Chapter 3

Part 1: Resistances
 Conduction heat transfer for plane walls
(Steady state, constant k, no heat generation, 1 dimensional HT)

kA
qcond = T Heat transfer through Plane wall
L H
A = WH = constant
q
L
Rcond =
kA

To use the above equation W

L
A must be constant.
T1 T2
Note: A is area
perpendicular to heat
transfer.
 Conduction heat transfer for cylinders
(Steady state, constant k, no heat generation, 1 dimensional HT)

2kL ln(ro / ri )
qcond = T Rcond =
ln(ro / ri ) 2kL

Heat transfer through the radius of a cylinder. Cold

To
ro Cold q
ri Ti
hot
ri t
hot ro = ri + t
ro
Do = Di + 2t

L
 Conduction heat transfer for sphers
(Steady state, constant k, no heat generation, 1 dimensional HT)
4k 1 1 
qcond = T  − 
1 1   ri ro 
 −  Rcond =
 ri ro  4k

Cold
To
q
Ti
hot
ri t
ro = ri + t
ro
Do = Di + 2t
HT mechanism (Steady state, no
Resistance (K/W) Comments
heat generation, constant k)
A=WH
L
Plane wall R= L= thickness
kA W=width/length
ro = ri + t
ln( ro / ri )
Conduction Cylinder R= Do = Di + 2 t
2kL r = D/2
1 1  ro = ri + t
 − 
Sphere Do = Di + 2 t
R= i 
r ro
4k r = D/2

1 Plane: A = WH
Convection R= Cylinder: A = 2πrL
hA
Sphere: A=4πr2
hr = εσ(Ts +Tsur)(Ts 2+Tsur2)
1
Radiation R= Use K or oR is radiation
hr A is present
 Circuit revision
• q = I*V
• Ohm’s law: V=I*Re
Quantity Units
q (HT rate) W
I (current) A (ampere)
V (voltage) volt
Re (electrical resistance) Ω
 Circuit revision
R1

R1 R2 R3 R
R2

R3
R

1
R = R1 + R 2 + R3 R=
1 1 1
+ +
R1 R 2 R3
 Circuit revision
R1 R2 R3 R6 R8

R4 R7

R5

1 1
R = R1 + R 2 + + + R8
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
R3 R 4 R5 R 6 R 7
 T1 T2 T3

T1
T2 T1 T2 T3
q q q
H Rcond,A Rcond,B
T3

LA LB T1 − T2 T2 − T3 T1 − T3
q= = =
Rcond , A Rcond , B Rcond , A + Rcond , B

LA LB
Rcond , A = Rcond , B = A = WH
k A.A kB .A
 T1 T2 T3 T4
T1 T1 T2 T3 T4
T2 q
q Rcond,A Rcond,B Rcond,D

T3 H
T4
Rcond,C
LA LC=LB LD L LB
Rcond , A = A Rcond , B =
k A.A k B .( A / 2)
T1 − T4
q= LC
Rcond , A +
1
+ Rcond , D A = WH Rcond ,C =
 1  kC .( A / 2)
 1 
R + 
 cond , B Rcond ,C  Rcond , D =
LD
kD A
Suppose there is a contact resistance, Rtc” (m2.K/W), between A and B

T1
T2 T1 T2 T3 T4
q q
K  m2 K  K
RA   R "
 RB  
W 
tc
T3 W   W 
2
T4 A(m )

T1 − T4
q=
Rtc"
RA + + RB
A
LA LB
RA = RB =
k A.A kB .A
 Rtc” = 0.3m2.K/W

T1
T2
T∞1 =200oC T∞2=40oC
h1=10W/m2.oC h2=20W/m2.oC
T3
T4

LA LB
H = 2m,W = 2.5m 0.01m 0.02m
A = WH

T∞1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T∞2
q q
Rconv,1 RA RB Rconv, 2
 1   LA   Rtc"   LB   1 
         
 h1 A   kA A   A  kB A   h2 A 
 T∞1 T1 T2 T3 T4 T∞2
q q
Rconv,1 RA RB Rconv, 2
 1   LA   Rtc"   LB   1 
         
 h1 A   kA A   A  kB A   h2 A 

T1 − T 2
q=
Rtc"
Rconv1 + RA + + RB + Rconv2
A

T1 − T 2
q= = 761.9W
1 LA Rtc" L 1
+ + + B +
h1. A k A . A A k B . A h2 . A

T1 − T 2
q" = = 152.4W / m 2
1 LA L 1
+ + Rtc" + B +
h1 k A k B h2
 T1 T2

Tsurr qconv = hA(T2 − T )

q
Fluid qrad = hr . A(T2 − Tsurr )
T∞, h
qrad = A(T2 − Tsurr )
4 4

T1 T2 T∞ T1 − T2 T1 − T2
q qconv q= =
Rcond L /(kA)
Rcond Rconv
q = qcond = qconv + qrad
Tsurr qrad T1 − T2
= hA(T2 − T ) + A(T2 − Tsurr )
4 4

Rrad L /(kA)
 Assume
T1 T2 T1 − T
T∞=Tsurr q=
1
Tsurr Rcond +
1 1
+
q Rconv Rrad
Fluid L 1
Rcond = 1
T∞, h Rconv = Rrad =
kA hA hr A

hr =  (T2 + Tsurr )(T2 + Tsurr )

2 2

q T1 T2 T ∞ =Tsurr

Rcond Rconv
q = qconv + qrad

T1 − T2
= hA(T2 − T ) + A(T2 − Tsurr )
4 4

Rrad
L /(kA)
A composite plane wall consists of material A (k=75W/m.K) with a thickness of 10mm and
material B (k=43W/m.K) with a thickness of 20mm. A contact resistance of 0.02 m2.K/W exits.
The left side of material A is exposed to combustion gases with a temperature of 200oC and
convection coefficient of 250 W/m2.K. The right surface of material B is exposed to ambient air
at 30oC with a convection coefficient of 27 W/m2.K. The right surface has an emissivity of 0.7
and is exposed to a surrounding temperature of 24oC.
a) Sketch the diagram and the temperature profile
Rtc”=0.02m2K/W
b) Sketch the thermal circuit Tsurr=24oC
T1
Combustion ε=0.7
gases T2
kA=75 kB=43 Air
o
T∞1=200 C W/m.K W/m.K T∞2=30oC
h1=250W/m2.K T3
T 4 h =27W/m2.K
2

LA=0.01m LB=0.02m
T1 T2 T4 Rconv2 T ∞2
T∞1 T3
qconv
q Rconv1 RcondA Rcontact RcondB
Tsurr
qrad
Rrad
c) Determine the total
Rtc”=0.02m2K/W
heat transfer rate Tsurr=297K
through the wall (W). T1
Combustion ε=0.7
Note: Use absolute gases T2
kA=75 kB=43 Air
temperatures if T∞1=473K T∞2=303K
radiation is present h1=250W/m2.K T3
T4 h2=27W/m2.K
LA=0.01m LB=0.02m
T1 T2 T4 Rconv2 T ∞2
T∞1 T3
qconv
q Rconv1 RcondA Rcontact RcondB
Tsurr
qrad
q = qconv + qrad Rrad
T1 − T4
= hA(T4 − T 2 ) + A(T4 − Tsurr )
4 4

Rconv1 + RcondA + Rcontact + RcondB

T1 − T4
= hA(T4 − T 2 ) + A(T4 − Tsurr ) T4 = 395.38 K
4 4
1 L R " L
+ A + tc + B q = qconv + qrad = 18932W
h1 A k A A A kB A
 A1 A2

q1 q2

A2
q2 = q1
A1
 12cm

LA 0.01m
RA = =
k A A k A (8m * 0.12m)
LB 0.05m
RB = =
k B A k B (8m * 0.04m)
L 0.05m LE 0.10m
RC = C = RE = =
kC A kC (8m * 0.04m) k E A k E (8m * 0.06m)
LD 0.10m LF 0.06m
RD = = RF = =
k D A k D (8m * 0.06m) k F A k F (8m * 0.12m)
 T1

T2 12cm
T3

T4
T5

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
q q
RA RC RD RF

RB RE

RC
 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
q q
RA RC RD RF

RB RE

RC
T1 − T5
q= = 4897 .2W For H = 12 cm = 0.12 m
1 1
RA + + + RF
1 1 1 1 1
+ + +
RC RB RC RD RE

5m
For H = 5m qtotal = q * = 204050W
0.12m
 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
q q
RA RC RD RF

RB RE

RC
T3 − T5 T4 − T5
q= = 4897 .2W q=
1
+ RF RF
1 1
+ qRF = T4 − T5
RD RE

T4 − T5 = 153.04o C
T3 = 258.55 C
o
Cylinder
r3 T3 Fluid
T∞o , ho

r2 T2 T∞i T1 T2 T3 T∞o
Fluid
T∞i, hi r1 T1 Rconv,i Rcond,A Rcond,B Rconv,o

Ti − To
A q=
Rconv,i + Rcond , A + Rcond , B + Rconv,o
B
Note:
if hi isn’t given, 1 1
Rconv ,i = Rconv,o =
assume T∞i = T1 hi (2r1 L) ho (2r3 L)

ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
Rcond , A = Rcond , B =
2k A L 2k B L
 Fluid, T∞o , ho
Cylinder T∞i T1 T2 T3 T∞o
r 3 T3
Rconv,i Rcond,A Rcond,B Rconv,o

r2 T2 Rtotal = Rconv ,i + Rcond , A + Rcond , B + Rconv ,o

Fluid
T∞i, hi r1 T1 Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
1
UA =
Rtotal
A
UA = U1 A1 = U 2 A2 = U 3 A3
B
A1 = 2r 1L
A2 = 2r 2 L
A3 = 2r 3 L
Steam at 320oC flows in a cast iron pipe
(k=80W/m.oC) whose inner and outer diameters Surrounding
are 5 cm and 5.5 cm respectively. The pipe is (Air + Walls)
covered with 3 cm thick glass wool insulation T∞o=5oC
(k=0.05W/m.oC). Heat is lost to the Steam, ho=18W/m2.oC
surroundings at 5oC by natural convection and T∞i =320oC
radiation with a combined heat transfer hi=60W/m2C
coefficient of 18 W/m2.oC. Take the heat transfer
coefficient inside the pipe to be 60 W/m2.oC. iron pipe
a) Draw the schematic diagram
insulation
b) Draw the thermal circuit
r1 r2 r3
T1 T2 T3
T∞i T1 T2 T3 T∞o
q q
Rconv ,i Rcond , pipe Rcond ,ins Rconv ,o
 1   ln(r2 / r 1)   ln(r3 / r 2 )   1 
       
 2k L 
 i 1  2kins L   ho A3 
h A  pipe 
c) Determine the overall resistance
d) Determine the inside overall heat transfer coefficient
e) Determine the outside overall heat transfer coefficient
T∞i=320oC hi=60 W/m2.oC T∞o=5oC ho=18W/m2.oC
kpipe=80W/m.oC kins=0.05W/m.oC
D1=5cm=0.05m D2=5.5cm=0.055m tins=3cm=0.03m
D3 = D2 + 2tins = 11.5cm=0.115m
Assume L = 1m (do this if length isn’t given in cylinders) part(d) U1 A1 =
1
T T T T T Rtotal
∞i 1 2 3 ∞o
1
Rconv ,i Rcond , pipe U1 =
Rcond ,ins Rconv ,o Rtotal (D1 L)
 1   ln(r2 / r 1)   ln(r3 / r 2 )   1 
        U1 = 2.44W /(m 2 .o C )
 2k L 
 hi A1   pipe   2kins L   ho A3 
part(e) U 3 A3 = 1
part(c) Rtotal = Rconv ,i + Rcond , pipe + Rcond ,ins + Rconv ,o Rtotal
1
1 ln( D2 / D1 ) ln( D3 / D2 ) 1 o
C U =
Rtotal (D3 L)
3
Rtotal = + + + = 2.61
hi (D1 L) 2k pipe L 2kins L ho (D3 L) W
U 3 = 1.06W /(m 2 .o C )
f) Determine the heat loss
g) Determine temperature drop across the pipe
h) Determine temperature drop across the insulation
T∞i T1 T2 T3 T∞o
Rconv ,i Rcond , pipe Rcond ,ins Rconv ,o
 1   ln(r2 / r 1)   ln(r3 / r 2 )   1 
       
 2k L 
 hi A1   pipe   2kins L   ho A3 
Ti − To
part(f) q= = 120.7W
Rtotal
T1 − T2
part(g) q= T1 − T2 = qRcond , pipe = 0.023o C
Rcond , pipe

T2 − T3
part(h) q= T2 − T3 = qRcond ,ins = 283.53o C
Rcond ,ins
 r3 Tsurr=27oC
=300K
Air
Steam r2 T∞=27oC=300K
575oC r1 h=6W/m2.K

steel Aluminum
ins ε=0.2
T3=50oC=323K
T1 T2 T3
ksteel = 35 W/m.K
r1 = 300/2 = 150mm = 0.15m
tsteel = 30 mm = 0.03m
r2 = r1 + tsteel = 0.18m
kins = 0.1 W/m.K
T1 = 575 oC =848 K
tins = r3 – r2 =?
q’= q/L = ?
 ksteel = 35 W/m.K r3 Tsurr=27oC
r1 = 300/2 = 150mm = 0.15m 300K
tsteel = 30 mm = 0.03m Air
r2 = r1 + tsteel = 0.18m Steam r2 T∞=27oC=300K
kins = 0.1 W/m.K 575oC r1 h=6W/m2.K
T1 = 575 oC
tins = r3 – r2 =? steel Aluminum
q’= q/L = ? ins ε=0.2
1 T3=50oC=323K
h(2r3 L) T1 T2 T3
T1 T2 T3 Rconv
q T ∞ =Tsurr

Rsteel Rins
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
2k steel L 2kins L
Rrad
1
hr (2r3 L)
 1
h(2r3 L)
T1 T2 T3 Rconv
q T ∞ =Tsurr

Rsteel Rins
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
Rrad
2k steel L 2kins L
1
hr (2r3 L)
q = qconv + qrad

T1 − T3
= h(2r3 L)(T3 − T ) +  (2r3 L)(T34 − Tsurr
4
)
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
+
2k steel L 2kins L
r3 = 0.394m
T1 − T3
= h(2r3 )(T3 − T ) +  (2r3 )(T34 − Tsurr
4
)
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 ) tins = r3 − r2
+
2k steel 2kins tins = 0.214 m
tins = 214 mm
 T1 − T3
q= = h(2r3 L)(T3 − T ) +  (2r3 L)(T34 − Tsurr
4
)
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
+
2k steel L 2kins L

T1 − T3
q' = = h(2r3 )(T3 − T ) +  (2r3 )(T34 − Tsurr
4
)
ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(r3 / r2 )
+
2k steel 2kins

q'= 420W / m
 Tsurr=22oC
r2 =295K
Water

T∞1=273K r1
r1 = 3/2 = 1.5 m h1=80W/m2.oC Air
tsteel = 2cm = 0.02 m T∞2=22oC
r2 = r1 + tsteel = 1.52 m steel =295K
ksteel = 15 W/m2.oC h2=10W/m2.oC
Outer surface is black → ε=1

T∞1 T1 T2 T ∞2=Tsurr
q Rconv,1 Rsteel Rconv, 2
1 1 / r1 − 1 / r2
h1 (4r12 ) 4k steel
Rrad
r1 = 3/2 = 1.5 m
Tsurr=22oC
tsteel = 2cm = 0.02 m
r2 =295K
r2 = r1 + tsteel = 1.52 m
ksteel = 15 W/m2.oC Water
Outer surface is black → ε=1
T∞1=273K r1
T∞1 T1 T2 h1=80W/m2.oC Air
T ∞2=Tsurr T∞2=22oC
steel =295K
q Rconv,1 Rsteel Rconv, 2
h2=10W/m2.oC
1 1 / r1 − 1 / r2
h1 (4r12 ) 4k steel

Rrad

q = qconv + qrad T2 = 276.92 K

T2 − T1 q = 8029.5W
= h2 (4r22 )(T 2 − T2 ) +  (4r22 )(Tsurr
4
− T24 )
1 1 / r1 − 1 / r2
+
h1 (4r12 ) 4k steel
 Critical radius
For constant
qmax interface
ro Fluid temperature.
T∞, h
ri q
Heat
rins
loss

pipe
insulation rcr rins
Interface between
pipe and insulation For constant interface temperature
•Below critical radius, ↑rins ↑q
•Above critical radius, ↑rins ↓q
 Critical radius For
constant q.

ro Fluid
T∞, h

temperature
ri

Interface
rins

pipe
insulation rcr rins
Interface between
pipe and insulation For constant q
•Below critical radius, ↑rins ↓Interface T
•Above critical radius, ↑rins ↑Interface T
 Critical radius
Fluid •For cylinders:
ro rcr = kins/h
T∞, h
ri tcr
•For spheres
rcr
rcr = 2kins/h

•Critical thickness
tcr = rcr - ro
 ins r2
Fluid
wire T∞=30oC
h=24W/m2.K
r1 tins

T1 T2

D1 = 2mm T1 T2 T∞
r1= D1/2 = 1mm = 0.001m q
L=10m Rins Rconv
tins = 1mm = 0.001m
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.002 m ln(r2 / r1 ) 1
kins = 0.15 W/m.oC 2kins L h(2r2 L)
I = 10 A
V=8 V
T1 − T T1 = 62.43o C
q=
q=I*V =80 W Rins + Rconv
 ins r2
Fluid
wire T∞=30oC
h=24W/m2.K
r1 tins

T1 T2

D1 = 2mm kins 0.15W /(m.o C )

rcr = =
r1= D1/2 = 1mm = 0.001m h 24W /(m 2 .o C )

interface T
L=10m
tins = 1mm = 0.001m kins
rcr = = 0.00625m
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.002 m h
kins = 0.15 W/m.oC
I = 10 A
V=8 V • r1 and r2 are below the rcr
r1 r2 r2new rcr
• Thus increasing r2 will decrease
q=I*V =80 W the interface temperature.
 ins r2
Fluid
wire T∞=30oC
h=24W/m2.K
r1 tins

T1 T2

D1 = 2mm T1 T2 T∞
r1= D1/2 = 1mm = 0.001m q
L=10m Rins Rconv
tins = 2mm = 0.002m
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.003 m ln(r2 / r1 ) 1
kins = 0.15 W/m.oC 2kins L h(2r2 L)
I = 10 A
V=8 V
T1 − T T1 = 57.02o C
q=
q=I*V =80 W Rins + Rconv
Interface T decreases
 T∞=50oF
h=2.5 Btu/h.ft2.oF
r2
wire
r1

insulation
r1 = 0.083/2 = 0.0415 in = 0.00346 ft
T1 = 115oF
tins = 0.02 in = 0.00167 ft
kins = 0.075 Btu/h.ft.oF
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.00513 ft
q
rcr = kins/h = 0.03 ft
r2 < rcr
Adding insulation will increase heat transfer

r1 r2 rcr
r1 = 0.083/2 = 0.0415 in = 0.00346 ft
T1 = 115oF
tins = 0.02 in = 0.00167 ft T∞=50oF
kins = 0.075 Btu/h.ft.oF wire
r1 h=2.5 Btu/h.ft2.oF
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.00513 ft

q T1 T∞
q = hA(T1 − T )
q = h(2r1L)(T1 − T ) Rconv
1
q h(2r1 L)
q ' = = h(2r1 )(T1 − T )
L
q'= 3.53Btu / h. ft
 T∞=50oF
r1 = 0.083/2 = 0.0415 in = 0.00346 ft h=2.5 Btu/h.ft2.oF
T1 = 115oF r2
tins = 0.02 in = 0.00167 ft
kins = 0.075 Btu/h.ft.oF wire
r1
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.00513 ft

insulation
T1 − T
q= T1 T2 T∞
ln(r2 / r1 ) 1 q
+
2kins L h(2r2 L) Rins Rconv
T1 − T ln(r2 / r1 ) 1
q' = 2kins L h(2r2 L)
ln(r2 / r1 ) 1
+
2kins h(2r2 )

q'= 4.91Btu / h. ft
 r2
ball T∞=15oC
r1 h=20W/m2.oC

r1 = 5/2 = 2.5 mm = 0.0025 m insulation

T1= 50oC
tins = 1mm = 0.001m
r2 = r1 + tins = 0.0035 m
kins = 0.13 W/m.oC

rcr = 2kins/h = 0.013 m q

r2 < rcr
Adding insulation will increase heat transfer

r1 r2 rcr