STATISTICS

Lecture. (Module II)

MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION/TENDENCY

- Statistical tool for determining the degree of clustering a given set of data
around a central part.
(Ungrouped data)

1. Mean ( X ) – arithmetic average.

x Xw 
xw i i
X
n w i

2. Median(mdn) – exact 50% location.

n 1
mdn 
Locator: 2
3. Mode – most frequent value/s.

MEASURES OF POSITIONS (FRACTILES/QUANTILES)

- Statistical tool for determining the location/position of a data which are
divided into equal parts and arranged in ascending order.

(Ungrouped data)

1. Quartile – division of a given set of data into four equal parts.

m  n  1
Qm 
Locator : 4
2. Decile – division of a given set of data into ten equal parts.
m  n  1
Dm 
Locator : 10
3. Percentile – division of a given set of data into hundred equal parts.
m  n  1
Pm 
Locator : 100

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Examples:
Ungrouped data

A. Considering the following data below:

X→ 18, 10, 5, 8, 21, 5, 3, 12, 15 and 23

Solutions:

Mean
18  10  5  8  21  5  3  12  15  23
X
10
120
X
10
X  12

Median

X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10

2
 n 1
mdn 
2
10  1
mdn 
2
11
mdn 
2
mdn  5.5th  Locator
10  12
mdn 
2
mdn  11
Median Computation Alternate Method:
mdn  10  0.5(12  10)
mdn  10  1
mdn  11
Mode
Mode = 5

General Equation : Mdn = Quartile 2 = Decile 5 = Percentile 50

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Positions:
Quartile

1 10  1
Q1 
4
11
Q1 
4
Q1  2.75th  locator
Q1  5  0.75  5  5 
Q1  5
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10

2  10  1
Q2 
4
22
Q2 
4
Q2  5.5th  locator
Q2  10  0.5  12  10 
Q2  10  1
Q2  11

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 3  10  1
Q3 
4
33
Q3 
4
Q3  8.25th  locator
Q3  18  0.25  21  18 
Q3  18  .75
Q3  18.75

X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10

The Last Quartile Position for Ungrouped Data is the Last in the Order

Q4  23
Note: Similar Computation for the rest of the Measures of Positions are applied.

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Decile

3  10  1
D3 
10
33
D3 
10
D3  3.3th  locator
D3  5  0.3  8  5 
D3  5  0.9
D3  5.9 D4 = 8.8
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10

7  10  1
D7 
10
77
D7 
10
D7  7.7th  locator
D7  15  0.7  18  15 
D7  15  2.1
D7  17.1 D8 = 20.4

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Percentile

45  10  1
P45 
100
495
P45 
100
P45  4.95th  locator
P45  8  0.95  10  8 
P45  8  1.9
P45  9.9 P25 = 5.0
P65 =15.45
X Order
3 1
5 2
5 3
8 4
10 5
12 6
15 7
18 8
21 9
23 10

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 85  10  1
P85 
100
935
P85 
100
P85  9.35th  locator
P85  21  0.35  23  21
P85  21  0.7
P85  21.7

MEASURES OF CENTRAL LOCATION/TENDENCY

(Grouped data)

Mean ( X ): Two methods in finding the mean. ( note: Equal results).

 
a X 
 fM
 b  X  AM   fd
i
n n
Where; M – midpoint
f – frequency
AM – assumed mean
(midpoint of zero deviation)
d – deviation
(vertical number line)
Median (mdn):
n
 cfb
mdn  LB  2
i
f mdn
n
Where; 2 - locator for median class
LB – lower boundary of median class
cfb – cumulative frequency below/less
than(just below the median class)
fmdn – frequency of median class
i – class interval

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Mode (md): Three methods of finding mode. ( note: not equal results )

 a  md   midpo int_ of _ highest _ frequency 

 b  based _ on _ Frequencies
d1
md  LB  i
d1  d 2
Where; LB – lower boundary of modal class
(modal class – highest frequency/s)
d1 – difference of modal class
frequency and frequency just below
d2 – difference of modal class
frequency and frequency just above
i – class interval

 c  based _ on _ Educational _ Statistics

md  3  mdn   2 X
MEASURES OF POSITIONS (FRACTILES/QUANTILES)
(Grouped data)

QUARTILE:
mn
 cfb
Qm  LB  4
i
fQm
mn
Where; 4 - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
below/less than (just below
the Qm desired position
class)
fQm – frequency of Qm class
i – class interval
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DECILE :
mn
 cfb
Dm  LB  10
i
fDm
mn
Where; 10 - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
below/less than (just below
the Dm desired position
class)
fDm – frequency of Dm class
i – class interval
PERCENTILE :
mn
 cfb
Pm  LB  100
i
fPm
mn
Where; 100 - locator
m – desired position
LB – lower boundary of desired
position class
cfb – cumulative frequency
below/less than (just below
the Pm desired position
class)
fPm – frequency of Pm class
i – class interval

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B. Grouped data: Consider the table (FDT) below.

C.I. f
36 – 40 4
31 – 35 2
26 – 30 12
21 – 25 7
16 - 20 5
Mean

Method 1: C.I. f M fM
36 – 40 4 38 152
31 – 35 2 33 66
26 – 30 12 28 336
21 – 25 7 23 161
16 - 20 5 18 90
i=5 n = 30  fM  805

805
X 
30
X  26.83

Method 2: C.I. f M d fd
36 – 40 4 38 2 8
31 – 35 2 33 1 2
26 – 30 12 28 0 0
21 – 25 7 23 -1 -7
16 – 20 5 18 -2 -10

N = 30  fd  7

 7 
X  28   5
 30 
X  26.83

Median

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 C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5

n = 30
30
 12
mdn  25.5  2
 5
12
3
mdn  25.5   5
12
mdn  25.5  1.25
mdn  26.75
Mode
Method 1: By Inspection.
Mode = 28

Method 2: Based on Frequencies.

5
mod e  25.5   5
5  10
5
mod e  25.5   5 
15
mod e  25.5  1.67
mod e  27.17

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5
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 Method 3: Based on Educational Statistics.

mod e  3  26.75   2  26.83

mod e  80.25  53.66
mod e  26.59

Positions:

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5

Quartile

1 30 
5
Q1  20.5  4
 5
7
7.5  5
Q1  20.5   5
7
Q1  20.5  1.79
Q1  22.29

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5

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 2 30 
 12
Q2  25.5  4
 5
12
15  12
Q2  25.5   5
12
Q2  25.5  1.25
Q2  26.75

3 30 
 12
Q3  25.5  4
 5
7
22.5  12
Q3  25.5   5
12
Q3  25.5  4.38
Q3  29.88

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26 4 30 
26 – 30 12 28 24  26
21 – 25 7 23 12 Q4  35.5  4
 5
16 - 20 5 18 5
4
30  26
Q4  35.5   5
4
Q4  35.5  5
Q4  40.5

Note: Similar Computation for the rest of the Measures of Positions are applied.

Decile

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
14
16 - 20 5 18 5
 4 30 
5
D4  20.5  10
 5
7
12  5
D4  20.5   5
7
D4  20.5  5
D4  25.5

8 30 
 12
D8  25.5   5
10

12
24  12
D8  25.5   5
12
D8  25.5  5
D8  30.5

Percentile

48 30 
 12
P48  25.5   5
100

12
14.4  12
P48  25.5   5
12
P48  25.5  1
P48  26.5
C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5

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 89 30 
 26
P89  35.5  100
 5
4
26.7  26
P89  35.5   5
4
P89  35.5  0.875
P89  36.375

C.I. f M cfb
36 – 40 4 38 30
31 – 35 2 33 26
26 – 30 12 28 24
21 – 25 7 23 12
16 - 20 5 18 5

Prepared by:

Assoc. Prof. Renato E. Apa-ap

Research Coordinator-Science Cluster
Research Management Office

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