Summited to:
Navraj Bhusal
Assignment Due Date: 19th June 2020
Acknowledgement:

I would like to thank our teacher Mr.Navraj Bhusal sir who gave us opportunity to
analyze and know about the reporting the data and by providing his guidance, comments
and suggestion throughout the course of this report making. I developed my skills and
knowledge so this will really help me in my future. Lastly, I would like to thank Islington
College for providing such an amazing platform.
 Role of Local People on Tourism Development in
Kathmandu Valley

Abstract

The main aim of this study is to explore the essence of involvement of local people in tourism
activities in Kathmandu Valley. One of the essential aspects of tourism development is
promoting the participation of new communities, since it is the core of sustainable development
in the tourism industry. While the research shows that a number of local people can actually take
on the importance of tourism development, little focus has been devoted to how local people
should be involved in tourism development. The objective of this review is to help better
understand the role of local people in the development of tourism through an analysis of the
views of the Kathmandu Valley. For sample collection of 139 responses, a combination of
stratified and convenient sampling approaches was used. Specific interest groups have been
found to require various types of individuals to participate in order to achieve their own goals
which can clash. This research also suggested that the anticipated essence of local interest group
participation ranges from non-participation to one form of random involvement.
 Contents
1) Introduction...........................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................................5
1.2 History of Tourism in Nepal...........................................................................................................5
1.3 Objective of the Research................................................................................................................6
2) Literature Review..................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Tourism Development.....................................................................................................................7
2.2 People Participation........................................................................................................................7
2.3 Local Community............................................................................................................................8
2.4 Conceptual Framework.................................................................................................................10
2.4.1 Economic development...........................................................................................................10
2.4.2 Social development.................................................................................................................10
2.4.3 Environmental Development.................................................................................................10
2.4.4 Cultural Development............................................................................................................11
2.4.5 Political Development.............................................................................................................11
2.5 Hypothesis......................................................................................................................................11
3) Methodology.....................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Research Design.............................................................................................................................12
3.2 Study Population and Participated..............................................................................................12
3.3 Sources of data collection..............................................................................................................13
3.4 Data Analysis techniques...............................................................................................................13
3.5 Reliability Validity and Ethics......................................................................................................13
4) Data Analysis and discussion............................................................................................................14
5) Conclusion & Recommendation.....................................................................................................22
5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................................22
5.2 Recommendation...........................................................................................................................23
6) Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................24
7) Appendix..........................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 1

1) Introduction
1.1 Background
Tourism refers to the act of traveling to a destination away from your neighborhood or local area
for business or leisure purposes. As a tourist, you are visiting a location that is far from your
usual environment. According to UNWTO "Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." It also suggests that tourism is a
collection of activities, services and industrial sectors that provide a travel experience by
providing transport services, accommodation, food and drinking establishments, retail stores,
entertainment businesses and other hospitality services for groups or individuals traveling away
from home. Tourism as an industry has been moving with the wild speed of technological
advancements and people from various places and cultures are engaging with growing ease on
board. Tourism is one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries, its advantages and
challenges that policymakers have keenly observed affect nations' economic, socio-cultural,
environmental, and educational capital.[ CITATION Mwe15 \l 1033 ]
Tourism's positive impact on a country's economy include the growth and development of
numerous industries directly linked to a healthy tourism sector, such as transportation, lodging,
wildlife, arts and entertainment; This leads to the development of new employment and revenue
from foreign exchange, spending, and the purchase of goods and services. Although
improvements in the standard of living of locals in heavily visited tourist destinations are
typically limited or non-existent, inflation of basic product prices is a constant feature of these
areas due to the visiting tourists. Although improvements in the standard of living of locals in
heavily visited tourist destinations are typically limited or non-existent, inflation of basic product
prices is a constant feature of these areas due to the visiting tourists. The essence of the world
economy means that it is mainly people from developed nations who travel to the developing
countries as visitors, much more than people from developing nations visit the developed ones as
visitors. This results in a downward stream of cultural influences that have proven to be harmful
in cases, as they are not in harmony with these hosts' climate, economy and community, who
cannot exchange influences in the same capacity.[ CITATION SGo06 \l 1033 ]

1.2 History of Tourism in Nepal

In several developing countries like Nepal, tourism has been one of the key sources of income.
Nepal has huge potential to become a famous tourist destination as the nation is best known for
its snow-capped mountains, abundant fauna and flora, exciting trekking paths and abundant
religious and cultural diversities. Tourism is Nepal's largest sector, and the main foreign-
exchange and revenue sources. Having 8 of the world's top 10 mountains, Nepal is a hotspot
destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and adventure-seekers. Nepal's Hindu and Buddhist
roots, and its cold weather, are major attractions as well. Nepal is the site of Mount Everest, the
world's highest mountain peak. Mountaineering and other forms of adventure tourism and
ecotourism are a major tourist attraction. The Lumbini world heritage, Gautama Buddha's
birthplace, is located in southern Nepal and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites
all over the region. Nepal's government has proclaimed 2011 to be the year of Nepal Tourism,
and is aiming to draw one million international tourists to the country during that year. The
tourism industry is seen as a way of alleviating poverty and achieving greater national social
equity.[ CITATION Eng11 \l 1033 ]

Kathmandu is the 5th largest travel destination, according to Lonely Planet, while
tripadvisor.com ranked Kathmandu 19th out of 25 best tourist destinations worldwide for 2019.
Such statistics show that visitors from all over the world may be intrigued by many places like
Kathmandu. The government introduced the 'Visit Nepal 2020' campaign to boost the tourism
industry in the country, with the aim of getting in two million tourists in 2020. Visit Nepal 2020
aims at promoting Nepal as a tourism destination. This year 2020 has been called "Visit Nepal
2020." Nepal has huge potential for tourism development that can boost economic development
and growth. Tourism is the key resource for regional growth for Nepal, with positive economic
effects on income, jobs and production.[ CITATION Bri03 \l 1033 ]
Tourism has become one of the big sources of revenue. It provides employment opportunities,
yields from foreign exchange, and facilitates infrastructure growth in any destination. Local
people plays very important and vital role for a tourism development. Participation of local
people varies from participation at the highest level of decision-making processes to economic
engagement and promotion of the lowest level destination. Participation in the community is also
the participation of an individual or group in a social activity in a specific situation with the
knowledge of its beneficial actions. It should be focused on the process of defining the issue and
the possibilities, the development and decision-making of possible approaches to problem
solving, implementation as an attempt to solve the issues, and the process of evaluating the
improvements that occur. Tourism participation means the active engagement of an individual or
group of people to actively contribute to tourism projects from decision-making, planning,
execution, evaluation to assessment and problem-solving, with full understanding that the
program or tourism activities are beneficial to those involved. Local people participation enables
sustainable growth of tourism in a valley within the tourist region. Public engagement is an
important part of the growth of tourism, as it helps various actors to create strong political
leadership and shared consensus initiatives to build community involvement. [ CITATION Kor13 \l
1033 ]

1.3 Objective of the Research

This article illustrates the role of local people in Kathmandu Valley in tourism development.
This study also aims to emphasize the importance of local development in tourism. It is also
looking at how local communities can grow local tourism. Community and community growth
principles were important for the development of the local tourism. The results of this study
derive from the fact that little work on contact between communities and local tourism has been
carried out The aim of this paper is to find out how local people are engaged in various tourism
development activities and the ideas of this research have been important for the development of
tourism. This study also tries to know the role tourism plays in community development.

Chapter 2

2) Literature Review

2.1 Tourism Development

Development of tourism can be better connected and clarified, using two concepts: sustainable
tourism and sustainable growth. According to The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
defines "Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and
environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and
host communities" [ CITATION UNW18 \l 1033 ] The growth of tourism may be pointless if the
social, economic and environmental benefits of tourism do not impact local communities.
The idea of sustainable development of tourism has become the subject of greater interest among
tourism theorists. It is now generally understood as a desirable goal of tourism development
research and planning and several organizations representing locations or tourism industry
sectors have published sustainable tourism development plans and set of policies. [ CITATION
Aut96 \l 1033 ] Sustainable tourism maximizes the positive contribution of tourism to the
protection of biodiversity and, therefore, the reduction of poverty and the achievement of
common goals for sustainable development. It also provides vital economic opportunities to
conserve the environment. Visitor spending proceeds are also channeled back into nature
conservation or capacity building projects to maintain protected areas for local communities.
[ CITATION Zhe03 \l 1033 ]

Therefore the theory of sustainable development can be discussed usefully by integrating the
theory of development with the idea of sustainability. It ultimately over-simplifies the dynamic
amalgam of political, economic, cultural and ecological mechanisms involved in sustainable
development. However, it provides a useful framework for conceptualizing its fundamental
values and objectives and the degree to which they can be translated into the particular context of
tourism growth.

2.2 People Participation

People's participation is a process where individuals can influence initiatives and decision-
making on topics related to their lives and the environment in which they live. Through
providing important input to the public and enabling their voices to be heard, it is hoped that the
standard of the proposals would improve with the thoughts, views and understanding of the local
people. This also provides the holder of power an opportunity to help them understand the
question, the solutions and the possibilities.[ CITATION NSM14 \l 1033 ]
A broad variety of participatory approaches have been developed with modern ways of
communicating in various countries all over the world. There are also forms of online
involvement where the information may actually go in one direction, providing the public with
information without allowing them to control the project. Online participation can be a two-way
movement between the locals and the holder of control, be it complaints or ideas. A decision
must be taken in each project about what kind of method will be used and at what degree of
involvement of the local people. The participation level may vary. There is not always an
acceptable, accepted standard. The principle that "more involvement is better" doesn't always
hold true because the more people are involved, the more time on both sides is needed. This may
be the case particularly in large-scale initiatives in low-income communities where it might
simply not be realistic or feasible for the group to devote the time required to achieve the highest
rates of participation.[ CITATION Far11 \l 1033 ]
Local people are active in a number of ways such as tourism sector jobs, local entrepreneurship,
tourism land leasing, collaboration agreements with tourism operators and involvement in
tourism planning and decision-making. Tourism growth includes lots of stakeholders such as the
private sector, government, civil society and local citizens. Local people play an essential role in
the development of tourism. [ CITATION Sci06 \l 1033 ] They are seen as moral and good actors in
the growth of tourism. Local people need to be active in policy and decision-making so as to
improve local people's trust and confidence in the tourism sector. Person participation in
decision-making is very important to enhancing planning and service delivery and it also
encourages a sense of group engagement that shares shared interests. Person participation in
decision-making is very important to enhancing planning and service delivery and it also
encourages a sense of group engagement that shares shared interests.[ CITATION Mic13 \l 1033 ]
The role of local people in tourism development in the context of policy and decision making
depends on the type and level of participatory approach within a tourist destination. There are
different levels of participation ranging from simple sharing of information to a full transfer of
power and responsibilities. [ CITATION Joh09 \l 1033 ] The power of the local people to influence
decision making as well as policy making will therefore depend on the level of participatory
approach being in operation in a particular destination. Local people can participate in the
identification and promotion of tourist resources and attractions which form the basis of
development of community tourism. Communities need to be active participants, rather than
passive observers, to achieve a long-lasting result.[ CITATION Mos14 \l 1033 ]
2.3 Local Community

Community is essential to sustainable tourism growth in previous study on tourism development,

they rarely concentrate on examining the sense of community or even how community impacts
outcomes. A community refers to a group of individuals living or working with some shared
cultures or mutual interests in the same geographic area. This geographic definition of
community is essential to understanding how community growth is connected, or the ability of a
community to boost tourism growth.
The participation of local communities in the growth of tourism cannot be disregarded because
of their important positions. The role of local communities in the growth of tourism within and
around protected areas is crucial in bridging the gap between governance and resource use in a
tourist destination. Besides the economic benefit that local communities can make from tourism,
their participation in the creation of tourism can also be beneficial to the creation of tourism as
they can create a 'strong environmental stewardship based on local people.[ CITATION Pav11 \l
1033 ] Public participation in tourism process creation will promote and preserve local culture,
tradition, resources and experience and build confidence in the public history and culture. The
goal of community engagement is to improve communication between stakeholders in order to
promote better decision-making and sustainability. Public engagement is also the framework for
active involvement of the public in the work, decision taking and representation of partnerships
in community structures. It should be remembered that engagement in the society also means
individuals or group involvement in government. [ CITATION Ras09 \l 1033 ] However, this study
emphasized community engagement as involving local people in the processes of tourism
growth. There is clearly no collaboration, no creation and no plan, without involvement. The lack
of community participation in the decision-making process for implementing tourism creation
would also lead to a lack of community growth.
The idea of community growth as they refer to tourism development is discussed in terms of
engagement, empowerment and community capacity. Community development could be seen as
building the collective benefits of social capital. In their practice it uses skills, knowledge, and
strategy. It also aims to increase citizen's participation in their community. [ CITATION Rob15 \l
1033 ] The emphasis in community development is on community as a social structure,
constrained by geographical area or mutual purpose. Community development builds people
skills for community issue. The significance and need for sense of community and involvement
in building strong tourism development capacity communities cannot be disregarded.
Community participation could be seen as a process whereby a community's residents are given a
voice and a choice to take part in issues that affect their lives. A variety of factors determine
whether a community participates or not. One such factor is reluctance to participate because
members of the community don't trust one another. Accordingly, Community participation can
be increased by acknowledging barriers to full participation while providing the proper steps to
promote the principles of sustainable involvement. [ CITATION Sue06 \l 1033 ]
2.4 Conceptual Framework

2.4.1 Economic development

The most significant economic aspect of tourism-related activities is that they contribute to
developing countries' three high-priority goals: revenue generation, jobs, and foreign-exchange
earnings. The tourism industry will play a significant role as a driving force for economic
growth. The impact this industry can have in the different stages of economic development
depends on the specific characteristics of each country.[ CITATION Agn09 \l 1033 ]

2.4.2 Social development

Tourism social growth improves facilities in the city. Tourism will promote new and improved
community amenities and infrastructure projects, such as shopping, restaurant and entertainment
options, transportation systems, education, and sport facilities. Based on the residential
population alone, these improve the quality of life for the community, which may not otherwise
warrant the improvement.[ CITATION Xav09 \l 1033 ]
2.4.3 Environmental Development
The environment is one of the main themes in the development of tourism. In tourism it is
common to distinguish the physical environment from the socio-cultural environment. The
purpose of socio-cultural environment is to influence his life in human and political, cultural,
economic and social terms. The physical environment is one of tourism's main sources and since
the ancient Greeks and Romans; travelers have used to move to nature because of the motivation
to get experience. Developing and managing tourism in a way that is environmentally compatible
and does not damage it is an important factor in achieving sustainable development. In order to
understand the effects of tourism on the environment, tourism planning in terms of the
environment is important.[ CITATION The95 \l 1033 ]

2.4.4 Cultural Development

Cultural tourism is one of the major tourism markets with the largest and fastest growing.
Cultural and creative industries are increasingly being utilized to promote destinations and
enhance their competitiveness and attractiveness. Many locations are now actively cultivating
their tangible and intangible cultural assets as a means of building comparative advantages in an
increasingly competitive tourism marketplace, and establishing local differentiation in the face of
globalization.[ CITATION Tre98 \l 1033 ]

2.4.5 Political Development

Political development is the outcome of social and economic development. Democracies went
through economic and social development and after that they aspired for democracy. Tourism is
an economic activity which could provide employment too many .The country has a source of
income which could facilitate development of the country. Political development is an integrated
process which is facilitated by social and economic development.

2.5 Hypothesis

H1. There is a significant and a positive relationship between Economic development and
Tourism development.
H2. There is a significant and a positive relationship between Social development and Tourism
development.
H3. There is a significant and a positive relationship between Environmental development and
Tourism development.
H4. There is a significant and a positive relationship between Political development and Tourism
development.
H5. There is a significant and a positive relationship between Cultural development and Tourism
development.

Chapter 3

3) Methodology

This chapter describes the methods used for this study to gather data. It begins at linking the
literature review to the research strategy prior to discussion. Then chapter provides a detailed
discussion of the adopted research strategy and the reasons for that choosing one. It emphasizes
the underlying reasons for implementing a group case study method and the reasons for using a
combination of data techniques collection. The chapter continues with a summary of the area
profile of case study, which provides background details and the context of the study findings are
common. A brief overview is given of the different participants involved in the research. The
analytical framework is implemented which outlines the data analysis patterns. A critical review
is provided regarding the weaknesses and strengths of the report.
As described in the previous chapter, local people participate in the Tourism activities can be
expressed in the decision-making process on tourism and in the sharing of tourism benefits.
Those key aspects of tourism determine the extent to which tourism contributes to alleviating
widespread poverty, particularly among developing country. This research topic, involvement of
local people and participation in tourism activities in Kathmandu valley, is actually derived from
these key aspects. While this research study has its roots in a large variety of previous studies'
work as outlined in the literature review, it is a more complex study, in the sense that it attempts
to combine and empirically examine both aspects of community involvement with the
importance of tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. This complexity is the reason why the
research project is planned to use a combination of multiple data collection techniques to tackle
central research questions successfully.

3.1 Research Design

For this report, the data in this analysis are quantitative. It's designed to understand the current
tourism development situation in the Kathmandu Valley. Data Analysis is the method by which
statistical and/or logical methods are systematically applied to explain and demonstrate,
condense and recapture and analyze data. Data are prepared for study, researchers are open to the
use of various methods of science and data interpretation to draw useful insights. For sure, the
most preferred computational methods for analyzing numerical data are.
3.2 Study Population and Participated
For my research, the target respondents are the local people who live in the Kathmandu Valley.
A random sampling method has been implemented and the collection of questionnaires with
Google form has been distributed through mails and links. All together there were 250
questionnaires which were distributed with but I only got 139 valid responses. A total of 13
questions were given to respondents based on a 5-point Liner and Multiple choice scale. The
passable sample size within Kathmandu valley was 139 respondents.

3.3 Sources of data collection

The use of secondary data as well as primary data enriches this research project. Primary data are
the new data or original data produced by this study, while secondary data are existing data or
data obtained for a purpose other than the researcher's. Diverse data collection techniques have
been employed to collect both primary and secondary data.
In the research project secondary data were used to successfully collect the research questions.
The primary purpose was to better understand the background of the key issues that the research
is attempting to address. Secondary data, though intended for another purpose, is considered
useful in laying the foundation for the research project. Secondary data used in this research,
which is mostly collected for administrative records or management data of a quantitative nature,
were obtained from different sources.

3.4 Data Analysis techniques

A quantitative survey used to define expectations of residents regarding the effects of tourism
growth in Kathmandu Valley. The survey examined the view of residents about the effects of
tourism growth from the cultural, social, environmental and future support perspectives. The
questionnaire was divided into three categories of respondent profiles, tourism effect
interpretation and potential supports. SPSS tools is also used for the research after getting
responds from people. Reference diagrams and a chart are used to explain the findings better.
Cronbach's Alpha is used to measure reliabity scale. If cronbach's is 0.6 or greater than 0.6, it
will be reliable.

3.5 Reliability Validity and Ethics

All the data which is used in a research are self-collected. It is prepared with hard work and
honesty. Whereas used of questionnaires has been valid and proved with evidence in other
research paper and all the invalid questionnaires has been removed for a research. The research is
fully committed to meet the objective of this research.
 Chapter 4

4) Data Analysis and discussion

The questionnaire was used by a survey of local people within the Kathmandu Valley to
obtain the primary data. All of the respondents gave completed answers to each question.

Gender Frequency Valid Percent

Male
81 58.3
Female 58 41.7
Total 139 100.0

Table 1.1

As shown in table 1.1 out of 139 people, the percentage of male was 58.3% similarly the
percentage of female was 41.7%.

Valid
Age Frequency Percent
0-19 31 22.3
20-38 108 77.7
Total 139 100.0
Table 1.2
Mostly youth were targeted for the survey. The youngest person who participated in this survey
was 17 years old and the oldest participated was 38 years old. In table 1.2 we can clearly see that
22.3% of people were between age of 0 to 19 and 77.7% of people were between ages of 20 to
38. Above 38 people did not participated is survey.

Marital
status Frequency Valid Percent
Single 139 100.0

' Married 0 0

Table 1.3
Education
Qualification Frequency Valid Percent
I also asked about SLC/SEE 2 1.4 their merited
status and I found +2 35 25.2 that all 139
people who Bachelor 99 71.2 participated in
survey were single. None of
Master 2 1.4
the people were married out of
139 respondents. PhD 1 .7
Total 139 100.0

Table 1.4
As we can see in table 1.4, out of all the respondents only 1.4% of people education level was
SLC/SEE degree. Similarly, respondents who completed +2 degree and Master Degree was
25.2% and 1.4% respectively. Among all participated most of their education level was Bachelor
degree which was 99 out of 139 respondents. The percentage of people whose education level
was bachelor degree is 71.2%. Out of 139 respondents there was only one person whose
education level was PhD.

Have you ever

participated in Valid
tourism activities Frequency Percent
Yes 84 60.4
No 55 39.6
Total 139 100.0

Table 1.5
Out of 139 people most of them has participated in tourism activities. Number of people who
participated in tourism activities was 84 and rest 55 people told that they have never participated
in tourism activities. As shown in table 1.5 the percentage of participated was 60.4% and 39.6%
of people did not participated in tourism activities.

What kind of
tourism service
can you Valid
provide? Frequency Percent
Accommodatio
42 30.2
n
Food 51 36.7
Sales of
18 12.9
souvenirs
Health care 11 7.9
Transportation
and rental 17 12.2
vehicles
Total 139 100.0
 Table 1.6
Tourism contributes to a country's complete growth and development: one, by bringing multiple
economic value & benefits; and second, by helping to create the brand value, reputation and
identity of the country. Being a significant contributor to economic growth, the tourism sector
goes beyond desirable destinations. Tourism industry is a group of industries that provide
services and products to diverse tourist needs. Various kind of services like accommodation,
food, sales of souvenirs, Health care, Transportation and rental vehicles etc. can be provided to
tourism by local people. What the tourists spend on consuming these services and products
becomes tourism industry revenue. As we can clearly see in table 1.6 Food is provided by the
most of the people which is 51 out of 139. Likewise Health care is provided by least number of
people which is only 11 out of 139. So, 36.7% of people who participated in survey want to
provide Food. Similarly, 30.2% and 12.9 % of people want to provide Accommodation and Sales
of souvenirs respectively. Comparably, transportation and rental vehicles want to provide by
12.2% of people and finally out of five service least tourism services was health care which was
only provided by 7.9% people who participated in survey.

What are
suitable
methods to
encourage
community
participation in
tourism Valid
development? Frequency Percent
Promotion 40 28.8
Awareness
49 35.3
training
Participating in
the process of
25 18.0
decision-
making
Participating in
the tourism
25 18.0
investigation
and survey
Total 139 100.0
Table 1.7

Various suitable methods to encourage community participation in tourism development are

promotion, awareness training, participating in the process of decision-making and Participating
in the tourism investigation and survey. Tourism development Community involvement tends to
focus on the decision-making process and the economic advantages of developing tourism. The
participation of local groups in the decision-making process helps the entire economic system
and increases the appreciation of citizens for their traditional lifestyle and principles. Local
community engagement provides a range of resources for people to actively participate in
tourism development activities, exploit their capacity as social agents rather than passive objects,
make decisions and influence events that affect their lives. Local community engagement in
tourism is a motor for change and a catalyst for growth. As we can see in table 1.7 out of 139
people 49 people prefer awareness training which is 35.3%. After that 40 people choose
promotion which is 28.8%. And 25 people choose both participation in the process of decision
making and participation in the tourism investigation and survey which is 18%.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Tourism
Development
[Tourist inflows
improve the self- 139 2.906 .9239
image of the
community]

Tourism
Development [It
provide the
opportunities to 139 3.014 .8927
local people to learn
something new]

Tourism
Development [The
increased tourist
139 2.820 .9725
inflows change the
life style of local
people]

Table 1.8
In table 1.8 we can see that most of the people are highly satisfied with "Tourism development
can provide the opportunities to local people to learn something new" because it shows the upper
mean which is 3.014. As tourism slowly engulfs most corners of the globe, local people are
gaining ample opportunities to learn something new from learning the foreign culture to using
the technology as it opens the floodgate to knowledge. Tourists enjoy learning from traditional
cultures and meeting local people. Participation in communities brings significant value to
sustainable tourism projects, although at the same time traditional communities also feel higher
as a result of outsiders' positive interest. And the popularity of these visits encourages local
people to learn languages there.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Economic Development [Tourist
inflows provide foreign exchange 139 2.94 .915
to the state]
Economic Development [Tourist
inflow increases the employment 139 3.014 .9779
opportunity ]
Economic Development [Tourism
is responsible for overall regional 139 2.489 .9354
growth]

Table 1.9
In table 1.9 most of the people are highly satisfied with "Tourist inflow increases the
employment opportunity" because it shows the upper mean which is 3.014. It is absolutely true
that tourism can increase the employment opportunity. Tourism can creates and provides jobs
directly through hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, taxis, and souvenir sales, and indirectly through
the provision of goods and services that tourism-related businesses need. Likewise, some people
are not satisfied with "tourism is responsible for overall regional growth" because its shows that
lower mean is 2.489. So that can be improve for economic development.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Social Development [Tourist
139 2.583 .9160
inflows provide the guidelines
 for modernization in
infrastructural facilities]
Social Development [It
increases the educational
139 2.446 .9492
opportunities to the children of
the area ]
Social Development [Tourist
inflows create awareness
139 2.640 .9009
among local youth which lead
them towards urbanization.]

Table 1.10
Social development is one the most important is tourism. Tourism has many social benefits
which demonstrate positive social impacts. It could include preserving local culture and heritage,
creating communities, delivering social services, raising local youth awareness, fostering art and
culture, reinvigorating traditions and forms of art, and preserving heritage. As shown in table
1.10 most people are satisfied with "Tourist inflows create awareness among local youth which
lead them towards urbanization" which upper mean is 2.640.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Environmental Development [Tourism

leads towards overcrowding, congestion
and environmental problems] 139 2.129 0.9312

Environmental Development [Tourism

has improved and protected the
environment ] 139 2.058 0.9763

Environmental Development [Tourism

increased the pollution and destroyed
natural environment ] 139 2.022 0.9666

Table 1.11
In table 1.11 we can see that most of the people are highly satisfied with" Tourism leads towards
overcrowding, congestion and environmental problems" because it shows the upper mean which
is 2.129. Tourism's most frequently noted positive environmental impact is awareness raising.
Most destinations are encouraging ecotourism and tourism development and this will help inform
people about the effects of tourism. Environmental impacts may also be induced by
environmental necessity. Similarly people are unsatisfied with "Tourism increased the pollution
and destroyed natural environment" which is extremely true because it is negative environment
impacts of tourism. The negative environmental effects of tourism arise when the level of tourist
use is greater than the ecosystem's ability to cope with this use . Uncontrolled conventional
tourism poses potential threats to much of the world's natural areas. It can place tremendous
pressure on an environment and cause such impacts as: soil erosion, increased contamination,
discharges into the sea, loss of natural habitat etc.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Cultural Development [Tourists inflows

affect the local culture] 139 2.137 1.0087

Cultural Development [Tourism preserves

and develops local culture] 139 2.554 0.9261
Cultural Development [Cultural tourism is
one of the largest and fastest-growing global
tourism market] 139 2.719 0.9405

Table 1.12
In table 1.11 we can see that most of the people are highly satisfied with "Cultural tourism is one
of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism market" because it shows the upper mean which
is 2.719. Cultural tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing global tourism market because
the Effect of Culture on Tourism explores the increasing relationship between tourism and
culture, and how together they have become significant drivers of attractiveness and
competitiveness of destinations. The numerous aspects of the relationship between tourism,
culture and regional attractiveness, and the policy measures that can be taken to improve the
relationship, this publication demonstrates how a strong connection between tourism and culture
can be fostered to make places more appealing to visitors, as well as to increase their
competitiveness as places to stay, visit, work and invest in.

Reliability Statistics
 Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Based on Standardized
Alpha Items N of Items

.860 .857 5

Table 1.13
Cronbach's Alpha is used to measure reliabity scale. If cronbach's is 0.6 or greater than 0.6, it
will be reliable. So as shown in table 1.13, Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Item is
0.857 so it is reliable.

Chapter 5

5) Conclusion & Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the local people's sense of participation in
local tourism development in the Kathmandu Valley. Community sense is the feeling that a
person is responsible for helping and belonging to the community. Analyzing the sense of
community is an important phase in designing tourism strategies for achieving growth in the
region. Community-sense is a reason to help the engagement of local residents in tourism
activities. Obviously the sense of community plays an important role in the tourism success of
the local communities.
This paper introduced a normative model of forms of participation by local people in tourism
development. The model argues that the participation of local people is considered a categorical
term by which different interest groups participate in the development of tourism in different
ways relative to their power in a given community. The argument raised by the normative model
is supported by some key features that emerged from this research. Tourism participation by
different interest groups varies with the power, objectives, and expectations of different groups
as a result of community participation and these shape their attitudes towards forms of
community participation. The results suggest that while private sector representatives and central
agency respondents oppose people's participation in any form whatsoever, local agencies support
people's participation at general consultative level but oppose people's participation at a decisive
level.
The results also indicate that while local people do not want the Tourism Ministry, appointed
local government, elected local government and market forces to decide, direct and manage the
development of local tourism, they themselves want to be involved in tourism development. This
that show a local people's reaction to the dominant growth of mass tourism in their locality that
has been triggered, developed, and controlled as an international tourism three-tiered hierarchy.
This may also reflect a longer-term step towards the need for a new public tourism
administration due to the lack of confidence of local people in their elected and appointed
representatives who seem to have failed to satisfy local people and the over-centralization of
governance in the country in general.
The findings indicate that sense of community can have a catalyzed impact on the growth of the
tourism industry by boosting local participation. Findings of this study could be used as
regulations to develop scale to measure sense of community in other areas of tourism and
community development.

5.2 Recommendation

Taking into account the insufficient capacity of the public administration framework for local
people participation, the client relationship between political and entrepreneur / developer clients
and the lack of a democratic culture, two key policy recommendations may be suggested in order
to achieve efficient and efficient community participation in tourism growth. Significant parts of
its jurisdiction and responsibility should be transferred to the lower level of governmental bodies.
The inability of the various levels of bureaucracy to relinquish part of their authority, combined
with the relative weakness of the institution of civil society, is a major obstacle to the
involvement of local citizens. The state has formed the structure of local government in the
Kathmandu Valley, reflecting central government bureaucratic and fiscal concerns. It was not a
source of civic engagement by residents in local public spaces. Therefore it may not be possible
to achieve people participation as a citizen power without a meaningful devolution in public
administration. In that context, local governments should be reorganized to defend, protect and
reflect local people's concerns and interests in their administrative territories.
Likewise, local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) should be created to lead local people
to participate in the development of tourism. "As development agents for the vulnerable, NGOs
are similar to the people and therefore better understand them. Given the socio-cultural, political,
environmental, and economic conditions in the field study area, NGOs appear to be a good
institutional tool for empowering indigenous host communities through various educational,
organizational, financial, socio-cultural, psychological, and political means for moving towards a
more participatory approach to tourism development. While the above two main policy
recommendations are believed to facilitate local people 's involvement in tourism development
by shifting over centralized public administration structure, forcing the ruler elite minority to
change their historically negative attitudes toward community participation. They may also
empower local people and build a local community capacity to sustain long-term participatory
activities. Internal factors, such as the lack of local financial resources, the cultural remoteness of
host communities to tourism related businesses, negligible local tourism experience, lack of local
tourism expertise and competence can have a significant impact on the effectiveness and
efficiency of the involvement of local indigenous people in tourism growth. Effective
community involvement requires financial and entrepreneurial engagement of local citizens. It is
not an easy task to remove these economic, political and social obstacles and provide the local
people with cultural familiarity with tourism-related businesses. It takes a long educational
process and flexibility since it needs to be developed as participatory capacity cannot be built.
This research addresses a gap in the literature on tourism, and further studies are required to
build a model to better understand how to effectively engage local people in tourism. Only then
can the outcomes of these studies provide a clearer set of policy recommendations for
participatory tourism growth.

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history-and-overview/

7) Appendix

1) Gender?
 Male
 Female
 Prefer not to say

2) Age?
 0-19
 20-38
 39-55
  56 Above

3) Marital Status?
 Single
 Married

4) Education Qualification?
 SLC/SEE
 +2
 Bachelor
 Masters
 PhD

5) Have you ever participate in tourism activities at your local community?

 Yes
 No
6) What kind of tourism service can you provide?
 Accommodation
 Food
 Sales of souvenirs
 Health care
 Transportation and rental vehicles

7) Did you receive any supports to participate in tourism activities until now?
 Yes
 No

8) What are suitable methods to encourage community participation in tourism

development?
 Promotion
 Awareness training
 Participating in the process of decision-making
 Participating in the tourism investigation and survey

9) Tourism Development?

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Tourist inflows improve
the Self-image of the
community

It provide the
opportunities to local
people to learn
something new

The increased tourist

inflows change the life
style of local people

10) Economic Development?

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Tourist inflows provide
foreign exchange to the
state
Tourist inflow increases the
employment opportunity
Tourism is responsible for
overall regional growth

11) Social Development?

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Tourist
inflows
provide the
guidelines for
modernization
in
infrastructural
facilities
It increases
the
educational
opportunities
to the children
of the area
Tourist
inflows create
awareness
among local
youth which
lead them
towards
urbanization

12) Environmental Development?

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
Tourism leads
towards
overcrowding,
congestion
and
environmental
problems
Tourism has
improved and
protected the
environment
Tourism
increased the
pollution and
destroyed
natural
environment

13) Cultural Development?

 Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree
Tourists inflows
affect the local
culture
Tourism
preserves and
develops local
culture
Cultural tourism
is one of the
largest and
fastest-growing
global tourism
market