Formative Assessments 1

These signs are intended to warn users of a danger on the road

and to inform them of its nature.
Answer: Warning
These have the authority of law and impose precise
requirements upon the actions of the road user.
Answer: Regulatory Devices
What does this traffic sign mean?

Answer: No access to Bicycle

Which of the following is not part of the element of the road
system?
Answer: Traffic Rules
Shall have a white background with black symbols and red
borders.
Answer: Both Prohibitory and Restrictive signs
Which of the following is not part of Four Elementary
Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device?
Answer: It should convey a vague meaning at a glance.
These are employed simply to inform the road user of route,
destination, and other pertinent traffic.
Answer: Guiding Devices
The signs are intended to inform users of special obligations,
restrictions, or prohibitions with which they must comply.
Answer: Regulatory
Shall be used for regulating traffic.
Answer: Round Shape
 Formative Assessment 2 The number of vehicles moving in a specified direction on a
Three cars travel over a 60m section of highway at constant given lane or roadway that pass a given point during a
speeds of 19, 20, and 25 m/s. specified unit time.
Compute the time mean speed for this condition (m/s). Answer: Traffic Volume
∑𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 19 + 20 + 25 It is defined as the number of vehicles per unit distance
𝑢𝑡 = = occupying a section of roadway at a given instant time.
𝑛 3
𝒎 Answer: Density
𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
𝒔
Compute the space mean speed for this condition (m/s).
𝑛 3
𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑛 1 1 1 1
∑𝑖
𝑢𝑖 19 + 20 + 25
𝑚
𝑢𝑠 = 21.03
𝑠
From the following data of a freeway surveillance, there are 5
vehicles travelling distances "S" when observed on the two
photographs taken every 2 seconds apart.
Vehicles 1 2 3 4 5
“S” (m) 24.4 18.8 24.7 26.9 22.6
Determine the flow of traffic.
𝑛 5
𝑞= = = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒑𝒉
𝑇 2× 1
3600
Determine the space mean speed.
𝑛
𝑢𝑠 =
𝑛 1
∑𝑖
𝑢𝑖
5
𝑢𝑠 =
1 1 1 1 1
0.0244 + 0.0188 + 0.0247 + 0.0269 + 0.0226
2 2 2 2 2
3600 3600 3600 3600 3600
𝒖𝒔 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒑𝒉
Determine the approximate center to center spacing of
vehicles in a certain lane if the average speed of the cars using
that particular lane is 40 kph and the volume of traffic is 800
vph.
𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑞 = 𝑘 × 𝑢; 800 = 𝑘 × 40; 𝑘 = 20
𝑘𝑚
1 1
𝑠= = = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝑘 20 × 1
1000
The following data were taken on five vehicles travelling
consecutively 1.5km portion of the NLEX.
Vehicle 1 2 3 4 5
Time (min) 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1
Determine the Space mean speed (kph).
𝑛 5
𝑢𝑠 = =
1 1 1 1 1 1
∑𝑛𝑖 + + + +
𝑢𝑖 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1
60 60 60 60 60
𝒖𝒔 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒑𝒉
 Formative Assessments 3 215.38 2
𝑢 − 215.38𝑢 + 2500 = 0
An observer counts 360 veh/h at a specific highway location. 65
Assuming that the arrival of vehicles at this highway location 𝒎𝒊 𝒎𝒊
𝒖 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟕 𝒐𝒓𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟑
is Poisson distributed, 𝒉 𝒉
Estimate the probabilities of having at most 3 vehicles arriving A volume of 320 veh/h. Assume that the vehicle arrivals are
over a 20-second time interval. Poisson distributed.
𝑣𝑒ℎ What is the probability that the headway between successive
𝜆 = 360 = 0.1 𝑣𝑝ℎ vehicles will be less than 10 seconds?
ℎ
𝑡 = 20 𝑠 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝜆 = 320 = 0.089 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑠𝑒𝑐
(𝜆𝑡)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ℎ
𝑃 (𝑛 ) = 𝑡 = 10 𝑠
𝑛!
𝑃(0) = 0.135 (𝜆𝑡)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑃 (𝑛 ) =
𝑃(1) = 0.271 𝑛!
𝑃(0) = 0.4111122905
𝑃(2) = 0.271
1 − 0.4111122905 = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟖𝟗%
𝑃(3) = 0.180
What is the probability that the headway between successive
𝑃(𝑛 ≤ 3) = 0.857 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕%
vehicles will be more than 20 seconds?
Estimate the probabilities of not having vehicle arriving over a
(𝜆𝑡)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
30-second time interval. 𝑃 (𝑛 ) =
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑛!
𝜆 = 360 = 0.1 𝑣𝑝ℎ 𝑃(0) = 0.1690133154 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟒%
ℎ
𝑡 = 30 𝑠 What is the probability that the headway between successive
vehicles will be between 10 and 20 seconds?
(𝜆𝑡)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑃 (𝑛 ) = 0.4111122905 − 0.1690133154 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟏%
𝑛!
𝑃 (0) = 0.0498 × 100 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟖% On a specific westbound section of a highway, studies show
that the speed density relationship is
Estimate the probabilities of having at least 5 vehicles arriving 4.5
over 25-second time interval. 𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑘𝑗
𝜆 = 360 = 0.1 𝑣𝑝ℎ
ℎ It is known that the capacity is 4500 vph and the jam density is
𝑡 = 25 𝑠 270 veh/km.
(𝜆𝑡)𝑛 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 Density at the capacity
𝑃 (𝑛 ) =
𝑛! 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 4500
𝑃(0) = 0.08208499862 ℎ
𝑃(1) = 0.2052124966 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝑘𝑗 = 270
𝑃(2) = 0.2565156207 𝑘𝑚
4.5
𝑃(3) = 0.2137630172 𝑘 𝑑𝑞
𝑞 = 𝑘 [𝑢𝑓 (1 − ) ]
𝑃 (4) = 0.1336018858 𝑘𝑗 𝑑𝑘
( )
𝑃 𝑛 ≥ 5 = 1 − 0.1336 − 0.2138 − 0.2565 − 0.2052 5.5𝑘 4.5
0 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ]
− 0.0821 𝑘𝑗4.5
𝑃(𝑛 ≥ 5) = 0.1088 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟖% 5.5𝑘 4.5
A section of a highway is known to have a free-flow speed of 0=1−
𝑘𝑗4.5
65 mi/h and a capacity of 3500 veh/h. In a given hour, 2500 1
vehicles were counted at a specified point along this highway 2704.5 4.5
section. If the linear speed-density relationship applies. 𝑘=( )
5.5
What would be the jam density (veh/mi)?
𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒. 𝟖𝟓𝟖
4𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 4(3500) 𝒗𝒆𝒉
𝑘𝑗 = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟖 Speed at the capacity
𝑢𝑓 65 𝒎𝒊
𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
What would you estimate the space-mean speed (mph) of
these 2500 vehicles be? 4500 = 184.854 × 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑢2 𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟖
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑗 (𝑢 − )
𝑢𝑓 Find the free flow speed
4.5
𝑘𝑗 2 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝑢 − 𝑘𝑗 𝑢 + 𝑞 = 0 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
𝑢𝑓 𝑘𝑗
 184.858 4.5
24.34298 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
270
𝒖𝒇 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟓
Speed when the density is 150 veh/km
4.5
𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
𝑘𝑗
150 4.5
𝑢 = 29.75 (1 − )
270
𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟒
 Formative Assessments 4
Consider a temporary single lane o-ramp/entrance to the Solve the average delay per vehicle.
expressway. While the entrance is open 24 hours, a fixed toll 1250𝑣𝑒ℎ. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
fee of P10 is charged from 7AM to 9AM as a form of 𝑇=
400 𝑣𝑒ℎ
congestion pricing. On the average, a vehicle is served for 7.5 𝑻 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏
seconds during which the teller receives the fee and gives back
At the exit of a toll gate with a single booth, vehicles arrive at
the charge. The flow rate is 600 vehicles/hour during the first
random at a rate of 20 vehicles per minute. The service has an
25 minutes after which, it is reduced to 360 vehicles/hour and
average rate of 22 vehicles per minute.
remains constant for the next hours.
𝜆 = 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
Solve for the time of queue dissipation.
𝜇 = 22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑒ℎ
600 , 𝑡 ≤ 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝜆 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜆={ ℎ𝑟 𝜌= = = 0.9090909091;
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝜇 22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
360 , 𝑡 > 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 since ρ is less than 1, M/D/1 can be used
ℎ𝑟
𝑣𝑒ℎ Estimate average length of queue
10 , 𝑡 ≤ 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝜆={ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.90909090912
𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑄= ; 𝑸 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉
6 , 𝑡 > 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 2(1 − 0.9090909091)
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Estimate average waiting time in queue
1𝑣𝑒ℎ 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝜇= =8 0.9090909091
7.5𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑤= ; 𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝒊𝒏/𝒗𝒆𝒉
10𝑡 , 𝑡 ≤ 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 2(22)(1 − 0.9090909091)
𝑛𝜆 = { Estimate average time spend in the system
250 + 6(𝑡 − 25), 𝑡 > 25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑛𝜇 = 8𝑡 2 − 0.9090909091
𝑡= ; 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏/𝒗𝒆𝒉
2(22)(1 − 0.9090909091)
250 + 6(𝑡 − 25) = 8𝑡; 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
At the exit of a toll gate with a single booth, vehicles arrive at
random at a rate of 20 vehicles per minute. The service has an
average rate of 22 vehicles per minute. However, due to
variable toll fees, the service is also random with an average
rate of 22 vehicles per minute.
𝜆 = 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇 = 22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜆 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌= = = 0.9090909091;
𝜇 22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
since ρ is less than 1, M/M/1 can be used
Estimate the average length of queue at the toll gate.
0.90909090912
𝑄= ; 𝑸 = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝒗𝒆𝒉
1 − 0.9090909091
Estimate the average waiting time in queue at the toll gate
Solve for the total number of vehicles in the queue. 22
250 + 6(𝑡 − 25) = 8𝑡; 𝑡 = 50 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑤= ; 𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊𝒏
22(22 − 20)
𝑛𝜇 = 8𝑡 = 8(50) = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉 Estimate the average time spent in the system.
Solve for the longest vehicle delay. 1
𝑡= ; 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑛𝜇 = 8𝑡; 250 = 8𝑡; 𝑡 = 31.25𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 22 − 20
𝑡 = 31.25 − 25 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 At the exit of a toll gate with a single booth, vehicles arrive at
Solve for the longest vehicle queue. random at a rate of 20 vehicles per minute. The service has an
average rate of 22 vehicles per minute. However, due to
𝑛𝜇 = 8𝑡 = 8(25) = 80𝑣𝑒ℎ
variable toll fees, the service is also random with an average
𝑛 = 250 − 200 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉 rate of 22 vehicles per minute. If the operator of the toll road
Solve for the total vehicle delay. in the previous problem wants to improve the current
1 condition at the toll plaza, determine the new queue
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∆= |𝑥1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )| characteristics if the number of toll booths is increased to 2.
2
1 𝜇 = 22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
= |0(250 − 400) + 25(400 − 0)
2 𝜆 = 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
+ 50(0 − 250)|
𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒗𝒆𝒉. 𝒎𝒊𝒏
 20 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌= = 0.9090909091
22 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
𝑃𝑜 =
100 101 102
(11 11 11
0! + 1! ) + ( 10 )
2! (1 − 11 )
2

3
𝑃𝑜 =
8
Estimate the average length of queue formed at the toll gate.

3 10 3
( ) 1
𝑄 = 8 11 ; 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝒗𝒆𝒉
2! 2 10 2
(1 − 11 )
2
[ ]
Estimate the average waiting time of the vehicles.
10
+ 0.2367424242 1
𝑤 = 11 − ; 𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊𝒏
20 22
Estimate the time spent in the system.
10
+ 0.2367424242
𝑡 = 11 ; 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊𝒏
20
 Formative Assessments 5 Right-shoulder Reduction in free-flow speed, fLC (mi/h), lanes in one direction
lateral
2 3 4 ≥5
A six-lane freeway (three lanes in each direction) has regular clearance (ft)
≥6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
weekday users and currently operates at maximum LOS C
5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1
conditions. The lanes are 11 ft wide; the right-side shoulder is
4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
4 ft wide, and there are two ramps within three miles upstream
3 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.3
of the segment midpoint and one ramp within three miles
2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.4
downstream of the segment midpoint. The highway is on 1 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5
rolling terrain with 10% large trucks and buses (no 0 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.6
recreational vehicles), and the peak-hour factor is 0.90.
So fLC = 0.0
Determine the Free Flow Speed.
5 0.84
Lane width (ft) Reduction in free-flow speed, fLW (mi/h) 𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 74.5 − 0 − 0 − 3.22 ( )
12 0.0 6
11 1.9 𝑭𝑭𝑺 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟒 ≈ 𝟕𝟎
10 6.6 Determine the adjustment factor (Express in three decimals).
So fLW = 1.9 1800
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.6428571429
Right-shoulder Reduction in free-flow speed, fLC (mi/h), lanes in one direction 700 × 4
lateral
clearance (ft) 2 3 4 ≥5 71.73723704 − 70
𝑣𝑝 = 1735 + ( ) (1775 − 1735)
≥6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 75 − 70
5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 𝑣𝑝 = 1748.897896
4 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2
1800
3 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.3 1748.897896 =
2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.6428571429 × 2 × 𝑓𝐻𝑉 × 1.0
1 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.8005041363
0 3.6 2.4 1.2 0.6
Determine the maximum number of large trucks and buses
So fLC = 0.8 that can be present in the peak-hour traffic stream.
3 0.84 Type of Terrain
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 74.5 − 1.9 − 0.8 − 3.22 ( ) Factor
Level Rolling Mountains
6
ET (trucks and buses) 1.5 2.5 4.5
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70.00116771 ≈ 𝟕𝟎 𝒎𝒊/𝒉
ER (RVs) 1.2 2.0 4.0
Determine the adjustment factor (fHV). (Express in three 1
decimal) 0.8005041363 =
1 + 𝑃𝑇 (2.5 − 1) + 0
Type of Terrain
Factor
Level Rolling Mountains
𝑃𝑇 = 0.1661418554
ET (trucks and buses) 1.5 2.5 4.5 𝑛 𝑇 = 1800 × 0.1661418554
ER (RVs) 1.2 2.0 4.0
𝒏𝑻 = 𝟐𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟖 ≈ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉
1 A six-lane freeway (three lanes in each direction) in a scenic
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.8695652174
1 + 0.10(2.5 − 1) area has a measured free-flow speed of 55 mi/h. The peak-
𝒇𝑯𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟎 hour factor is 0.80, and there are 8% large trucks and buses
Determine the hourly volume for these conditions. and 6% recreational vehicles in the traffic stream. One
𝑉 = 0.90(1735)(3)(0.8695652174)(1.0) = 4073.478261 upgrade is 5% and 0.5 mi long. An analyst has determined that
the freeway is operating at capacity on this upgrade during the
𝑽 = 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒗𝒆𝒉
peak hour. If the peak-hour traffic volume is 3900 vehicles,
A four-lane freeway (two lanes in each direction) is located on what value for the driver population factor was used?
rolling terrain and has 12-ft lanes, no lateral obstructions
within 6 ft of the pavement edges, and there are two ramps
1
within three miles upstream of the segment midpoint and three 𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
ramps within three miles downstream of the segment 1 + 0.08(2 − 1) + 0.06(3 − 1)
midpoint. The traffic stream consists of cars, buses, and large 𝟓
𝒇𝑯𝑽 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑𝟑𝟑
trucks (no recreational vehicles). A weekday directional peak- 𝟔
hour volume of 1800 vehicles (familiar users) are observed, 𝒗𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒄/𝒉/𝒍𝒏
with 700 arriving in the most congested 15- min period. If a 3900
𝑓𝑃 =
level of service no worse than C is desired, 5
0.80 × 3 × × 2250
Determine the Free Flow Speed. 6
𝟏𝟑
Lane width (ft) Reduction in free-flow speed, fLW (mi/h) 𝒇𝑷 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕
12 0.0 𝟏𝟓
11 1.9
10 6.6 A freeway is being designed for a location in mountainous
So fLW = 0.0 terrain. The expected free-flow speed is 55 mi/h. Lane widths
will be 12 ft and shoulder widths will be 6 ft. During the peak
hour, it is expected there will be a directional peak-hour
volume of 2700 vehicles, 12% large trucks and buses and 6%
recreational vehicles. The PHF and driver population
adjustment are expected to be 0.88 and 0.90, respectively. If a
level of service no worse than D is desired, determine the
necessary number of lanes.
Type of Terrain
Factor
Level Rolling Mountains
ET (trucks and buses) 1.5 2.5 4.5
ER (RVs) 1.2 2.0 4.0

1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.625
1 + 0.12(4.5 − 1) + 0.06(4 − 1)
2700
1915 = ; 𝑁 = 2.848326608
0.88 × 𝑁 × 0.625 × 0.9
𝑵 = 𝟑 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒔
 Formative Assessment 6 Phase 1 2 3 4
Allowed EB T/R, WB
An intersection has a three-phase signal with the movements movements
EB L, WB L
T/R
SB L, SB T/R NB L, NB T/R

allowed in each phase and corresponding analysis and Analysis flow

245, 230 veh/h 975, 1030 veh/h 255, 235 veh/h 225, 215 veh/h
rate
saturation flow rates shown in the table below. Assume the
Saturation flow 1750, 1725 3350, 3400 1725, 1750 1700, 1750
lost time is 4 seconds per phase and a critical intersection v/c rate veh/h veh/h veh/h veh/h
of 0.90 is desired. Calculate the sum of the flow ratios for the critical lane
Phase 1 2 3
groups.
Allowed NB T/R, SB
NB L, SB L EB L, WB L EB T/R, WB T/R
movements T/R Phase 1
Analysis flow
330, 441 veh/h
1125, 1075
110, 80 veh/h 250, 285 veh/h 245
rate veh/h 𝐸𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.14 ≪
Saturation 1700, 1750 3400, 3300 1750
650, 600 veh/h 1750, 1800 veh/h
flow rate veh/h veh/h 230
𝑊𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.1333333333
Calculate the sum of the flow ratios for the critical lane 1725
groups. Phase 2
Phase 1 975
𝐸𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.2910447761
330 3350
𝑁𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.1941176471
1700 1030
𝑊𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.3029411765 ≪
441 3400
𝑆𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.252 ≪
1750 Phase 3
Phase 2 255
1125 𝑆𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.147826087 ≪
1725
𝑁𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.3308823529 ≪
3400 235
𝑆𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.1342857143
1075 1750
𝑆𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.3257575758
3300 Phase 4
Phase 3 225
110 𝑁𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.1323529412 ≪
1700
𝐸𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.1692307692 ≪
650 215
80 𝑁𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.1228571429
1750
𝑊𝐵 𝐿 = = 0.1333333333
600 0.14 + 0.3029411765 + 0.147826087 + 0.1323529412
250 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝐸𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.1428571429
1750 Calculate the optimum cycle length (assume 4 seconds lost
285 time per phase).
𝑊𝐵 𝑇/𝑅 = = 0.1583333333
1800 1.5 × 16 + 5
0.252 + 0.3308823529 + 0.1692307692 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑡 = = 104.7385923 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄
1.0 − 0.7231202047
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟏 The minimum cycle length for an intersection is determined to
Calculate minimum cycle length. be 95 seconds. The critical lane group flow ratios were
12 × 0.9 calculated as 0.235, 0.250, 0.170, and 0.125 for phases 1-4,
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 73.02879169 ≈ 𝟕𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄
0.9 − 0.7521131221 respectively. What Xc was used in the determination of this
Using v/c equalization ratio, calculate the effective green time cycle length, assuming a lost time of 5 seconds per phase?
for phase 1. 20 × 𝑋𝐶
95 =
12 × 𝑋𝑐 𝑋𝑐 − (0.235 + 0.250 + 0.170 + 0.125)
75 = ; 𝑋 = 0.8953727644
𝑋𝑐 − 0.7521131221 𝑐 𝑿𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟖
75 A pretimed four-phase signal critical lane group flow rates for
𝑔1 = 0.252 × ( ) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒆𝒄
0.895 the first three phases of 200, 187, and 210 veh/h (saturation
Using v/c equalization ratio, calculate the effective green time flow rates are 1800 veh/h/ln for all phases). The lost time is
for phase 2. known to be 4 seconds for each phase. Assuming Xi = 0.9. If
75 the cycle length is 60 seconds, what is the estimated effective
𝑔1 = 0.3308823529 × ( ) = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄 green time of the fourth phase?
0.895
Using the v/c equalization ratio, calculate the effective green 16 × 0.9
60 =
time for phase 3. 20 187 210 𝑣
0.9 − (1800 + 1800 + 1800 + ( 𝑠 ) )
75 4
𝑔1 = 0.1692307692 × ( ) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑣
0.895 ( ) = 0.3283333333
𝑠 4
An intersection has four-phase signal with the movements
60
allowed in each phase and corresponding analysis and 𝑔4 = 0.3283333333 ( ) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒔𝒆𝒄
saturation flow rates shown in the table below. 0.9
A four-phase traffic signal has critical lane group flow ratios
of 0.225, 0.175, 0.200, and 0.150. If the lost time per phase is
5 seconds and a critical intersection v/c of 0.85 is desired,
calculate the minimum cycle length.
20 × 0.85
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.85 − (0.225 + 0.175 + 0.200 + 0.150)
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄
 Summative Assessments 1 Compute the time mean speed (kph).
Assume you are observing traffic in a single lane of a highway ∑𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 80 + 72 + 64 + 86 + 48
𝑢𝑡 = = = 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝒑𝒉
at a specific location. You measure the average headway and 𝑛 5
average spacing of passing vehicles as 3.2 seconds and 165 ft, Compute the space mean speed (kph.
respectively. 𝑛 5
1mi = 5280 ft. 1hr = 3600 sec 𝑢𝑡 = =
1 1 1 1 1 1
∑𝑛𝑖
Calculate the flow (veh/hr). 𝑢𝑖 80 + 72 + 64 + 86 + 48
1 1 𝒖𝒕 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝑞= = = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒓
ℎ𝑡 3.2 × 1 Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at the two
3600 sections A and B 300 meters apart along a highway.
Calculate the density (veh/mi) of the traffic stream in this lane Observation at A shows that 5 vehicles pass that section at
1 1 intervals of 9 sec, 10 sec, 11 sec, 13 sec, and 15 sec
𝑘= = = 𝟑𝟐 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊
𝑠 165 × 1 respectively. If the speeds of the vehicles were 84, 76, 68, 60,
5280 and 52 kph.
Calculate the average speed (mi/hr). Compute the density of traffic (veh/km).
𝑞 1125 5
𝑢= = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒊/𝒉𝒓 𝑘= = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒌𝒎
𝑘 32 0.3
Assume you are observing traffic in a single lane of a highway Compute the time mean speed (kph).
at a specific location. You measure the average headway and ∑𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑖 84 + 76 + 68 + 60 + 52
average spacing of passing vehicles as 2.8 seconds and 145 ft, 𝑢𝑡 = = = 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒑𝒉
𝑛 5
respectively.
Compute the space mean speed (kph.
Calculate the flow (veh/hr).
𝑛 5
1 1 𝑢𝑡 = =
𝑞= = = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒓 1 1 1 1 1 1
∑𝑛𝑖
ℎ𝑡 2.8 × 1 𝑢𝑖 84 + 76 + 68 + 60 + 52
3600
Calculate the density (veh/mi) of the traffic stream in this lane 𝒖𝒕 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝒑𝒉
1 1 The free flow speed of a portion of the highway is 60 mph and
𝑘= = = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊 a jam density of 100 veh/mile. Use Greenshield Model.
𝑠 145 × 1
5280 Compute the density in veh/mi when the flow is maximum.
Calculate the average speed (mi/hr). 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑞
𝑞 1125 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ]
𝑘𝑗 𝑑𝑘
𝑢= = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝒊/𝒉𝒓
𝑘 32 2𝑘
Assume you are observing traffic in a single lane of a highway 0 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ]
𝑘𝑗
at a specific location. You measure the average headway and
average spacing of passing vehicles as 4.8 seconds and 150 ft, 2𝑘
0 = 60 [1 − ]
respectively. 100
Calculate the flow (veh/hr). 𝒌 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊
1 1 Compute the capacity in veh/hr.
𝑞= = = 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒓 𝑘2
ℎ𝑡 4.8 × 1
3600 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 (𝑘 − )
𝑘𝑗
Calculate the density (veh/mi) of the traffic stream in this lane
502
1 1 𝑞 = 60 (50 − )
𝑘= = = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊 100
𝑠 150 × 1
5280 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒓
Calculate the average speed (mi/hr). Compute the speed in mph when flow is maximum
𝑞 750 50
𝑢= = = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟖 𝒎𝒊/𝒉𝒓 𝑢 = 60 (1 − )
𝑘 35.2 100
Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at the two 𝒖 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒑𝒉
sections A and B 300 meters apart along a highway. The free flow speed of a portion of the highway is 55 mph and
Observation at A shows that 5 vehicles pass that section at a jam density of 95 veh/mile. Use Greenshield Model.
intervals of 8 sec, 9 sec, 10 sec, 12 sec, and 14 sec Compute the density in veh/mi when the flow is maximum.
respectively. If the speeds of the vehicles were 80, 72, 64, 56,
𝑘 2 𝑑𝑞
and 48 kph. 𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ]
𝑘𝑗 𝑑𝑘
Compute the density of traffic (veh/km).
5 2𝑘
𝑘= = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒌𝒎 0 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ]
0.3 𝑘𝑗
 2𝑘 3.0𝑘 2.0
0 = 55 [1 − ] 0 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
95 𝑘𝑗2.0
𝒌 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒎𝒊 3.0𝑘 2.0
Compute the capacity in veh/hr. 0=1−
𝑘𝑗2.0
𝑘2
𝑞 = 𝑢𝑓 (𝑘 − ) 3.0𝑘 2.0
𝑘𝑗 0=1−
2952.0
47.52 𝑘 = 170.3183294 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖
𝑞 = 55 (47.5 − )
95 𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒓 5250 = 170.3183294 × 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
Compute the speed in mph when flow is maximum
𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝒑𝒉
47.5
𝑢 = 55 (1 − ) What is the free-flow speed?
95 2.0
𝒖 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒑𝒉 𝑘
𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ( ) ]
On a specific westbound section of highway, studies show that 𝑘𝑗
the speed-density relationship is: 170.3183294 2.0
2.5 30.82463302 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ( ) ]
𝑘 295
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − ) 𝒖𝒇 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒑𝒉
𝑘𝑗
It is known that the capacity is 5200 veh/h and the jam density A vehicle pulls out onto a single-lane highway that has a flow
is 310 veh/mi. rate of 350 veh/h (Poisson distributed). The driver of the
What is the space mean speed of the traffic at capacity? vehicle does not look for oncoming traffic. Road conditions
2.5 and vehicle speeds on the highway are such that it takes 1.75
𝑘 𝑑𝑞 seconds for an oncoming vehicle to stop once the brakes are
𝑞 = 𝑘 [𝑢𝑓 (1 − ( ) )]
𝑘𝑗 𝑑𝑘 applied. Assuming a standard driver reaction time of 2.4
3.5𝑘 2.5 seconds, what is the probability that the vehicle pulling out
0 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − ) will get in an accident with oncoming traffic?
𝑘𝑗2.5
7
3.5𝑘 2.5 𝜆 = 350 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ = 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0=1− 72
𝑘𝑗2.5 7
𝑃(ℎ < 4.15) = 1 − 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −72(4.15)
3.5𝑘 2.5
0=1− 𝑷(𝒉 < 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓) = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟖%
3102.5
𝑘 = 187.816817 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖
𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
5200 = 187.816817 × 𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒑 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒑𝒉
What is the free-flow speed?
2.5
𝑘
𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑢𝑓 (1 − )
𝑘𝑗
187.816817 2.5
27.68655163 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ( ) ]
310
𝒖𝒇 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝒑𝒉
On a specific westbound section of highway, studies show that
the speed-density relationship is:
2.0
𝑘
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑓 [1 − ( ) ]
𝑘𝑗
It is known that the capacity is 5250 veh/h and the jam density
is 295 veh/mi.
What is the space mean speed of the traffic at capacity?
2.0
𝑘 𝑑𝑞
𝑞 = 𝑘 [𝑢𝑓 (1 − ( ) )]
𝑘𝑗 𝑑𝑘
 Summative Assessment 2 5. total vehicle delay
At exactly 7:45 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∆= [80(720) − 60(720)]
a rate of 7.5 veh/min following a deterministic distribution. 2
Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:00 AM 𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉. 𝒎𝒊𝒏
having a service rate of 10 veh/min following a deterministic 6. average delay per vehicle
distribution. 7200 𝑣𝑒ℎ. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1. time of queue dissipation 𝑇= = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
720 𝑣𝑒ℎ
𝜆 = 7.5𝑡 7. What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?
𝜇 = 10(𝑡 − 15) 100 100
𝑡= + 20 −
10(𝑡 − 15) = 7.5𝑡; 𝒕 = 𝟔𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 12 9
2. total number of vehicles in the queue 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
𝑛𝜇 = 10(𝑡 − 15) = 10(60 − 15) = 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉 At exactly 8:00 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at
a rate of 7 veh/min following a deterministic distribution. Due
3. longest vehicle delay
to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:20 AM
𝑡 = 15 − 0 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 having a service rate of 12 veh/min following deterministic
4. longest vehicle queue distribution.
𝑛 = 7.5(15) = 112.5 ≈ 𝟏𝟏𝟑 𝒗𝒆𝒉 1. time of queue dissipation
5. total vehicle delay 𝜆 = 7𝑡
1 𝜇 = 12(𝑡 − 20)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∆= [60(450) − 45(450)]
2 12(𝑡 − 20) = 7𝑡; 𝒕 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉. 𝒎𝒊𝒏
2. total number of vehicles in the queue
6. average delay per vehicle
𝑛𝜇 = 12(𝑡 − 20) = 12(48 − 20) = 𝟑𝟑𝟔 𝒗𝒆𝒉
3375 𝑣𝑒ℎ. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇= = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 3. longest vehicle delay
450 𝑣𝑒ℎ
7. What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive? 𝑡 = 20 − 0 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
100 100 4. longest vehicle queue
𝑡= + 15 − 𝑛 = 7(20) = 140 𝒗𝒆𝒉
10 7.5
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 5. total vehicle delay
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∆= [48(336) − 28(336)]
2
𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉. 𝒎𝒊𝒏
6. average delay per vehicle
3360 𝑣𝑒ℎ. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇= = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
336 𝑣𝑒ℎ
7. What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?
100 100
𝑡= + 20 −
12 7
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
At exactly 7:50 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at At exactly 8:05 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at
a rate of 9 veh/min following a deterministic distribution. Due a rate of 7 veh/min following a deterministic distribution. Due
to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:10 AM to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:20 AM
having a service rate of 12 veh/min following a deterministic having a service rate of 8.5 veh/min following a deterministic
distribution. distribution.
1. time of queue dissipation 1. time of queue dissipation
𝜆 = 9𝑡 𝜆 = 7𝑡
𝜇 = 12(𝑡 − 20) 𝜇 = 8.5(𝑡 − 15)
12(𝑡 − 20) = 9𝑡; 𝒕 = 𝟖𝟎𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 8.5(𝑡 − 15) = 7𝑡; 𝒕 = 𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
2. total number of vehicles in the queue 2. total number of vehicles in the queue
𝑛𝜇 = 12(𝑡 − 20) = 12(80 − 20) = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉 𝑛𝜇 = 8.5(𝑡 − 15) = 8.5(85 − 15) = 𝟓𝟗𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉
3. longest vehicle delay 3. longest vehicle delay
𝑡 = 15 − 0 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝑡 = 15 − 0 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
4. longest vehicle queue 4. longest vehicle queue
𝑛 = 9(20) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉 𝑛 = 7(15) = 105 𝒗𝒆𝒉
5. total vehicle delay
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎∆= [85(595) − 60(595)]
2
𝑻𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒗𝒆𝒉. 𝒎𝒊𝒏
6. average delay per vehicle
4462.5 𝑣𝑒ℎ. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇= = 7.5 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
595 𝑣𝑒ℎ
7. What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?
100 100
𝑡= + 15 −
8.5 7
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
 SA2
1. At exactly 7:45 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7.5 veh/min
following a deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened
at 8:00 AM having a service rate of 10 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

(a) What is the time of queue dissipation? / At what time does the queue clear?

(b) What is the average delay per vehicle?

(c) What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

(d) What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

(e) What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

2. At exactly 7:50 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 9 veh/min
following a deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened
at 8:10 AM having a service rate of 12 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

(a) What is the time of queue dissipation? / At what time does the queue clear?

(b) What is the average delay per vehicle?

TRANSPO Page 1
 (c) What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

(d) What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

(e) What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

3. At exactly 8:00 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 8 veh/min
following a deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened
at 8:10 AM having a service rate of 10 veh/min following deterministic distribution.

(a) What is the time of queue dissipation? / At what time does the queue clear?

(b) What is the average delay per vehicle?

(c) What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

(d) What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

(e) What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

4. At exactly 8:00 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7 veh/min
following a deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened
at 8:20 AM having a service rate of 12 veh/min following deterministic distribution.

(a) What is the time of queue dissipation? / At what time does the queue clear?

TRANSPO Page 2
 (b) What is the average delay per vehicle?

(c) What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

(d) What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

(e) What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

5. At exactly 8:05 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7 veh/min
following a deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened
at 8:20 AM having a service rate of 8.5 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

(a) What is the time of queue dissipation? / At what time does the queue clear?

(b) What is the average delay per vehicle?

(c) What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

(d) What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

TRANSPO Page 3
 (e) What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

6. As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 15 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is 200
veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 9:30 AM
until closing hour of 11:00 PM.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

7. As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 20 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is 125
veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 8:00 AM
until closing hour of 12:00 MN.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

TRANSPO Page 4
 (b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

8. As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 10 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is 240
veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 9:00 AM
until closing hour of 10:00 PM.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

9. As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 12.5 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is
150 veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 8:30
AM until closing hour of 10:30 PM.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

TRANSPO Page 5
 (b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

10. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 8:15 AM, the average arrival rate be 250 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 11.5 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

11. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 8:00 AM, the average arrival rate be 240 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 10 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

TRANSPO Page 6
 policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

12. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 8:45 AM, the average arrival rate be 260 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 8 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

13. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens

TRANSPO Page 7
 vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 9:30 AM, the average arrival rate be 275 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 12 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

14. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 8:15 AM, the average arrival rate be 250 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 11.5 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

TRANSPO Page 8
 (c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

15. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens
at 7:50 AM, the average arrival rate be 230 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential
times between arrivals) over the entire period from park opening time until closing at
dusk. If the time required to distribute the brochure is 13 seconds, the distribution time
varies depending on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating
policies.

(a) Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

(b) Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).

(c) Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

TRANSPO Page 9
 SA3
1. An eight-lane freeway (four lanes in each direction) is on rolling terrain and has 11-ft lanes
with a 4-ft right-side shoulder. The total ramp density is 1.5 ramps per mile. The
directional peak-hour traffic volume is 5400 vehicles with 6% large trucks and 5% buses
(no recreational vehicles). The traffic stream consists of regular users and the peak-hour
factor is 0.95. It has been decided that large trucks will be banned from the freeway
during the peak hour.

(a) Find the Free Flow Speed

(b) What will the freeway's density before the ban? (round off to 3 decimals)

(c) What will the level of service be before the ban?

(d) What will the freeway's density after the ban? (round off to 3 decimals). Assume that
the trucks are removed and all other traffic attributes are unchanged.

(e) What will the level of service be after the ban? Assume that the trucks are removed
and all other traffic attributes are unchanged.

2. A segment of four-lane freeway (two lanes in each direction) has a 3% upgrade that is
1500 ft long. It has 12-ft lanes and 3-ft shoulders. The directional hourly traffic flow is 2000
vehicles with 5% large trucks and busses (no recreational vehicles). The total ramp
density for this freeway segment is 2.33 ramps per mile. If the peak hour factor is 0.90
and all of the drivers are regular users.

(a) What is the free flow speed (round off to nearest 5)

(b) What is fHV? (round off to 3 decimals)

(c) What is the flow rate? (round off to nearest 10)

TRANSPO Page 1
 (d) Determine the LOS of the freeway.

3. A 5% upgrade on a six-lane freeway (three lanes in each direction) is 1.25 mi long. On this
segment of freeway, the directional peak-hour volume is 3800 vehicles with 2% large
trucks and 4 % buses (no recreational vehicles), the peak-hour factor is 0.90, and all
drivers are regular users. The lanes are 12 ft wide, there are no lateral obstructions within
10 ft of the roadway, and the total ramp density is 1.0 ramps per mile. A bus strike will
eliminate all bus traffic, but it is estimated that for each bus removed from the roadway,
seven additional passenger cars will be added as travelers seek other means of travel.

(a) What is density, before the bus strike?

(b) What is the volume-to-capacity ratio, before the bus strike?

(c) What is the level of service of the upgrade segment before the bus strike?

(d) What is the density, after the bus strike?

(e) What is the volume-to-capacity ratio, after the bus strike?

(f) What is the level of service of the upgrade segment after the bus strike?

TRANSPO Page 2
EXTRA
At exactly 7:45 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7.5 veh/min following a
deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:00 AM having
a service rate of 10 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

At what time does the queue clear?

9:30 AM
9:00 AM
8:30 AM
8:45 AM

What is the longest queue length (in vehicles)?

113 veh
128 veh
133 veh
98 veh

What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

300
550
650
450

What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

12.67 min
9.67 min
11.67 min
8.33 min
At exactly 8:05 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7 veh/min following a
deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:20 AM having
a service rate of 8.5 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

What is the average delay per vehicle?

5 min
12.5 min
7.5 min
10 min

What is the longest queue length (in vehicle)?

125 veh
105 veh
95 veh
85 veh

What is the total number of vehicles in queue?

735
475
665
595

At exactly 7:50 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 9 veh/min following a
deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:10 AM having
a service rate of 12 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

13.33 min
12 min
17.22 min
15.5 min
At what time does the queue clear?
9:10 AM
8:40 AM
8:50 AM
9:20 AM
At exactly 8:00 AM, vehicles start to enter a single toll gate at a rate of 7 veh/min following a
deterministic distribution. Due to the teller being late, the toll booth opened at 8:20 AM having
a service rate of 12 veh/min following a deterministic distribution.

What is the wait time of the 100th vehicle to arrive?

15.65 min
18.05 min
11.35 min
14.05 min

As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 15 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is 200
veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 9:30 AM until
closing hour of 11:00PM.

Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).

2.08
0.63
0.88
1.33
Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).
0.88
1.53
0.63
2.08
Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens at
7:50 AM, the average arrival rate be 230 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential times
between arrivals) oven the entire period from park opening time until closing at dusk. If the
time required to distribute the brochure is 13 seconds, the distribution time varies depending
on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating policies.

Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

1.06
1.28
4.07
5.36
Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).
2.28
4.07
0.82
1.06
As vehicles arrive at the entrance of a mall parking, they will enter a single gate where a
security guard will conduct a check point. The time it takes for a security guard to check a
vehicle is 12.5 seconds and follows a deterministic approach. The average arrival rate is 150
veh/h and is Poisson distributed over the entire period from the opening time of 8:30 AM until
closing hour of 10:30PM.

Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

0.42
0.11
0.28
1.08
Compute the average waiting time in the queue (in min/veh).
0.05
0.42
0.28
0.11
Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens at
8:15 AM, the average arrival rate be 250 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential times
between arrivals) oven the entire period from park opening time until closing at dusk. If the
time required to distribute the brochure is 11.5 seconds, the distribution time varies depending
on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating policies.
Compute the average time spent in the system (in min/veh).
0.95
0.76
1.80
3.17

Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate (at which all
vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The park opens at
8:00 AM, the average arrival rate be 240 veh/h and Poisson distributed (exponential times
between arrivals) oven the entire period from park opening time until closing at dusk. If the
time required to distribute the brochure is 10 seconds, the distribution time varies depending
on whether park patrons have questions relating to park operating policies.

Compute the average length of queue (in vehicles).

0.50
0.33
1.33
0.67
CE0035 TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING

Determine the approximate center to

MODULE 2
Determine the average speed at which a
car could travel on a freeway if the
center to center spacing of cars moving
on the same lane is 40 m and the
volume of traffic is 2000 vph.
80 kph
center spacing of vehicles in a certain
lane if the average speed of the cars
using that particular lane is 40 kph and
the volume of traffic is 800 vph.
50 m

The average center to center spacing of

The following data were taken on five
vehicles traveling consecutively 1.5 km
portion of the NLEX.
vehicles in a simple lane highway is 50
m. The volume of traffic is 600 vehicles
per hour. Determine the average speed
of the cars using this lane.
30 kph

Time
Vehicle
(minute) From the following data of a freeway
surveillance, there are 5 vehicles
1 1.2 traveling distances “s” when observed
on the two photographs taken every 2
2 1.0
secs apart.
3 1.4
Time
Vehicle
4 1.3 (minute)

5 1.1 1 24.4

Determine the Density of traffic in (veh 2 18.8

per km)
3 24.7
3.33 veh/km

Determine the Space mean speed (kph) 4 26.9

75 kph 5 22.6

Determine the Time mean speed (kph)

76.07 kph
Determine the Density of traffic in (veh The number of vehicles moving in a
per km) specified direction on a given lane or
216.08 veh/km roadway that pass a given point during
Determine the Space mean speed (kph) a specified unit time

41.65 kph Traffic Volume

Three cars travel over a 60 m section of

highway at constant speeds of 9, 20,
and 25 m/s.

Compute the space mean speed for this

condition (m/s)

21.03 m/s

It is defined as the number of vehicles

per unit distance occupying a section of
roadway at a given instant time

Density

The ability of a roadway to

accommodate traffic volume. It is
expressed as the maximum number of
vehicle in a lane or a road that can pass
a given point in unit time, usually an
hour, that is vehicles per hour, per lane
or roadway

Traffic Capacity

Can only be measured using a detector

installed at a certain point of the road.

Time Occupancy
MODULE 3 A volume of 320 veh/h. Assume that the
vehicle arrivals are Poisson distributed.

An observer counts 360 veh/h at a What is the probability that the headway
specific highway location. Assuming between successive vehicles will be
that the arrival of vehicles at this less than 10 seconds?
highway location is Poisson distributed,
58.90 %
Estimate the probabilities of having at
What is the probability that the headway
most 3 vehicles arriving over a
between successive vehicles will be
20-second time interval
more than 20 seconds?
85.71 %
16.90 %
Estimate the probabilities of not having
What is the probability that the headway
vehicle arriving over a 30-second time
between successive vehicles will be
interval
between 10 and 20 seconds?
4.98 %
24.20 %
Estimate the probabilities of having at
least 5 vehicles arriving over a
25-second time interval

10.88 % On a specific westbound section of a

highway, studies show that the speed
density relationship is

A section of a highway is known to have u = u f [ 1 − ( k k j ) 4.5 ]

a free-flow speed of 65 mi/h and a It is known that the capacity is 4500vph
capacity of 3500veh/h. In a given hour, and the jam density is 270 veh/km.
2500 vehicles were counted at a
specified point along this highway Speed when the density is 150 veh/km
section. If the linear speed-density
24.34
relationship applies.
Density at the capacity
What would you estimate the
space-mean speed (mph) of these 2500 29.75
vehicles be?
Speed when the density is 150 veh/km
49.87
27.64
What would be the jam density
(veh/mi)?

215.38
MODULE 4
Consider a temporary single lane
o-ramp/entrance to the expressway.
While the entrance is open 24 hours, a
fixed toll fee of P10 is charged from
7AM to 9AM as a form of congestion
pricing. On the average, a vehicle is
served for 7.5 seconds during which the
teller receives the fee and gives back
the charge, the flow rate is 600
vehicles/hour during the first 25 minutes
after which, it is reduced to 360
vehicles/hour and remains constant for
the next hours.
Solve for the time of queue dissipation
50 mins
Solve the total number of vehicles in the
queue
400 veh
Solve the longest vehicle delay.
25 min
Solve the average delay per vehicle
3.12 min/veh
Solve the total number of vehicles in the
queue
400
Solve total vehicle delay
1250
At the exit of a toll gate with a single
booth, vehicles arrive at random at a
rate of 20 vehicles per minute. The
service has an average rate of 22
vehicles per minute. However, due to
variable toll fees, the service is also
random with an average rate of 22
vehicles per minute.
Estimate the average length of queue at
the toll gate.
9.091 veh
Estimate the average waiting time in
queue at the toll gate
0.45 veh/min
Estimate average time vehicles spent in
the system
0.50 veh/min
*If the operator of the toll road in the
previous problem wants to improve the
current condition at the toll plaza,
determine the new queue
characteristics if the number of toll
booths is increased to 2.
Estimate the average length of queue at
the toll gate.
0.237
Estimate the average waiting time of
vehicles
0.012 veh/min
Estimate the average time spent in the
system
0.057 veh/min
At the exit of a toll gate with a single
booth, vehicles arrive at random at a
rate of 20 vehicles per minute. The
service has an average rate of 22
vehicles per minute.
Estimate average length of queue
formed at the toll gate.
4.545 veh
Estimate average waiting time in queue.
0.227 min/veh
Estimate average time spend in the
system.
0.273 min/veh
MODULE 5
A six-lane freeway (three lanes in each
direction) has regular weekday users
and currently operates at maximum
operates at maximum LOS C (Express in three decimals)
conditions. The lanes are 11 ft wide, the
right-side shoulder is 4 ft wide, and
there are two ramps within three miles
upstream of the segment midpoint and
one ramp within three miles
downstream of the segment midpoint.
The highway is on Rolling terrain with 10
% large trucks and buses (no
recreational vehicles), and the
peak-hour factor 0.90.
Determine the Free Flow Speed
70
Determine the adjustment factor (𝑓𝐻𝑉).
(Express in three decimals)
0.870
Determine the hourly volume for these
conditions (Round off to nearest integer)
4076
A four-lane freeway (two lanes in each
direction) is located on rolling terrain
and has 12-ft lanes, no lateral
obstructions within 6 ft of the pavement
edges, and there are two ramps within
three miles upstream of the segment
midpoint and three ramps within three
miles downstream of the segment
midpoint. The traffic streams consist of
cars, buses, and large trucks (no
recreational vehicles). A weekday
directional peak-hour volume of 1800
vehicles (familiar users) is observed,
with 700 arriving in the most congested
15-min period. If a level of service no
worse than C is desired,
Determine the Free Flow Speed
70
Determine the adjustment factor
0.807
Determine the maximum number of
large trucks and buses that can be
present in the peak-hour traffic stream
(Round off to nearest integer)
287
A six-lane freeway (three lanes in each
direction) in a scenic area has a
measured free-flow speed of 55 mi/h.
The peak-hour factor is 0.80, and there
are 8% large trucks and buses and 6%
recreational vehicles in the traffic
stream. One upgrade is 5% and 0.5 mi
long. An analyst has determined that
the freeway is operating at capacity on
this upgrade during the peak hour. If the
peak-hour traffic volume is 3900
vehicles,
Determine the 𝑓𝐻𝑉 (Express in three
decimals)
0.833
Determine (𝑉𝑝)
2250
What value for the driver population
factor was used? (Express in three
decimals)
0.867
A freeway is being designed for a
location in mountainous terrain. The
expected free-flow speed is 55 mi/h.
Lane widths will be 12 ft and shoulder
widths will be 6 ft. During the
peak-hour, it is expected there will be a
directional peak-hour volume of 2700
vehicles, 12 % large trucks and buses
and 6 % recreational vehicles. The PHF
and driver population adjustments are
expected to be 0.88 and 0.90,
respectively. If a level of service no
worse than D is desired,
Determine the necessary number of
lanes.
3 lanes
An eight-lane freeway (four lanes in
each direction) is on rolling terrain and
has 11-ft lanes with a 4-ft right side
shoulder. The total ramp density is 1.5
ramps per mile. The directional
peak-hour traffic volume is 5400
vehicles with 6% large trucks and 5%
buses (no recreational vehicles). The
traffic stream consists of regular users
and the peak-hour factor is 0.95. It has
been decided that large trucks will be
banned from the freeway during the
peak hour.
Find the Free Flow Speed (round off to
nearest 5)
65
What will the freeway’s density before
the ban? (round off to 3 decimals)
25.47
What will the level of service be before
the ban?
C buses (no recreational vehicles), the
What will the freeway’s density after the
ban? (round off to 3 decimals).
22.09
Assume that the trucks are removed
and all other traffic attributes are
unchanged. What will the level of
service be after the ban? Assume that
the trucks are removed and all other
traffic attributes are unchanged.
C
A segment of four-lane freeway (two
lanes in each direction) has a 3%
upgrade that is 1500 ft long. It has 12-ft
lanes and 3-ft shoulders. The directional
hourly traffic flow is 2000 vehicles with
5% large trucks and buses (no
recreational vehicles). The total ramp
density for this freeway segment is 2.33
ramps per mile. If the peak hour factor
is 0.90 and all of the drivers are regular
users,
What is the free flow speed? (round off
to nearest 5)
65
What is 𝑓𝐻𝑉 (round off to 3 decimals)
0.976
What is the flow rate? (round off to
nearest 10)
1139
Determine the LOS of the freeway.
LOS B
A 5% upgrade on a six-lane freeway
(three lanes in each direction) is 1.25 mi
long. On this segment of freeway, the
directional peak-hour volume is 3800
vehicles with 2% large trucks and 4 %
peak-hour factor is 0.90, and all drivers
are regular users. The lanes are 12 ft
wide, there are no lateral obstructions
within 10 ft of the roadway, and the total
ramp density is 1.0 ramps per mile. A
bus strike will eliminate all bus traffic,
but it is estimated that for each bus
removed from the roadway, seven
additional passenger cars will be added
as travelers seek other means of travel.

What is density, before the bus strike?

25.55

What is the volume-to-capacity ratio,

before the bus strike?
0.71

What is the level of service of the

upgrade segment before the bus strike?
LOS C

What is the density, after the bus strike?

29

What is the volume-to-capacity ratio,

after the bus strike?
0.805

What is the level of service of the

upgrade segment after the bus strike?
LOS D
MODULE 6
An intersection has a three-phase signal
with the movements allowed in each
phase and corresponding analysis and
saturation flow rates shown in the table
below. Assume the lost time is 4
seconds per phase and a critical
intersection v/c of 0.90 is desired.
Calculate the sum of the flow ratios for
the critical lane groups.
0.752
Calculate minimum cycle length
75 sec
Using v/c equalization ratio, calculate
the effective green time for phase 1
21.117 sec
Using v/c equalization ratio, calculate
the effective green time for phase 2
27.747 sec
Using v/c equalization ratio, calculate
the effective green time for phase 3
14.162 sec
A four-phase traffic signal has critical
lane group flow ratios of 0.225, 0.175,
0.200, and 0.150. If the lost time per
phase is 5 seconds and a critical
intersection v/c of 0.85 is desired,
calculate the minimum cycle length.
170 sec
An intersection has a four-phase signal
with the movements allowed in each
phase and corresponding analysis and
saturation flow rates shown in the table
below.
Calculate the sum of the flow ratios for
the critical lane groups.
0.723
Calculate the optimum cycle length
(Assume 4 seconds lost time per phase)
104.693 sec
The minimum cycle length for an
intersection is determined to be 95
seconds. The critical lane group flow
ratios were calculated as 0.235, 0.250,
0.170, and 0.125 for phases 1–4,
respectively. What Xc was used in the
determination of this cycle length,
assuming a lost time of 5 seconds per
phase?
0.988
A pretimed four-phase signal has critical
lane group flow rates for the first three
phases of 200, 187, and 210 veh/h
(saturation flow rates are 1800 veh/h/ln
for all phases). The lost time is known to
be 4 seconds for each phase. Assuming
Xi = 0.9. If the cycle length is 60
seconds, what is the estimated effective
green time of the fourth phase?
21.89 sec