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    Collecting, Displaying Data Maths Chap 3

    Uploaded by

    Sahil Bakliwal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Crapter © Collecting, organising ECM ORT ME MII M ta) ta) * Data * Categorical data © qualitative © Numerical data * quantitative © Discrete © continuous * primary data * secondary data * Frequency table * Grouped * stem-and-leaf diagram * Two-way table * Pictogram * Bar graph © Pie chart * Line graph In this chapter you will learn how to: * collect data and classif different types of data © organise data using tables, frequency tables, stem-and-leaf diagrams and *® draw pictograms, ba graphs, and pie charts display data and answer uestions about it her people in is vilage know what government aids This person is collecting information to find out available to them. People collect information for many different reasons. We collet information to answer questions, re ourselves with others and make decisions, predict what will happen in the future comp understand how things affect our lives A scientist might collet information from experiments or tests to find out how well a new drug is working. A businesswoman might collect data from business surveys to find out how well her business is performing, A teacher might collect test scores to see how ‘well his students perform in an examination and an individual might collect data from magazines or the internet to decide which brand of shoes, eans, make-up or car to buy. The branch of mathematics that deals with collecting data is called statistics. At this level, ou will focus on asking questions and then collecting information and organising or displaying it so that you can answer questions. 1g with data: with the following concepes from NOH You should already be fami ‘Types of data and methods of collecting dats ‘= Primary data ~ collected by the person doing the ™ = Secondary data ~ collected and stored by someone ese periment, measurement, obsereato” estigation, vad accessed for an investi + Data can be collected by ex} or eareying outa! ‘Ways of organising and displaying data aa] amber of data in that gFOUP, - pot individual values. Class intervals are equal and should not overlap. Frequency table (grouped data) United States: ] —_ | @ niet Pictogram - used mostly for vieunl appeal and effect oo Great Britain = sah fi j | A 1 ‘charts ~ useful for discrete data in categories Unit 1: Data handling gation), survey. Ss no 4 Collect ee ee ee Pie charts - auetl for comparing categories im the data set Medal achievements of most saccessful countries in Semaer Olympics from 2000 to 2016 (Total medals) PF eimeres cece > Ra RUS) Germasy (GER) 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016. Line sloping down shows decrease Line graphs - useful for numerical data that shows changes over time phs can be misleading. When you look ata graph think abou + The seale. The frequency axis should st Intervals betwe at 0, it should not be exaggerated and it should be clearly labelled. ould be the same. © How itis drawn, Bars or se others and give the w of a pie chart that mpression of the dat dimensional can make some parts look bigger than 4a pinay pate Bppeaeanese, poner aes aap Rowers, The information that is stored ‘on 3 computer hard-drive or CD {s also called data. in computer terms, data has nothing to do with statistic, it just means stored Information. (Gum All of this work is very important in biology and psychology, where scientists need to present data to inform their conclusions. Collecting and classifying data > ata is asc affcts, numbers or ater information. StAitcs involves Danan tr i gg snvelved in this process of tatstical investigation: = Ss Identify the question (or problem to be solved) + Is the question clear and specific? Collect the data + What data will you need? + What methods will you use to collect ie? Organise and display the data + How will you organise the data to make iteasy to work with? + Can you draw a graph or chart to show the data clearly. + Does the data raise any new ques | {Ai any eit on dst | Conchsons om the given data? ce Analyse and interpret the da + Can you summarise the data? 1 What trends are therein the data’ ‘+ What conclusions can you draw from the data? Different types of data Answer these two questions: © Whois your favourite singer? ¢ How many brothers and sisters do you have? Your answer tothe fist question will be the name of a person. Your answer to the se" 4uestion will bea number. Both the name and the number are types of data “ pout Categorical data is non-numerical data. It nam il ith It names or describes something with umber or size: Colours, names of people and places, yes and no answers, oPi8i0™s * are all categorical. Categorical datais also called qualitative data. 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data Numerical data is data in number form. Itcan be an amowint, a measurement, «Hien € een¥e ‘Numerical data is also called quantitative data (from the word quantity) You will need to fully understand contnyous data when you study > Numerical data can be further divided into two groups ‘© discrete data - this is data that can only take certain values for e2a children ina cass, goals scored in a match or red cars passing 4 point, When yon coun! things, you are collecting discrete data ‘continuous data - this is data that could take any value between two given values, fot ‘example, the height of a person who is between 1 Sim and | 69 tll could be | Sy, 1.57 m Gas oot deek 1.5793m, 1.5793421 m or any other value between 1.5m and | 61m depending ou the degree 793m, 157 other value pending as parched ote of accuracy used. Heights, masses, distances and temperatures at all examples of contnhuous be fecnors or deomals. the data. Continuous datas normally collected by measuring anaver' yes the daa usualy cortnuass But be caret age mayseemtobe deat, Methods of collecting data poarare Data can be collected from primary sources by doing surveys or interviews, by ashing people pol nara to complete questionnaires, by doing experiments or by counting and measuring, Date {1011 geting oder al the te primary sources is known as primary data. (© shoe sites are discrete, even Data can also be collected from secondary sources. This involves using existing data to fd the oer aves soe information you need. For example, if you use data from an internet site or even {rom these Soccmaae eo 7s0 $e Pages tohelp answer question, to you this ia secondary source, Data from secondary souces isknown as secondary data, Exercise 4.1 Hair colour Number of brothers and sisters 44 Add five examples of categorical data and five examples of numerical data that could be collected about each student in your class. b- Lookat the numerical examples in your table, Circle the ones that will give discrete data 2. State whether the following data would be discrete or continuous. a Mass of cach animal in aherd. coe Sapte Number of animals per household, Eases pve a ¢ Time taken to travel to school. so: Leap 4 Volume of water evaporating from a dam Peete manent Number of correct answers ina spelling test. EE cre ndetscitection £ Distance people travel to work. paitecoeates haere '§ Foot length ofeach student ina clas. es cakerion daplay Ih Shoe size of each student in a class. and analysishave become i Head circumference of newborn babies ‘more and mote important j Number of children per family. to business and ther Number of TV programmes watched in the lst month Sea 1 Number of cars passing a zebra crossing per hour. 3. For cach of the following questions state: i one method you could use to collect the data ii_ whether the source of the data is primary or secondary iii, whether the data is categorical or numerical iv Ifthe data is numerical, state whether iti discrete or continuous. 2 How many times will you geta six if you throw a dice 100 times? 1b Which is the most popular TV programme among your classmates? ‘¢ What are the lengths of the ten longest rivers in the world? Unt 1: aa handing kk 4. 2 Ep You will use these methods and extend them in later chapters ‘Make sure that you understand them now. Unit Data handing NN in your school? at is the favourite sprt of students in Yor 2 Ho a sree are taken out pet week fr the local ibrarye How many pensive to dive to work than fous public trangpor, Is there a connection been shoe se and height? What is the most popular colour of car? Hera te batting average ofthe national cricket team this seasony eer many pieces of fruit do you eat ina week? a f 8 h j Organising data ‘When you cole ange amount of data you need {0 organise iin some wy seartovead and use Tables (ally tables frequency tables and two-way table a th, ‘commonly used methods of organising data. Tally tables “Tallies are lite marks (that you use to keep a record of ters you count. Esch aunt av items you draw lie across the previous four tallies to make a group age ‘Grouping tallies in fives makes it much easier to count and get a total when you ne ial [Ataly table is used to keep a record when you are counting things. Look at this tally able. A student sed this to record how many ina parking lot. He made a tally markin the second column particular colour 1 ofeach colour ch time he counted scr] White | 4 AHP IID Red | AH IME Ibit IH | | Black eh Met WE HE Ht bt | Blue Ht Ltt Hit Het Hit II Het AEE UAE AEE Hit HE 1i8) SAE I Anita wanted to fi z f ci feeds Sh did esac tat People thought about pop-up adverts on thei so Li ™*Y 01100 people. Each person chose an answer A, B Cot about Advertising should be arcane Please choose one response. ‘banned from all social media fet a led on social media, Pop-up adverts should A strongly agree eds. B agree © I disagree D I strongly disagree cee eee uote | By Bring people avery definite statement and asking themto respond toit. Anita has shown her own bias and that covid affect the resuits of her survey Its quite possible that people feel some control ‘snecessary, but not that ‘s0verts should be banned ‘completely and they don't hhavethat 2s an option when they answer. The composition ofthe sample could iso flee the responses, so any ‘conclusions from this survey would need tobe considered ‘She recorded these results: A 8 A c A c c o A c c c D A o Do c c c A 8 B A c Oo 8 8 A c c Roum A UC ReteeeGen Oe Aen GenC CD A Daou CC A ee akc “ae & Dee € A B D B c c o A D o c c c A 8 8 A c D 8 B c c c A 8B c A D B c D A 8 a Draw a tally table to organise the results. b ‘What do the results of he survey suggest people think about pop-up advertising on social media? A Wet HE bet Wet INN) 8 WE WE HEE IIIT CE HER LH WH HE HE HE I) ° ME Met UE Mt Count each letter. Make a tally each time you count one. tt may help to cross the letters off the lst as you count them. ‘Check that your tallies add up to 100 to make sure you have included all the scores. (You could work across the rows or down the columns, putting a tally into the correct row in your table, rather than just counting one letter ata time.) The results suggest that people generally don't think advertising should be banned ‘on social media. 57 people disagreed or strongly disagreed. Only 24 of the 100 people strongly agreed with Anita’s statement. Exercise 4.2 1 Balsem threw a dice 50 times. These are her scores, Draw a tally table to organise her data. AAO OE 44> 2655244 ——— Re TT lea ne} 2 Don guicksiney doing his or her hom data Ie two dee ogeter 250 time and recorded the score he Ea ideas swer the questions about it. Bt usin, Look at the tally table and ans | wie ce ca si Bat [ea |! ae ea eee Baeaeed 4 | ae uae we ie Itt eee eliceencheceetatt 3 | ee ee wr se wet 0 6 | wie er ur we te HE (a Ue 7 | ane wi wie te Wie HE He MED 2 | we woe eee ste i aaa - a. [o> [eraemrarurm [ie fr rir es [a oar z Fa rea ot Which score occurred most often? Which two scores occurred least often? Why do you think Faiz! lft out the score of one? Why do you think he scored six, seven and eight so man Frequency tables A frequency table shows the total ofthe tally marks, Some freq tables include thei B White | sf HF Hr | ‘This trequency table isthe same as the tally table the student sed 0 record Car colouts (page 76) Ithas another cohimn added with the | oe totals Grequencies) ofthe tlies ed | war ae a we % r $$ oes Black | Ht Mt bt HE AEE bt wr 11 | 7 f eee _| ee | (Blue | Ee ee Ue ” —— = | ge eee B | ME HE He ee te Bea Green| WH uit wit) Unit 1: Data handling —____ 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data ‘The frequency table has space to write a total atthe bottom ofthe frequency column. This helps Before yoy coud an ay nx YoULWKnoW how many pieces of data were collected. nti example the student recorded the {ype of ess 6 most common at. colours of 157 cas ‘a dinic, you would need to know Most frequency tables will not include tally marks. Here isa frequency table without tallies. where this data was collected. The wr 1an) different ie sebelah twas drawn up by the staff ta clinic to record how many people were treated for different would be differenti diferent pans ‘eases in one week. of the word frequen Diabetes 30 The ‘column tls few ofan (to fequenh) each HIV/Aids 40 result appeared in the data and the 1B 0 datas dscete, Oe a 180 Grouping data in class intervals GRUNTS — Sometimes numerical data needs tobe recorded in diferent groups, For example, if you You wil soon use these tables collected test results for 40 students you might find that students scored between 40 and 84 toconstruct bar chants and other _(Out of 100). Ifyou recorded each individual score (and they could all be different) you would frequency diagrams. These gta very large frequency table that is dificult to manage. To simplify things, the collected diagrams give cer, visual data can be arranged in groups called class intervals. A frequency table with results arranged impression of the data. in class intervals is called a grouped frequency table. Look at the example below: In ths example, the test does not ‘alow for fractons of 2 mark, so all test scores are integers and the datas dscrete ‘The range of scores (40-84) has been divided into class intervals. Notice that the class intervals do not overlap so itis clear which data goes in what class Exercise 4.3 1 Sheldon dida survey to find out how many coins the students in his class had on them (in their pockets or purses). These are his results: 12 8 ot we ee ae Gee tegd Oe tO Gite igi sgt Ce be as Copy this frequency table and use it to organise Sheldons data 1b What is the highest number of coins that any person had on them? LL Se A nied 5 | 4355 44517602595 3.75 ete ht carey (money) 1235 5500 125035951625 discrete data because you canot | {et 9 own (ornate) smaler than 2505 250-«29.35-««1280— «870 one cent 1250 1395 650-3940 (2255, 2045 4505301595 1050 + Copy and complete this grouped frequency table to organise the data How many people spent less than $20.00? © How many people spent more than $50.00? 4 What sthe most commen amount that people spent og Penns shite 3 Leonard records the length in minutes and whole secon! ‘ch phone call hema luring one day These are his results Pmin29s Amin 2s 4miniss —1min 29s 145s }min32s Imin09s —2mins0s—3min 156 1038 Sminots Smini2sSmin4Ss amin 295 09s kimin 2s 4minI8s 3min45s—3min sog ors ‘sea grouped frequency table o organise the data, Stem-ond-leat diagrams rome diagram ss special ype of table Baap tt U8 the stil data val: Whee YOU use a frequency table to organise rointoatveseraen and an Atul dats values, juste umber of data items in each wn] Gags gon wien ou cte Sande dapang see ‘suse when you keep the actual values, you can cee anmenutsctspesdn Mean wenger fae chapter 12.» that allows you to organise and dip i i agra at dlazam ech dita item is broken into two Pars: stem and lel TH OTE 13 wouldbe shown Willen tothe right oh vertical line. For example? Wn a Stem Leap 1 ys Tnthis case, the Unit 1: Data handling ss ee econ) In this case, the stem represents both the tens and the hundreds digits while the units digit is the leat To be useful, a stem-and-leat diagram should have atleast S stem. If the number of stenosis less than that you can split the leaves into 2 (or sometimes even 5) classes. Ifyou do this, each stent is listed twice and the leaves are grouped into 4 lower and higher class. For example, ifthe stem is tens and the leaves are units, you would! make two classes lke this Stem Leaf Voy osaan 1 | s987s6 Values from 10 to 14 (leaves 0 to 4) are included in the first class, values from 15 to 19 (leaves 5 to 9) are included in the second class, ‘Stem-and-leaf diagrams are easier to work with if the leaves are ordered from smallest to sreatest Tee) ‘This data set shows the ages of customers using an internet café -“ 23 40 3 3 8 we 2 7 2 0 v7 Rn 5S a a2 as he 8 le Of Draw a stem-and-leat diagram to dispay this data. Group the ages in intervals of ten, 10 ~ 19; 20 - 29 and so on t Se ‘These are two-digit numbers, so the tens digit will be the stem. 1)7= 17 year okt List the stems in ascending order down the let ofthe diagram. Work through the data in the order itis given, writing the units digits (the leaves) in a row next to the appropriate stem. Space the leaves to make i easier to read them, {you need to work with the data, you can redraw the diagram, putting the leaves in ascending order. From this re-organised stem-and-eaf diagram you can quickly } - Key see that rT) |} er yeamoul* the youngest person using the intemet café was 17 years old 2 ]osssae (the first data item) 3 |O2234456679 + the oldest person was 55 (the last data item) 4 joe + most users were in the age group 30 ~ 39 (the group with the largest number of leaves) Aback to back stem and leaf diagram is used to show two sets of data. “The second set of data ts bout the leaves are writen to the left This stem and!-eaf plot compares the battery life of two different brands of mobile phone. plotted against the same sten Unit: thang ia Exercise 4.4 x Brand 7 Brand = | 58 dX 8|2=28 hours g72 82 Bran a | 7a723 Hip Brand Y 4|2=42 hous | | 8462798 7210 UL —_— 1d X from till the tens digit, X from right to left. The stem is st Brand X from rig You read the data for asured and recorded tothe near ta | e Grade 10 students was me 1 Themass of some Gras | the results: ea | os ie 6 53 55 B53 gg 6 69 OT SS 56 SB gg Construct stem-and-lea diagram to display the data, 2 The numbers of pai ernnig shoes sold each day fora month at different branch Runner Up Shoe Stor are given below. 175,132, 180,134,178, 115,140,200, 198, 201, 189, 149, 188, 179, 186,152,180, 172,169, 155, 164, 168,166, 149" 19g, 190, 199, 299 18,186, 187,159,160, 18, 200, 201, 204, 198, | 90, 185, 142, 188 165, 187, 180, 190, 191, 169, 177, 200, 205, 196, 19; 193, 188, 200 ee ee —_| let and lea diagram to display the Demos sles on one day during thes "to have sold the most pairs? Why? 3 wth of fish ‘ina dam, fore releasing then »! the fish to the nearest h ‘and measured their lengt *-The stem and-lea am shows the lengr f dag length 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data 4 This stem-and-leaf diagram shows the pulse rate of a group of people measured before and after exercising on a treadmill. Pulse rate Before exercise After exercise Before exercise 2 | 6~ 62 beats per minute Aflerexercise —|7= 87 beats per minute | a How many people had a resting pulse rate (before exercise) in the range of 60 to 70 beats per minute? b_ What was the highest pulse rate measured before exercise? “That person also had the highest pulse rate after exercise, what was it? What does the stem-and: Leaf diagram tell you about pulse rates and exercise in this group? How? ae Two-way tables [A two-way table shows the frequency of certain results fortwo oF more sets of data. Here is 2 two way tuble showing how many men and woman drives were wearing ther seatbelts when they passed a check point “The headings at the top ofthe table give you information about wearing seat belts. The headings down the side of the table give you information about gender You can use the table to fad oot: fo ow many men were wearing seat bets fe how many women were weanag seat bes fe how many men were sot wearng seat bets fo how many women were nce wearing seat belts Yoo can also abd the meals across and dows to work cut bow many mee were aren Sow mcr women were serneeed wcerng scx be or not earn seat Seta Rea cela ered Here are two more examples of two-way tables: Drinks and crisps sold ta school tuck shop during lunch gy Exercise 4.5 1 teacher dida survey tose how many students in her ss were left-handed hi this two-way abet show the ess. How many left-handed girls are there in the class? How many ofthe girls are right-handed? ‘Are the boys mostly lefi-handed or mostly right-handed? How many students are inthe class? 2 Doa quick survey in your own class to find out whether girls and boys ae left-rri hhanded. Draw up a two-way able of your results 3 Sima asked her friends whether they liked algebra or geometry best. Here are the responses, 1 Data handling oo Make sute you understand how to draw up and read a two-way table. You will use them again in chapter 8 when you deal with probabil. > Draw a two-way table using these responses. b_ Writea sentence to summarise what you can learn from the table, Two-way tables in everyday life ‘Two-way tables are often used to summarise and present data in ral life situations. You need to know how to read these tables so that you can answer questions about them. Worked example 3 This table shows world population data for 2008 with estimated figures for 2025 and 2050, | World| |___ 6705000000 8000000000 9352000000 Africa 967000000 1358000000 1932000000 North America 338000000 393000000 480000000 Latin America and the 577000000 1678000000 78000000 Caribbean Asia . 4052000000 4793090900 5427000000 | Europe 736000000 685000000 Ocea 35000000 | 48000000 (Pata from Population Reference Bureau.) ‘& What was the total population of the world in 2° b Byhow much isthe population of the world exper: ‘© What percentage of the world’s population ved in 10 the closest whole per cent 4 Which region is likely to experience a decrease in po; 2028? i. Whats the population of this region likely to bei li By how much is the population expected to decrease by 20507 2 6705000000 Read this from the table. 3000000000 - 6705000000 = 1295000000 Read the value for 2025 from the table and subtract the smaller figure from the larger. 4052000000 100 = 60.4325% = 60% 705000000 Read the figures from the table and then calculate the percentage. 4 Europe Look to see which numbers are decreasing across the row. i 726000000 Read this from the table. fi 736000000 ~ 685000000=51000000 Read the values from the table and subtract the smaller figure from the larger Uni: aa handing bid cad Exercise 4.6 43 > You also need to be able to draw and use frequency distnbutions and histograms. These are covered in chapter 20. > Applying your skills Ths distance table shows the dying distance in ils) between ome maj Or wg, ‘4 Find the flying distance from Hong Kong to: i Dut London it Sydney 'b Which is the longer fight: Istanbul to Montreal or Mumbai to egos? & Whats the toa ying distance fra return fight from Londo Sydney and back 4: the plane es at an average speed of 400miles per hour, hos ‘ong wll take toh distance from Singapore to Hong Kong tothe nearest hour? © Why are there some blank Blocks on this table? Using charts to display data (Charts are useful for displaying data because you can see pat You can also compare different sets of data easily. n ths sect already know about how to draw and make sense of pictogra nd trends easly and a sare going to reves 1 charts and pie cis Pictograms Pictograms ae fairly simple chats, Small symbols (pictures) are used to represent guste ‘The meaning ofthe symbol andthe amount it represents (a‘key’) must be provided fh graph to make sense ree) — ‘The table shows how many books five diferent students have finished reading nb past year 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data Draw a reo ‘show this data. Number of books read eeeere jeeeeees ow BEBB MAAAAAAAS SEEEEEBE This pitogram shows the amount of time that five friends spent talking on their phones during one week. Times oO on the = ‘Who spent the most time on the phone that week? b How much time did Isobel spend on the phone that week? ¢ Who spent 34 hours on the phone this week? d__Draw the symbols you would use to show 24 hours. a Anna The person with the most clocks. b 3% hours ‘There are three whole clocks; the key shows us each one stands for 1 hour. The fourth clock is only three-quarters, s0 it must be # of an hour. © Tare ‘She has three full clocks, each worth 1 hour, and one half clock, Fae al docks to represent wo hours, anda quarter of Y \ dock to represent hours. Unit: ata handing ‘The number of arwvals represented by the key should be an integer that is easly divided into the data; you may also need to round the data to a suitable degree of accuracy, Unit 1: Data handling 1 Apiaogramshwiaghow a urs EOP BYTOM dig, piciog How many tourists are represented by each ofthese symbols? | ba laa \ ie Here isa set of data forthe five top tourist destination countries (2016). Use ‘question 1 with your own scale to draw a pictogram to show this data, ‘Most tourist arrivals France usa | Spain 84500000 | 77500000 | 68200000 ‘This pictogram shows the numberof fish caught by five fish Number of fish caught per boat ——+ 56900000 Uhe sy S07 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data Bar charts Bar charts are normally used to display discrete data. The chart shows information as a series of ‘bars plotted against a scale on the axis. The bars can be horizontal or vertical. Number of days of rain February Month [Number of books taken out of the library 250 —---— 200 Number 150 of books 190 jan Feb Mar Ape May Month OOEOE ESS “There are ditferent methods of drawing bar charts, but all bar chatty shout iy, title that tells what datais being displayed a number scale or axis (so you can work out how many are in each clagy scale that tells you what the numbers stand for a scale or axis that lists the categories displayed fe bars that are equally wide and equally spaced Warr ac ‘The frequency table shows the numberof people who were treated f01 road acc, injuries in the casualty department of large hospital inthe first six months of Draw a ber chart to represent the data. Note that bar charts frequency axes shou’ sy aay from zero. January 360 a February 275, L March | 190 A 375 May 200 June 20 Road accident admittances | 400 | 380 | 300 } ‘ } 250 Number | of 200 a patients 190 100 A bar chart 15 not the same as a labelied 9 P huctogrern. A histogram 1 roerally Jan, used lor cortirnsous data. You wih ? Mar Apr] May June learn more abot hesograms in categories we abating MOM bars equal width and chapter 70. equally spaced 4 Collecting, organising and displaying data Exercise 4.8 HW s a masswe global health ‘ssue In 2017, the organisation ‘Avert reported that 36 7 milion people worldwide were Ing wath HIV The vast majoty of these people ne n low and middle- income countries and almost 70% ‘of them lv in sub-Saharan Afnca The counines of fast and Southern Anca are the most affected. Since 2010, there has been a 29% decrease in the rate of new Infection in tis region, largely due o anareness and education campagrs and the rll out of ant retroural medication on a large scale. (Source: wen Avertorg) Compound bar charts ‘A compound bar chart displays two or more sets of data on the same set of axes to make it easy to compare the data, This chart compares the growth rates of children born to mothers with different education levels. Percentage of children underage 3 whose growth i impacted by mother's education 0) 5 TB eeticton i ccna ortghr growth problems Percentage of children India® Madagascar Nigena Cambodia Hat Columbia Egypt Senegal Country * Children underage $ (age toe Nan pine 3010 wm dopa) You can see that children born to mothers with secondary education are less likely to experience growth problems because their bars are shorter than the bar for children whose mothers have only primary education. The aim ofthis graph isto show that countries should pay attention to the education of women if they want children to develop in healthy ways. 1 Draw a bar chart to show eset Jat ” TR cd Hotchips | Other aay finn hucker 20 » b Ret {hele oho el lotta ge Swaziland 288 Botswana 22 Lesotho 227 | babwe 47 South Africa 192 | Namibia 133 | Mozambique | 105 Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics < Look atthe eater sections of this ‘chapter to remind yourself about st0uped frequency tabes if you need to, In this example, the temperature {rOUps/classintevals wl be splayed as ‘categories’ wth gaps between each bar As tempersture 'S continuous, a better way to deal vith is to use a histogram wath equal ass inteals; you vl See ‘these in chapter 20, 2 Here isa set ofeaw data showing the average summer temperature ( “fora, Middle East during one year oe | oe ee ee jo eee 4 Copy and complet this grouped frequency table to organise the day mz b_ Drawa horizontal bar chart to represent this data, ae Pie charts Alc chat saccular chart which utes ices or Sectors ofthe <0 show ted ice in a le chart represent the whol set of data For exam sou suey gars payed by everyone ina schol then the total numberof nts would beep by the cl. The sector would represent groups of students wh ya each spon nc oter charts pe charts should havea heading and a key. re ome fan expla ofpie chats ow lions peda pic day How elephants spend atypia iy 5% 2% 5 oe - seeping 10%, ee Mi secisisng seis Wi Giooming roves Wi Atackng gzcties Wi Eatng gzcles oe 2% ow ly spend elyish spend tical day How pandas spend atypical hy 9% 1% Wis toa tere ma vene™ Wi Absorbing food Ruining a pertset tr, 100% 4 Collecting, arganieing and SL ibaa nthe | Connplainiy, viv ait shit foe ee SON: st work anit the total nant a here Sehoot | steeping | ating |Online Draw a pl Teme Na dead " ‘Wn wor vt each cago a rata athe ioe and convert the Fratton opines, | as a traction of 24) (convert to degree) 4 ' seh I 400108 = seh i heme ; 8 " sl ‘ leon A Peso ta . wou 1» Pi ® Wine un fare ) ; ntine A osm a ays ” ‘On the phone Hea AN son 909 Complaining i 4 yn «a0 “ a“ ‘Anat meen school | steeping | Fating | Aniine | An the | Complaining phone | — about atu fetid te ah op Sak ayer yn at ; oe ae : wc ayes Te Ugantc (ieo th Ae | Nast espe vow | gant [aan [ant | saa wr A ay Aloe (ster 6 fray acne to present the Bi iininy whale day Bh nine Use a alee ani 9 protractor to east each sector ‘On pane a © Label th chart and give ita title Unit 1) ate handling (ieee i This pie chart shows how Henry spent one day of his schoo! holidays Heary’s day Wi skepicg Wl ober sur Hil Computer gas \What fraction of his day did he spend playing computer games? How much time did Henry spend sleeping? © What do you think ‘other stuf involved? @ 120.1 Measure the angle and convert it to a fra on wet meee an ve info | writing it over 360 and simplify. a b 210 ‘Measure the angle, convert it to hours. 20 24 14hous | | © Things he didn’t bother to list. Possibly eating, showeriny. getting dressed. ts neem | Exercise 4.9 1 The table shows the results of a survey carried out on a uni campus to find outabe| thee fanlneaportcmessamenguedens Dawe wrt lowe eae a | Never sed online suppor 80 ae | Used online support in the past 120 ‘Use online support presently 100 J 2. The table shows the home language ofa number of people passing through an inter airport. Display this data asa pie chart, English | 130 Spanish i | | See S ialan iw French a | | German ie L Japanese 2 PU UR Ae il telahaal 4 Collecting, org: used to grow dllflerent vegetables on a farm is shown below. 3 The amount of land Drave a pie chart to show the data. Squashes | Pumpkins | Cabbages | Sweet otto | 13s us [|_| in an international school is shown on this pie chart. 4 The nationalities of students i Nationalities of studens ata schoo! i pain Hh French i indian [Bh Anerican [i ciinese What fraction ofthe students are Chinese? ‘What percentage ofthe students are Indian? Write the ratio of Brazilian students: total students as a decimal. If there are 900 students at the school, how many of them are: i Chinese? it. Indian?——ill__ American? no |, Graphs that can be used for Line graphs crrertng caencies or systems Some data that you collect changes with time. Exam ‘ofthe year, the number of cars each hour in a supermarket car park or the ami of uns wil be covered in chapter 13. Graphs dealing with your bank account each week. time, distance and speed are “he following ine graph shows how the depth of water in a garden pond varies over a year, covered in chapter 21. ‘The graph shows that the water levels tit lowest between June and August iv. French? ples are the average temperature each month jount of money in Depth of wate ina garden pond Cy — ss HEHE | | 0 | Depinor | we 4p 35 | 0 | V oi LPS HEE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dee Month of year When time is one of your variables it is always plotted on the horizontal axis. voi ounce Choosing the most appropriate chart ‘ies ne type of chart is beter than another —it depen, the data and what wa Use pie chars or bar chars (single bars) if you want to compare diffe "y Tip You may be asked to give © «seasons for choosing a TEM party, theres no time involved, and there are not too many pieces of data, a ore ea al ‘© Use bar charts for discrete data that does not change over time, }e sure to have learn the advantages and Us compoundbar chars yu want to compare OF more et fac, Sissdvamtagesinthe able. ' 4 Ueline graphs for numerical data when you want to show how some ngage The table summarises the features, advantages and disadvantages of each Aer ‘raph. You can use thi information to help you decide which type to use Tip Before you draw a chart decide Pictogram Aawactive and appealing, can” Symbolshae tober “Seeger | [Dekmgmns |itinemecber Snttebernt hart tobe ‘orpicurestorepresent | Easy to understand, values and may out + whet caheeyoe wel ne: ||| | geen Sixcofestegoriescan be Can be miseatog ‘Theamountrepresentedby | easily compared 40es not give detaet how ju wil de toca fxchsmbaisshom na format + what tite you will give Bar chart ‘Clear tolook at. hart categories canke the chart | Putaisshownincolumns | Eayto compare Categories cordered to enpbuse * wheteryouneedaiey | | meuuresguntascleon | aaldgcem certain effects, oF not. ree Scales are given, so: can ‘Useful only with dearal | Dole uscnbewedior | paar fNemt0yU ‘4 wwosesafdan ‘numerical data Data can bein any order Bars should be labelled and the hemessurement ai should wea scale and label ee ata dsplayed asa mnseesand keuyts | Neem amneialia featon percentage gy | edestan Hard to compare wo winatlfacionofte | N10 compare categories, | an ie Each section shoug | Nostale needed “Other categorycanbt belabeled. A key and tls wean M8 Rtcentage of probe, forthe data shouldbe given or ech category, Total is unknown ws specified. Best for three tose die Values are categories. You wil work wit ine graphs ‘umber Useful only with on | when you deal with frequency and horino data, ) distnbutions in chapter 20 should be ¢ Scales can be manip! Paleaescraei a labelled, to make data look mo impressive, Unit 1: Date haneling Exess £10 01 which npeot gap weed ou axe an show the flowing informatie? Give a reason foe wee chow The masmiber of peepic sn woer counery looking for jobs cack meach ths wear ‘The Gerourte TY shows of wou and nime of your treads. The mumiber of peupiic caung a crim at diferent times Ganng 2 dae The taroerne eaten of adients @ a schowt The reasons peupic ge foe act donating to a charity The diferent languages spoiken by peopic & your school “The tance you cas travel ea tank of petro i cars with diferent sane engines. ee ea 2 CaBlect tes Giierene chars from mewspupers magarines or other SOUS, wre the ype of chart ts verte a sheet paragraph explaining what each chart shows Sent any trends or patterns you can see in the data Is there ary information missing that makes it dificult to interpret the chart? If so what ts miscing? € Why do you think the particular type and style of chart was used in each case? Would you bave chosen the same type and sie of chart in each case? Why? summary Do you know the following? Are you able to... ? be semtistics, data is a set of information collected to collect data to answer a statistical question Coupee qualnatre) : 1 os . « }) data is non-numencal Colours, renee © use tallies to count and recond data ‘¢ Namerical (quantitative) data is collected in the form of sider ae Ne dena be a . wpe class intra to group data and doe op a grasped Discrete data takes a certain value, continuous data can take any value in a given range Primary data is data you collect yourself from a primary source. Secondary data is data you collect from other sources (previously collected by someone else). Unsorted data is called raw data. Raw data can be organised using tally tables, frequency tables, stem-and-leaf diagrams and two-way tables to make it easier to work with Data in tables can be displayed as graphs to show patterns and trends at a glance. Pictograms are simple graphs that use symbols to represent quantities. Bar chats have rows of horizontal bars or columns of vertical bars of different lengths. The bar length (or height) represents, an amount. The actual amount can be read from a scale. Compound bar charts are used to display two or more sets of data on the same set of axes. Pie charts are circular charts divided into sectors to show categories of data. ‘The type of graph you draw depends on the data and ‘what you wish to show. construct single and back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagrams to organise and display sets of data

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