5.

1 Estimating with Finite Sums

Greenfield Village, Michigan

Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2002 Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, Washington
 Consider an object moving at a constant rate of 3 ft/sec.

Since rate . time = distance: 3t = d

If we draw a graph of the velocity, the distance that the
object travels is equal to the area under the line.

After 4 seconds,
2
the object has
gone 12 feet.
velocity
1
ft
3 ⋅ 4 sec = 12 ft
0 1 2 3 4
sec
time
→
 3
If the velocity is not constant,
we might guess that the
2
distance traveled is still equal
to the area under the curve.
(The units work out.) 1

1 2
Example: V = t + 1 0 1 2 3 4
8 1 1 1
1 1 1 2
8 2 8
t v
We could estimate the area under the curve by 0 1
drawing rectangles touching at their left corners. 1
1 1
8
This is called the Left-hand Rectangular 1
Approximation Method (LRAM). 2 1
2
Approximate area: 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 = 5 3 = 5.75 3 2
1
8 2 8 4 8 →
 1 2 3
V = t +1
8

0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1
1 1 2 3
8 2 8

We could also use a Right-hand Rectangular Approximation

Method (RRAM).

Approximate area: 1 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 3 = 7 3 = 7.75

8 2 8 4
→
 1 2 3
V = t +1
t v 8

0.5 1.03125 2

1.5 1.28125
1
2.5 1.78125

3.5 2.53125
0 1 2 3 4

1.03125 1.78125
1.28125 2.53125
Another approach would be to use rectangles that touch at
the midpoint. This is the Midpoint Rectangular
Approximation Method (MRAM).
In this example there are four
subintervals.
Approximate area:
As the number of subintervals
6.625 increases, so does the accuracy.
→
 1 2 3
V = t +1
With 8 subintervals: 8

2
t v
0.25 1.00781
1
0.75 1.07031
1.25 1.19531
0 1 2 3 4
1.75 1.38281
2.25 1.63281
2.75 1.94531
Approximate area:
6.65624
3.25 2.32031
3.75 2.75781

13.31248 × 0.5 = 6.65624 The exact answer for this

problem is 6.6.
width of subinterval →
 3

Inscribed rectangles are 2

all below the curve:

1

0 1 2 3 4

Circumscribed rectangles
are all above the curve: 2

0 1 2 3 4

→
We will be learning how to find the exact area under a
curve if we have the equation for the curve. Rectangular
approximation methods are still useful for finding the
area under a curve if we do not have the equation.

The TI-89 calculator can do these rectangular

approximation problems. This is of limited usefulness,
since we will learn better methods of finding the area
under a curve, but you could use the calculator to check
your work.

→
 If you have the calculus tools program
installed:
Set up the WINDOW screen as follows:

→
 Press APPS

Select Calculus Tools and press Enter

Press F3 and then 1

Press alpha and then enter: 1/ 8 ∗ x ^ 2 + 1

Note: We press alpha because the screen starts in alpha lock.

Make the Lower bound: 0

Make the Upper bound: 4
Make the Number of intervals: 4

Press Enter

→
π