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Velocity-time graphs
The graph shows this situation, but note that the velocity is
in miles per hour whilst the time is in seconds. The units 10
0 t seconds
need to be converted in order to find the distance travelled.
45 ×1760
45 mph = = 22 yards per second. (1 mile = 1760 yards)
60 × 60
Note that this is equivalent to
The distance travelled is given by the area under the graph:
the car travelling for 10
seconds at the average speed
10 × 22
Distance travelled = = 110 yards. of 11 yards per second.
2
In each case sketch a velocity-time graph and find the distance travelled in miles or yards:
2 Car decelerates steadily from a velocity of 36 mph until it stops 5 seconds later.
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© The Nuffield Foundation 1
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
2× 5
Area of A = ≈5 C C
2 B B
A A
2 (5 + 8) 2 6 8 10 12
Area of B = ≈ 13 0 4
2 t seconds
2 (8 + 9 )
Area of C = ≈ 17 This is a simplified model of this
2 situation. In practice the change in
velocity is unlikely to be so smooth and
Total area ≈ 5 + 13 + 17 + 17 + 13 + 5 symmetrical.
= 70
Note that better estimates can be found
This is an estimate of the distance travelled by the by using more data and narrower strips.
car (in metres) between the 2 sets of traffic lights.
1 t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
v (ms -1) 0 5.0 7.1 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.1
2 t (s) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
v (ms -1) 5.0 6.9 8.6 10.1 11.4 12.5 13.4 14.1 14.6 14.9 15.0
3 t (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10
v (ms -1) 25 16 9 4 1 0
4 t (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
v (ms -1) 20.0 14.0 11.5 9.6 8.0 6.6 5.3 4.1 3.0 2.0
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© The Nuffield Foundation 2
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
Integration
The area under a graph between x = a and x = b If the area under a graph is divided into
is: very narrow strips, each strip is
x=b
b approximately rectangular in shape.
A = lim ∑ y dx = ∫ y dx
a
δx → 0 x =a y
δA
This means the limit of the sum of rectangles of
area y δx as δx tends to zero.
y
The increment of area δA = y δx
dA
This can be written as y =
dx
. 0 a δx b x
dA dA
The limit of as δx tends to zero is i.e. the gradient of a graph of A against x.
dx dx
i.e. the derivative of A with respect to x.
Integration is the inverse
b dA of differentiation.
So A = ∫ y dx is equivalent to y =
a dx
Rules of Integration
Reversing differentiation gives the rules shown:
dy Expression Integral
eg y = 5x gives =5 k (constant) kx + c
dx
x2
so ∫ 5 dx = 5x x
2
+c
x3
x2
In general, for any constant k, ∫ k dx = kx 3
+c
x4
1 dy x3 +c
Also y = x2 gives =x 4
2 dx
x5
1 2 x4 +c
so ∫ x dx =
2
x 5
xn + 1
xn +c
1 3 dy n+1
and y= x gives = x2
3 dx kxn + 1
1 3 kxn +c
so 2
∫ x dx = 3 x n+1
6x 3 2 x2
2 – +x+c
6x – 2x + 1 3 2
xn + 1
In general, ∫ x n dx = = 2x3 – x2 + x + c
n+1
where c is the constant of integration.
The derivative of a constant is zero. This means Because the value of the constant is not
that when a constant is differentiated it known (unless more information is
disappears. When integrating a constant appears given), these are known as indefinite
– this is called the constant of integration. integrals .
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© The Nuffield Foundation 3
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
A = ∫ (2 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 12 x + 6 ) dx
3
= [40 .5 − 81 + 54 + 18 ] – [0.5 − 3 + 6 + 6]
Integration can be used to find the area
A = 22 of any shape as long as its boundaries
can be written as functions of x.
The shaded area is 22 square units.
In each case:
• use a graphic calculator or spreadsheet to draw a graph of the function
• integrate to find the area under the graph between the given values of x.
4 y = 6x – x2 between x = 0 and x = 6 10
9 y= between x = 1 and x = 5
x2
5 y = x3 + 1 between x = 2 and x = 4
10 y = √x between x = 1 and x = 4
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© The Nuffield Foundation 4
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
In velocity-time graphs the area gives the distance In this case v is used instead of y
travelled. The following examples rework some and t instead of x. The distance is s.
of the previous examples using integration.
v mph
Example v = 70
Find the distance travelled when a car travels at a 70
constant velocity of 70 mph for 2 hours.
s
2
s = ∫ 70 dt = [70t ]
2
0
0
Example
Find the distance travelled when a car accelerates (intercept = 0, gradient = 2.2)
steadily to a velocity of 22 yards per second in
10 seconds. v yards/s
10
2 .2 t 2 v = 2.2t
s =∫
10
2.2 t d t = = 1 .1t
2
[ ] 100 22
0
2 0
= [1 .1 × 10 2 ] – [1 .1 × 0 2 ] = 110 s
Example
The velocity of a car as it travels between two sets
v ms -1
of traffic lights is modelled by v = 0.25t(12 – t) v = 0.25t(12 – t)
where v is the velocity in metres per second and t 9
is the time in seconds.
Find the distance travelled.
(3t − 0. 25t 2 ) dt
12
s =∫
0
0 6 12
12
3t 2
0.25 t 3
t seconds
= −
2 3 0
Compare the answers from these
3 × 12 2
0. 25 × 12 3 examples with those given earlier.
= − – [0 ] = 72 Use integration to check your answers
2 3 to the questions at the bottom of
page 1.
The car travels 72 metres.
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© The Nuffield Foundation 5
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
The functions given below can be used to model the velocity v metres per second at time t
seconds for the examples given in questions 1 to 4 at the bottom of page 2.
In each case:
• use a graphic calculator or spreadsheet to draw the graph of the model and compare
the result with the graph you drew earlier
• use integration to estimate the distance travelled over the given time interval and
compare the result with your earlier answer.
3 v= 1
4
t2 – 5t + 25 between t = 0 and t = 10
Each of the following functions models the velocity v metres per second in terms of the
time t seconds. In each case:
• briefly describe how the velocity varies over the given time interval
6 v = 8 – t3 between t = 0 and t = 2
7 v = t2 – 4t + 4 between t = 0 and t = 4
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© The Nuffield Foundation 6
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
Teacher Notes
Preparation
Students need to know how to use a graphc calculator or spreadsheet to draw graphs from a set of data
values or given functions and how to find the area of rectangles, triangles and trapezia.
Notes on Activity
This activity uses areas under velocity-time graphs to introduce integration.
The main points are also included in the Powerpoint presentation of the same name.
If your students have calculators that can integrate, this method could be used to check their answers.
The answers to the questions, including sketches of the graphs, are given on the following two pages.
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© The Nuffield Foundation 7
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
Answers
Page 1 v mph
1 v mph 195 miles 2 44 yards
36
65
0 5 t seconds
0 3 t hours
0 9
0 6
t seconds
t seconds
Page 2
1 2
v ms -1
v ms -1
14.1 Accelerates from Accelerates from
0 ms -1 to 14.1 ms -1 15 5 ms -1 to 15 ms -1
in 8 seconds in 5 seconds
5
0 8 74.45 m 58.25 m
t seconds 0 5
t seconds
3 4
v ms -1
v ms -1 Decelerates from Decelerates from
25 ms -1 to 0 ms -1
20 20 ms -1 to 2 ms -1
25 in 10 seconds in 9 seconds
2
85 m 73.1 m
0 9
0 10 t seconds
t seconds
Page 4
1 2
y y = 2x3 3 y y = x2 + 4
y 16
12
y = 3x2 13
7 8 21
4
3
0 1 2 x 0 2 x 0 3 x
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© The Nuffield Foundation 8
A Resource for Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications Area under a graph
y y y = x3 + 1 y y = 4x2 – x + 4
4 y = 6x – x2 5 6
65 37
9
36 62 38 2
3
9 7
0 3 6 x 0 2 4 x 0 1 3 x
y y
7 y = x3 – 4x2 + 4x 8 y = 32 – x5
32
1 53 13
1 13
0 2 x
0 2 x
y
9 10 y
10 y= x
10
y= 2 8 2
x 4 23
1
0.4
0 1 4 x
0 1 5 x
Page 6
1 75.4 m (3sf) 2 58 13 m 3 83 13 m 4 72 m
(Graphs very similar to sketches given for Page 2.)
v ms -1 v = 0.15t2 v ms -1
5 6
0.6 Accelerates from v = 8 – t3 Decelerates from
8 8 ms -1 to 0 ms -1
0 ms -1 to 9.6 ms -1
in 8 seconds in 2 seconds
25.6 m 12 m
0 2 t seconds 0 2 t seconds
-1
7 v ms Decelerates from 8 v ms -1 Decelerates from
4 ms -1 to 0 ms -1 2 ms -1 to 0 ms -1
4 v = t2 – 4t2 + 4 in 2 seconds, then 2 v = 2 − 0. 5 t in 16 seconds
accelerates to 4 ms -1
in the next 2 seconds 10 23 m
5 13 m
0 2 4 t seconds 0 16 t seconds
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© The Nuffield Foundation 9