TCP/IP Classwork-06-14

1. Expalin the term Router, Firewall and Gateway.

Router:
Routers are used to connect different LANs or a LAN with a WAN
(e.g. the internet). Routers control both collision domains and broadcast
domains. If the packet’s destination is on a different network, a router is used to
pass it the right way, so without routers the internet could not functions. Routers
use NAT (Network Address Translation) in conjunction with IP Masquerading to
provide the internet to multiple nodes in the LAN under a single IP address. Now
a day, routers come with hub or switch technology to connect computers
directly. OSI: Routers work on the network layer so they can filter data based on
IP addresses. They have route tables to store network addresses and forward
packets to the right port.

(Symbol) (Router)

Firewall:
A firewall is a system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from
a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in bothhardware and software, or a
combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized Internet users
from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especiallyintranets. All
messages entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each
message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.
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Gateway:
Gateways are very intelligent devices or else can be a computer
running the appropriate software to connect and translate data between networks with
different protocols or architecture, so their work is much more complex than a normal
router. For instance, allowing communication between TCP/IP clients and IPX/SPX or
AppleTalk. OSI: Gateways operate at the network layer and above, but most of them at the
application layer. P.S. The term Gateway is used to refer to routers in some articles so
beware. In this case, the router has gateway software. And Default Gateway is used to
refer to the node (e.g. router) connecting the LAN to the outside (e.g. internet).
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2. Explain the various type of Medias/Transmission medias in Networking.

A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that
can carry information from a source to a destination. For example, the transmission
medium for two people having a dinner conversation is the air. The air can also be used
to convey the message in a smoke signal or semaphore. For a written message, the
transmission medium might be a mail carrier, a truck, or an airplane.

In data communications the definition of the information and the transmission medium
is more specific. The transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable, or
fiber-optic cable. The information is usually a signal that is the result of a conversion
of data from another form.

1. Guided Media

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,
include Twisted-Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, and Fibre-Optic Cable.
A signal travelling along any of these media is directed and contained by the physical
limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic (copper) conductors that
accept and transport signals in the form of electric current. Optical fibre is a cable that
accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
The waves are guided along a solid medium.
a) Twisted Pair Cable
b) Coaxial Cable
c) Optical Fiber

a) Twisted Pair Cable:

It consists of two insulated strands (each about 1mm thick) of copper wire twisted
around each other to form a pair. One or more twisted pairs are used in it. The purpose
of twisting is to eliminate electrical interference from the wires and cancels any
noises from the adjacent pair. The more twist per linear foot, the greater the effect.
There are two types:
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i. SIP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

Another type of cabling used in networking is shielded twisted-pair (STP). As

shown in the figure, STP uses two pairs of wires that are wrapped in an overall
metallic braid or foil. STP cable shields the entire bundle of wires within the
cable as well as the individual wire pairs. STP provides better noise protection
than UTP cabling, however at a significantly higher price.

 Has a foil or a wire braid wrapped around the individual wires of the pair.
 Minimizes EMI radiation.

ii. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling, as it is used in Ethernet LANs,

consists of four pairs of color-coded wires that have been twisted together and
then encased in a flexible plastic sheath. As seen in the figure, the color codes
identify the individual pairs and wires in the pairs and aid in cable termination.

 No shielding and is more victim of EMI but is the most frequently used
because it is inexpensive and easier to install.
 Crosstalk is the interference caused by the magnetic field around the adjacent pairs
of wires in the cable.
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b) Coaxial Cable:
It is made of two conductors that share the same axis, the centre
is a copper wire that is insulated by a plastic coating and then wrapped with an
outer conductor (usually a wire braid).

There are two types:

i. Thick Net
- 0.38 inch in diameter
- Also called 10b5 cable, which means speed 10 and signal can be strong up to 500m.

ii. Thin Net

-0.25 inch in diameter.
-Similar to the material commonly used in cable TV.
-Also called 10b2 cable, means 10 mbps and can carry up to 200 m before being weak.

c) Optical Fiber
- A thin, flexible medium that conducts pulses of light, with each pulse representing a
bit.
- Can support high bit rates, up to Gbps, immune to EMI, has very low signal
attenuation up to 100 km
- Standard is optical carrier (OC), ranges from 51.8 Mbps to39.8 Gbps.
- Oc-1, oc-3, oc-12, oc-24, oc-48, oc-96, oc-192, oc-768 are available.
- Oc-n, where the link speed equals n*51.8 Mbps.
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Principle of Fiber-optics:

It is based on the principle of Total internal Reflection.

2. Unguided Media

 An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using

any physical medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission.
 In unguided media, air is the media through which the electromagnetic energy
can flow easily.

Unguided transmission is broadly classified into three categories:

Radio waves:

o Radio waves are the electromagnetic waves that are transmitted in all the directions
of free space.
o Radio waves are omnidirectional, i.e., the signals are propagated in all the
directions.
o The range in frequencies of radio waves is from 3Khz to 1 khz.
o In the case of radio waves, the sending and receiving antenna are not aligned, i.e.,
the wave sent by the sending antenna can be received by any receiving antenna.
o An example of the radio wave is FM radio.

Infrared:

o An infrared transmission is a wireless technology used for communication over

short ranges.
o The frequency of the infrared in the range from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
o It is used for short-range communication such as data transfer between two cell
phones, TV remote operation, data transfer between a computer and cell phone
resides in the same closed area.
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3. What is client server model? Discuss with suitable example.

The client-server model describes how a server provides resources and
services to one or more clients. Examples of servers include web servers, mail servers,
and file servers. Each of these servers provide resources to client devices, such as desktop
computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Most servers have a one-to-many
relationship with clients, meaning a single server can provide resources to multiple clients
at one time.

When a client requests a connection to a server, the server can either accept
or reject the connection. If the connection is accepted, the server establishes and maintains
a connection with the client over a specific protocol. For example, an email client may
request an SMTP connection to a mail server in order to send a message. The SMTP
application on the mail server will then request authentication from the client, such as the
email address and password. If these credentials match an account on the mail server, the
server will send the email to the intended recipient.
Online multiplayer gaming also uses the
client-server model. One example is Blizzard's Battle.net service, which hosts online
games for World of Warcraft, StarCraft, Overwatch, and others. When players open a
Blizzard application, the game client automatically connects to a Battle.net server. Once
players log in to Battle.net, they can see who else is online, chat with other players, and
play matches with or against other gamers.
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4. Explain the History of Internet. Explain the evolution and adaptation of

the Internet. Discuss a lot of example.
The internet is a globally connected network system that
uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a network of
global exchanges – including private, public, business, academic and government
networks – connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

The Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the
United States government's Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized
network. This project was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network), created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency
established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable communications network for
organizations engaged in defense-related research.
In order to make the network
more global a new sophisticated and standard protocol was needed. They developed
IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defined how electronic messages were
packaged, addressed, and sent over the network. The standard protocol was invented
in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
TCP/IP allowed users to link various branches of other complex networks directly to
the ARPANET, which soon came to be called the Internet. Researchers and
academics in other fields began to make use of the network, and eventually the
National Science Foundation (NSF), which had created a similar and parallel
network, called NSFNet, took over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET
and established a distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater
traffic. In 1985, NSF began a program to establish Internet access across the United
States. They created a backbone called the NSFNET and opened their doors to all
educational facilities, academic researchers, government agencies, and international
research organizations. By the 1990's the Internet experienced explosive growth. It is
estimated that the number of computers connected to the Internet was doubling every
year. Businesses rapidly realized that, by making effective use of the Internet they
could tune their operations and offer new and better services to their customers, so
they started spending vast amounts of money to develop and enhance the Internet.
This generated violent competition among the communications carriers and
hardware and software suppliers to meet this demand. The result is that bandwidth
(i.e., the information carrying capacity of communications lines) on the Internet has
increased tremendously and costs have dropped. It is widely believed that the
Internet has played a significant role in the economic success.
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5. Explain PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN.

PAN:
A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network organized around
an individual person within a single building. This could be inside a small office or
residence. A typical PAN would include one or more computers, telephones, peripheral
devices, video game consoles and other personal entertainment devices.
If multiple individuals use the same network within a residence, the network is sometimes
referred to as a home area network, or HAN. In a very typical setup, a residence will have
a single wired Internet connection connected to a modem. This modem then provides both
wired and wireless connections for multiple devices. The network is typically managed
from a single computer but can be accessed from any device.
This type of network provides great flexibility. For example, it allows you to:

 Send a document to the printer in the office upstairs while you are sitting on the
couch with your laptop.
 Upload a photo from your cell phone to your desktop computer.
 Watch movies from an online streaming service to your TV.

LAN:
A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single
site, typically an individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing resources,
such as data storage and printers. LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware,
such as hubs, network adapters and Ethernet cables.
The smallest LAN may only use two computers, while larger LANs can accommodate
thousands of computers. A LAN typically relies mostly on wired connections for increased
speed and security, but wireless connections can also be part of a LAN. High speed and
relatively low cost are the defining characteristics of LANs.
LANs are typically used for single sites where people need to share resources among
themselves but not with the rest of the outside world. Think of an office building where
everybody should be able to access files on a central server or be able to print a document
to one or more central printers. Those tasks should be easy for everybody working in the
same office, but you would not want somebody just walking outside to be able to send a
document to the printer from their cell phone! If a local area network, or LAN, is entirely
wireless, it is referred to as a wireless local area network, or WLAN.
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MAN:
A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network
across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which
is typically limited to a single building or site. Depending on the configuration, this type of
network can cover an area from several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to
connect several LANs together to form a bigger network. When this type of network is
specifically designed for a college campus, it is sometimes referred to as a campus area
network, or CAN.

WAN:
A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire
country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs
or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN.