ests Electro-magnetism yuired Magnetic effect of current (principles only, laws not red! ‘Oersted’s experiment on the magnet in a straight wire (qualitative only), right han ‘their uses; comparison with a permar ‘magnet, split ring | due to current ch of main parts (coil, orking not required); simple introduct ‘Fleming's right hand rile ac generator — simp required); advantage of ac. over di labelled diagram and supplies, er (working mot ‘coils in each type (simple 40.1 OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT ON THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Hans Oersted, in 1820, in his experiments observed that when an electric current is passed through a conducting wire, a magnetic field is pnxtuced around it. The presence of magnetic field yr any point around the current carrying wire can be detected with the help of a compass needle, nent magnet: Fler ‘commutator and brushes); brief jon to electromagnet le sketch of main parts, brief d (A) MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRE! ); Electromagnetic i ic effect of electric current; xi thumb rule; magnetic fiel sming’s left hand rule tic induction, its types, BATTERY py4cosTAT key COMPASS ey WIRE: ‘SERIN (a) Key open and compass nee blow the wie “= Nowe 7 In absence of any magnetic field, the needle of compass can rest in any direction. But in presence of a magnetic field, the needle of compass rests only along the direction of the magnetic field. On the surface “f earth, the needle rests along the north-south of Sirection showing the presence and direction of ‘earth's magnetic field. periment : In 10.1, AB is a wire lying in the north-south direction and connected te a battery through a rheostat and a taping key, y compass needle is placed just below the wire Observations ; (1) When the key is open i.e, no current passes through the wire, the needle ats in the N-S direction (e.along the earth's netic field) with the north pole of needle 280 poit ma L$ — _ =n SSN andoompa (©) Current reversed ‘bolow L@- _ ae {() Compass needle + wire Lag _Ip non Tah Goren versed and opt above tne WH ig. 10.1 Oersted experiment on tt effect of ed pens nt Awit yowards the geographical north direction, r «< postion. the needle is parallel to the wire sown in Figs 10.1 (a). Fly when the Key is pressed, a current xin the wire in the direction from A to B from south to north) and the north pole (N) the needle deflects towards af Mio (b)J. If current in the wire i fection of the needle also increases, @ When the direetion of current in the wire jpversed by reversing the connections at the gminals of the battery, the north pole (N) of the pede deflects towards the east [Fig. 10.1 (¢)}. (4) If the compass needle is placed just above tte wire, the north pole (N) deflects towards east when the direction of current in wire is from A. wB (Fig. 10.1(¢)], but the needle deflects twards west as shown in Fig. 10.1 (e) if the diection of current in wire is from B to A. Explanation : The deflection of magnetic needle co passing current in the wire, clearly indicates the eration of magnetic field around the wire. Thus, on passing current in the wire, @ magnetic field is produced around it and the magnetic needle of compass experiences a torgue in this magnetic field, so it deflects to align itself in the direction of resultant magnetic field at that point. On increasing current in the wire, the deflection of the compass needle increases which implies that the strength of magnetic field around the wire increases. On reversing the direction of curent in the wire, the direction of deflection of the magnetic needle of compass reverses because the direction of magnetic field reverses. Inference ; A current (or moving charge) produces a magnetic field around it. This is called the magnetic effect of current. The strength of magnetic field depends on the magnitude of current and its direction depends on the direction of current. ae 1 (GNETIC FIELD AND FIELD ~ ra CURRENT IN A STRAIGHT WIRE ‘na current is passed through a conducting were age field is produced around it. Ata the west creased, Point, the direction of magnetic field will be along the tangent drawn on the magnetic field line at that Point, The magnetic field lines can be drawn by means of iron filings as follows. Experiment : Take a white sheet of smooth cardboard with a hole at its centre. Place it horizontal and pass a thick copper wire XY vertically through the hole, Connect an ammeter A, battery B, theostat Rh and a key K between the ends X and Y of the wire as shown in Fig. 10.2. Sprinkle some iron filings on the cardboard and pass an electric current through the wire by inserting the plug in the key K. Gently tap the cardboard, RHEOSTAT, HAF MAGNETIC FIELD, BATTERY ues ‘CARDBOARD y Fig. 10.2 Magnetic field lines around a straight ‘current carrying wire It is observed that the iron filings get arranged along the concentric circles around the wire as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 10.2. If a small compass needle is placed anywhere on the board near the wire, the direction in which the north pole of needle points, gives the direction ‘of magnetic field at that point which is marked by an arrow on the field line. From the magnetic field lines pattern, we note that (1) The magnetic field lines form the concentric circles around the wire, with their plane perpendicular to the straight wire and with their centres lying on the wire. (2) When the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the pattern of iron filings does not change, but the direction of deflection of the compass needle gets reversed, Thenorth pole of the compass needle now points in a direction eppesite to the previous direction showing that the direction of magnetic field has reversed, On increasing current in the wire, the magnetic field lines become denser and the iron filings get arranged in circles up to a larger distance from the wire, showing that the magnetic field strength has increased and it is effective up to a larger distance. (3) Note : The magnetic field at any point is the combined effect of the magnetic field due to current in the wire and the magnetic field of the earth*. At points near the wire, the magnetic field due to current in the wire predominates due to which iron filings arrange themselves in circles, while at points far away from the wire, the magnetic field due to earth becomes more Pronounced as compared to the magnetic field due to current in the wire, as a result filings tend to arrange themselves in straight lines. The point where the two fields are equal and opposite, is called a neutral point, At the neutral point, the resultant magnetic field is zero and the compass needle at this point rests in any directir 10.3 RULE TO FIND THE DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD Experimentally the direction of magnetic field at a point is detected with the help of compass needle. But theoretically the direction of magnetic field (or magnetic field lines) produced due to flow of current in a conductor can be determined by various rules. One such rule is the right hand thumb rule. Right hand thumb rule If we hold the current carrying conductor in our right hand such that the thumb points in the direction of flow of current, then the fingers encircle the wire in the direction of the magnetic field lines (Fig. 10.3). = The magnetic field of earth ina limited space ins horizontal plane is ‘uniform. Ii dreced frm the geographic south to geographic north, 2 tiie ETI > omen =" OF Magnet HELO Une DIRECTION oF x t ‘CURRENT Fig, 10. Right hand thom rae In Fig. 10.3, the direction of ey conductor XY is upwards (ie, X tp magnetic field lines are clockwi conductor (as seen from end X), 104 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO cURRej, IN A LOOP (OR CIRCULAR Col) The magnetic field Tines due to cur yy loop (of thick wire or circular coil) ea je obtained by the following experiment, Experiment : Take a piece of thick wie 4 bent in the form of a loop (or coil) Its paved at two points P and Q through a horizon) cardboard C such that the points P and Q fom the diameter of the wire or coil, Now sprinke some iron filings on the cardboard, Connect a battery through a rheostat and a key betwen the ends X and Y of the loop as shown is Fig, 10.4. in thy Y), ise arn Loop 1a Y CARD BOARD (CURRENT HEOSTAT, EY garreny Fig. 10.4 Magnetic field due to current in a loop Close the key to pass current through the co! and tap the cardboard gently, It is noted that the iron filings get arranged in a definite patte™ at =ating the magnetic field lines of the eri Fig. 104). To find the direction of i Feld, ines,a compass ncedle-isiused Mjection of magnetic field at a point is along needle in the direction in which its north ME js An arrow is marked on cach Bande feld line to indicate the direction of magnetic fu. You may verify that the direction is same riven by the right hand thumb rule, From the pattern of magnetic field lines, it is poted that _ it) In the vicinity of wire at P and Q, the magnetic field lines are nearly circular. 0) Within the space enclosed by the wire (ie. hetween P and Q), the magnetic field lines are in the same direction. @) Near the centre of loop, the magnetic field lines are nearly parallel to each other, so the magnetic field may be assumed to be nearly uniform in a small space near the centre. (@ At the centre, the magnetic field lines are along the axis of loop and normal to its plane. (5) The magnetic field jines become denser (ie, the magnetic field strength is increased) if (i) the strength of current in loop is increased, and (i) the number of turn increased. (6) The magnetic field lines pass through the Joop in same direction. They Ppt to come our fromthe face (of loop on other side, so that face behaves as a nortl pole, while the magnetic field lines appear °° enter in at the from face ob toopr arene a south pole. Thus, the loop acts like a dipole and it has a magnetic field similar to that of @ magnetised disc of radius same as that of the loop. s in the loop is faces of loop depends irecti ‘n the loop. On on the direction ol reversing the direction of current in the loop, the polarity at the faces ‘of loop gets reversed. The See laa polarity at the faces of the k the clock rule, oop 1s determined by Clock rule (clockwi ise current- and anticlockwise Baath pal) ms Looking at the face of the loop, if the current in wire around that face is in anticlockwise direction, the face has the north polarity, while a rhe current at that face is in clockwise direction, the face has the south polarity. In Fig. 10.5 (a), current at the face of Toop is anticlockwise, so it behaves as north pole, while in Fig. 10.5(b), current at the face of loop is clockwise so it behaves as south pole. ANTICLOCKWISE CURRENT CLOCKWISE CURRENT () @) Fig. 10.5 Polarities at the faces of @ loop carrying current 40.5 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING CYLINDRICAL COIL (OR SOLENOID) If a conducting wire is wound in form of a cylindrical coil whose diameter is less in Comparison to its length, the coil is called a Solenoid, It looks like a helical spring. To obtain the magnetic field lines due to a current carrying solenoid, the following experiment is performed. Experiment : Take a cardboard having two slits PO and P‘Q’ parallel to each other, ata small separation and parallel 0 its length. Wind a uniform spiral of an insulated thick copper Wire through the two slits such that the axis of spiral is in the plane of the cardboard. Connect battery through a rheostat and a key between the ends X and Y of the solenoid wire. Sprinkle some cardboard and pass current iron filings on the id by closing the key. Gently through the solenoit tap the cardboard. 233BATTERY RHEOSTAT Fig. 10.6 Magnetic field lines due to a solenoid carrying current It is found that the iron filings on the cardboard get arranged in a definite pattern as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 10.6, representing the pattern of magnetic ficld lines due to the current carrying solenoid. The direction of magnetic field at a point is determined by using a compass needle and arrows are marked on these lines in the direction in which the north pole of the compass needle points. From the pattern of magentic field lines, it is found that a) Q) GB) 4) (5) The magnetic field lines inside the solenoid are nearly straight and parallel to the axis of solenoid ie., the magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid. The magnetic field lines become denser (i.e, a strong magnetic field is obtained) on increasing current in the solenoid. The magnetic field is increased, if the number of turns in the solenoid of given length is increased. ‘The magnetic field is also increased, if a soft iron rod (core) is placed along the axis of solenoid. The soft iron increases the strength of magnetic field of the solenoid as soft iron has a high magnetic permeability. In Fig. 10.6, the end P at which the direction of current is anticlockwise behaves as i north pole (N), while the end Q at which the direction of current is clockwise behaves as a south pole (8), On reversing the direction * Reefer Vol 1, Chapter X ’ -— 244 of current in the solenoid, 1 the ends of solenoid are req itty 7 VE direction of magnetic field Taw ete Simllarities bsiween curren aaa | solenoid and a bar magnet SarrVing (1) The magnetic field lines of a ¢ 7 ul solenoid are similar to the img | lines of a bar magnet, Thuy ni fe carrying solenoid behaves jus: |i {Mim magnet, diy ie 4 bar (2) A current carrying solenoid whe ; Super freely s self in the north-south ‘tee exactly in the same manner as : & bar magne, @) Acun ent carrying solenoid also acquires ty attractive property of a magnet. If iron fj are brought near the current can solenoid, it attracts them, Dissimilarities between a current carrying solenoid and a bar magnet (1) The strength of magnetic field due to a solenoid can be changed by changing the current in it, while the strength of magnetic field due to a bar magnet cannot be changed. (2) The direction of magnetic field due toa solenoid can be reversed by reversing the direction of current in it, but the direction of magnetic field due to a bar magnet cannot be reversed. 10.6 ELECTROMAGNET A solenoid behaves like a magnet $0 long a current passes through it. As the current switched off, it loses its magnetic behaviows ‘Thus, a current carrying solenoid is @ ener magnet and is called an electromagnet magnetic field is considerably increase’ inserting a soft iron core in it, Thus, ings ying An electromagnet is a temporary song. made by passing current in a coil around a piece of soft tron, It is an magnet, i>, =romagnet can be made in any shape, the following two shapes of ragnet ae i ste (Ot bar) magnet, and MF geshape (0F Harse-shoe) magnet. 4) construction of I-shaped (or bar) electromagnet tp construct an Eshaped electromagnet, a thin alate) copper wire XY is wound in form of a Femnid around a straight soft iron bar PQ. A tuttery B through ammeter A, @ theostat Rh and a key Ky is connected between the ends Xan Y of the wire as shown in Fig 10.7. r® a IRON BAR, 10.7 Lshaped electromagnet .d through the winding ey K, the end P south pole (Ss) lockwise, while the When current is pi of solenoid by closing the k of the bar becomes the singe current at this face is cl end Q at which the current is anticlockwise, becomes the riorth pole (N). Thus, the bar PQ becomes a magnet. The bar remains magnetised so long the electric current flows through the tblenoid;-buteit- gets) demnngnetised BS/#000°° the current is switched off, thus it is a temporary magnet, Use ¢ A bar shaped electromagnet used in relay.” (2) Construction of u-shaped (or horse- shoe) electromagne! a horse-shoe electromagnet, @ wire XY is spirally wound noun arms of « U-shaped softy lren Hill Sac winding as seen from the ends, is acense on the two arms. In Fig, 10.8, g on the arm P starts from the front and is commonly To construct thin insulated copper such that in opposi windiny in is im the — aa ence ‘e clockwise direction (when viewed from the bottom). On tt the arm P, winding starts of the arm Q and it is in Between the ends X a through an ammeter, connected. Pig. 10.8 Ho When curent is passed | by closing the key, the end of the arm FB the south pole S (current at this face is cloe and the end of the arm Q becomes the pole N (current at this face is anti-clockawis Thus, we get avery strong magnetic field im’ gap between the two poles. ‘The magnetic field the gap vanishes as soon as current in the ele ig switched off. Thus, it is a temporary magnet. Use : Horse shoe magnets are used in gadgets like dic, motor, a.c. generator, electric bell, etc. ‘Note : For sending current in the coil, the source must be the d.c. source (i-e., battery). With an a.c. source of frequency 50 Hz, although the soft iron core gets magnetised as jong the current is passed, but its polarity at the ends changes 50 times in each second.10.7 PERMANENT MAGNET Naturally occurring magnets are permanent magnets but they are not strong enough and also not of the required shape for many purpos Thus a strong permanent magnet is made like an electromagnet using a piece of steel, instead of soft iron, since steel has more magnetic retentivity than the soft iron. A coil of insulated copper wire is wound around the stecl piece and current is, passed in the coil. The steel piece gets magnetised and is then taken out from the coil. Once it is magnetised in this manner, the steel piece retains its magnetism for a longer period and is thus used as a permanent magnet. Use : The permanent magnets are used in electric meters (e.g., galvanometer, ammeter, voltmeter) and in magnetic compass, etc. 10.8 COMPARISON OF AN ELECTRO MAGNET WITH A PERMANENT MAGNET It is made of steel. 2 it produces the magnetic | 2. It produces a permanent 1. Kes made of soft iron. [7 field wo long as carvent | magnetic eld flows init cll te the temporary fete - wenctic field | 3. The magnetic eld > pea a strength cannot be strength can be changed. susan 4. The magnetic field of a electromagnet can be med ‘magnet is not made very strong. oa gira potecisy sf 20] 5.The,, polaciitaa dials | etectramagnet can be permanent magnet 4. The magnetic field of an etl pen be reversed. carrie cacti a] ils cae Oi Se EL Remetentian kei AP swiechang off the corrent. | S ELECTRO- TAGES OF AN a nen, OVER A PERMANENT preach has the following magnet An electromag ; + a permanent Mag produce pnet es ove ‘An electromagnet can field. 4 stro} magnet electromagnet can easily be one y changing the current (or the num s solenoid. er of tums) ) The polarity of the electromagnet or th direction of the field produced by it can te reversed by reversing the direction of cure in its solenoid. 10.10 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET Electromagnets are mainly used for the following, purposes (1) For lifting and transporting heavy iron scrap, girders, plates, etc. particularly when it is not conyenient to take the help of human labour. Electromagnets are used to lift as much as 20,000 kg of iron in a single lift. To unload the iron objects at the desired place, the current in the electromagnet is switched off so that the electromagnet gets demagnetised and the iron objects get detached. (2) For loading the furnaces with iron. (3) For separating the iron pieces from debris and ores, where iron exists as impurities (¢.g» for separating iron from the crushed copper or in copper mines). (4) For removing the pieces of iron from wounds: (5) In scientific research, to study the magnet? properties of a substance in a magnetic field. (6) In several electrical devices such as elect#ie bell, telegraph, electric tram, electric motor relay, microphone, loud speaker, etc Use of electromagnet in an electric bell most commonly An electric bell is one of the used application of an electromagnet. Construction und wiring An electric bell © shown in Fig, 10.9, The main parts of the bell ar (i) @ horse-shoe electromagnet M, having sof iron core, Gi) @ soft iron armature A, Gi) a hammer H, (iv) a gong ms a metallic spring stip S o s | (2) The strength of the magnetic fg| Fig, 10.9 Flectric bell and its wiring (vi) an adjusting screw Sa (vi) a switch (or bell-push) K, and (vii) a battery. ‘The armature A is fixed to the spring strip SS. The hammer H is attached at the upper end of the armature A. When the switch K is not pressed, the strip SS makes contact with the adjusting screw S’ and there is a gap between the amature A and the poles of the electromagnet. The coil CC is wound on the two arms of the electromagnet in the opposite direction as shown in the diagram. ‘One end of the coil is connected to the terminal T, through the strip SS and the screw §’, while the other end is directly connected to the temninalTp. & batiery is provided im FS with the switch K across the terminals T, and T,- Working and function of each part : The working of an electric bell is based on the Gta. — + le show a deflection rent carrying 5 a magnetic need! sought close (02 cur . Why doe: when br conductor ? A current carrying 0! nductor produces a magnetic field crouna Hana the magnetic nendle i this magnetic Feld experiences a rorgue Ue 1 which it deflects to align He aetne direction of magnetic fcld ‘conductor passes vertically through 2 some iron filings sprinkled on : magnetic effect of current. As the electric is closed by pressing the switch K, the flows through the coil CC and the electromagnet gets magnetised and th attracts and pulls the armature A as shot arrow in Fig. 10.9. Due to movement armature A, the hammer H strikes the gong the bell rings. ‘At the moment, when the armature A towards the electromagnet due to mi attraction, the connection between the and the screw S’ breaks due to which of current in the coil stops. Conseq electromagnet gets demagnetised armature A flies back to its original to the spring effect of the strip SS..N armature again touches the screw S’ whicl results in the flow of current in the coil. The electromagnet regains its magnetism and the armature A is again attracted, so the hammer H again strikes the gong G. This process continues. ‘The process of make and break of the circuit goes on and the hammer strikes the gong repeatedly so the’ bell rings as long the switch K is kept pressed. Nore : If an ac, source is used in place of the battery, the core of electromagnet will get magnetised, but the polarity at its ends will change. Since attraction of armature does not depend on the polarity of the electromagnet, so the bell will still ring on pressing the switch K. (a) A current is passed in the conductor in downward direction and the cardboard is gently tapped. Show the setting of iron filings ‘on the card board and draw arrows to represent the direction of magnetic field lines. (b) What changes occur in the arrangement of n filings in part (a) if (i) the strength of current is increased ? (ii) the single conductor is replaced by several parallel conductors each carrying the same 237‘current Mowing in the same direction ? Give reason in each case (i) and (ii). (©) Name the law used by you to find the direction of magnetic field lines, (@) Fig. 10.10 shows the pattern in which the ‘ron filings will set themselves. The arrows show the direction of the magnetic field lines. CONDUCTOR, ‘CAROBOARD Fig. 10.10 (>) Gi) The arrangement of iron filings remains unchanged, but they become denser and get arranged up to a larger distance from the conductor when the strength of current is increased, This is because on increasing the strength of current, the ‘strength of magnetic field is increased and it is effective up to a larger distance from the conductor. (ii) The magnetic field at a point due to each conductor will be in same direction, so they will be added up. Thus the magnetic field strength is increased and it is effective up to a large distance so the magnetic field lines come closer and iron filings ect arranged up to a larger distance. Right hand thumb rule. 3. In Fig. 10.11, A and B represent two straight wires carrying equal currents in a direction normal to the plane of paper inwards, to) A K 8 Vig. 10.11 (a) Sketch separately the magnetic field lines produced by each current, (b) What will be dhe magnetic field at the mid point K of the line joining A and B. Give reason, (c) How will the magnetic needle of compass rest if it is placed at the point k ? (d) What will be the effect o Kit th the magnetic field current in wire B is (a) Fig 10.12 shows the sketch of magnetic field lines produced by the current in each wite A and B 238 Magnetic field — due to A Magnetic field due to B Fig. 10.12 (0) The net magnetic field at the point K ig Reason : The point Kis equidistant From th wg A and B, and the wires A and B earry equal so the magnetic fields at the point K due w emet in the wires A and B are equal in magnitue te opposite in direction. Due to current inthe wire itis downwards in the plane of paper, while due current in the wire B, itis upwards in the plan of paper. The two fields cancel each other. (©) The magnetic needle of compass at the point K wil rest in geographic north-south direction due to the carth’s magnetic field. On reversing the direction of current in the wire B, the direction of magnetic field due to current in itis eversed at the point K ie,, it becomes downwards in the plane of paper. Then both the magnetic fields due to currents in wires A and B at the point K get added, so the net magnetic field at the point K is downwards in the plane of paper- 4. The diagram in Fig. 10.13 shows a current carrying loop passing through a sheet of stiff cardboard at the points P and Q. G) CURRENT Fig. 10.13 nthe (a) Draw three magnetic field lines & nd cardboard, one each at points P ame ing one at the centre of loop. Dra Show the direction of magnetic (b) State two factors on which the ME ‘Magnetic field at the centre of I a al ig. 10.14 represents shree magnetic Hed TT eld 10 the current carrying loop. TWO ba q whet lines are shown, one each at points P a aq board, a0 At the loop passes through the card DOM igap At ‘Magnetic field line is shown at the oe ine P, current is upwards, so magnetic a _ (a)sols Fis. pceebise: At Q, current is downwards, so iu lie is clockwise. Since current in oe Rewise. magnetic field line atthe centre 5 Spe ass of loop inwards. e of the magnetic field at the centre of 2a eee on (i) the strength of current in the Fo.) (athe rads of loop. cps a labelled diagram to make an Eat Zapet from a soft irom bar AB. Mark the aeits ends A and B. State one precaution Pch you will observe. ‘he bhelled diagram is shown in Fig. 10.15. The ‘athe end A where the current is clockwise, Mouth (Sk, while at the end B where the current jp etelockwise, is north (N). | By using a compass needle describe how can you that there is a magnetic field around @ ’ ‘rat carrying conductor. ‘ * Draw a diagram showing the direction of three FaBetic field lines due to a straight wire camying Satent. Also show the direction of eurrent in the EXERCISE-10(A) 6 (a) Draw a diagram representing field lines inside and outside through which a current is the direction of current in the salen direction of magnetic field lines. the polarity at the faces of (b) A bar of soft iron is placed inside outside, due to a current direction of current in the solenoid at dlockwise, so it will have the south the face B of solenoid at which | anticlockwise will have the north polarity (N). Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field lines are closer, while they become farther outside the solenoid. If a bar of soft iron is placed inside the solenoid parallel to its length, the magnetic field lines inside the solenoid become still closer ie., the magnetic field inside the solenoid is increased. ©) ‘5, A straight wire lying in a horizontal plane carries a current from north to south. (a) What will be the direction of magnetic field at a point just undemeath it? (b) Name the law used to arrive at the answer in part (a). ‘Ans. (a) towards east_(b) right hand thumb rule wir. 6. What will happen to a compass needle when the inert , compass is placed below a wire with needle is the magnetic field due to a straight parallel to it and a current is made to flow through ra atying wire affected if current in the wire the wire ? Give a reason to justify your answer, ob 2 : i b) te ‘Ce 7. Draw a labelled diagram showing the three magnetic 4 Seas 4 (a) decreases field lines of a loop carrying current. Mark the 4 law which determines the direction of direction of current and the direction of magnetic field around a current carrying wire field by arrows in your diagram. ™ 239 ._10. nn Rm A wire, bent into a circle, carries a current in an anticlockwise direction, What polarity does this face Of the coil exhibit ? ‘Ans, north What is the direction of magnetic field at the centre of a coil carrying current in (i) the clockwise, (Gi) the anticlockwise, direction ? Ans. (i) along the axis of coil inwards (i) along the axis of coil outwards. Draw a diagram to represent the magnetic field lines ‘along the axis of a current carying solenoid. Mark arrows to show the direction of current in the solenoid and the direction of magnetic field lines. ‘Name and state the rule by which the polarity at the ends of a current carrying solenoid is determined. The diagram in Fig. 10.17 shows a small magnet placed near a solenoid AB with its north pole N near the end A. Current is switched on in the solenoid by pressing the key K, MAGNET s NP///////Tel SOLENOID K —— Fig. 10.17 (a) State the polarity at the ends A and B, (b) Will the magnet be attracted or repelled 7 Give a reason for your answer. Ans. (a) A —north pole, B—south pole 13. (b) repelled because the end A of the solenoid becomes the north pole as current at this face is anti- clockwise and it repels the north pole of the magnet. ‘The diagram in Fig. 10.18 shows a spiral coil wound ‘on a hollow cardboard tube AB. A magnetic compass is placed close to it. Current is switched on by closing the key. (a) What will be the polarity at the ends A and B ? (b) How will the compass needle be affected ? Give coms 4 ow @ OUTIL) «++ Lele How Fig. 10.18 ‘Ans. (a) A—north pole, B—south pole (b) the north pole of compass needle will deflect towards west 240 14, State 1wo ways by which the magnetic 18. A magnet kept at the centre of two co ‘SOFT. IRON 16, Why does a current carrying freely s Reason : End A of the coil pole which repels the norm’ tke th, compass needle tg a current carrying solenoid can be mrad moved to and fro as shown in the below. The two galvanometers show. with a reason whether solenoid rest along a particular direction 9 direction in which it rests ‘Ans, A current carrying solenoid behaves lik magnet. It rest in geographic north-south direction, What effect will there be on a magnetic compass when it is brought near a current carrying solenoid? Ans. the needle of the compass will rest in the direction of magnetic field due to the solenoid at that point. How is the magnetic field due to a solenoid canying current affected if a soft iron bar is introduced inside the solenoid ? Ans. the strength of magnetic field increases Complete the following sentences (@) When current flows in a wire, it creates... (b) On reversing the direction of current in a wire, the magnetic field produced by it gets (©) A current carrying solenoid behaves like a. (@) A current carrying solenoid when freely suspended, it always rests in x ‘Ans, (a) a magnetic field around it (b) reversed (c) bar magnet (d) north- ‘ You are required to make an electromagnet ita AF soft iron bar by using a cell, an insulated 4 copper wire and a switch, (a) Draw a circuit diate to represent the process. (b) Label the poles electromagnet, The diagram in Fig. ae y 10.19 shows a coil x[[T wound around a soft ic 0STA| il LA iron bar XY. (a) State ‘Swit ma the polarity at the ends X and Y as the Fig. 10.19 wesis pressed. (b) Suggest one way of increasing Fy of electromagnet so formed. [Ans (a) X-north pole, Y-south pole, apy by rodocng the resistance ‘of circuit by means | of rheostat to increase current in the coil. ) what name is given to a cylindrical coil of diameter less than its length ? Ifa piece of soft iron is placed inside the coil ‘mentioned in part (a) and current is passed in the coil from a battery, what name is then given to the device so obtained ? le) Give one use ofthe device mentioned in part (b). gas (a) solenoid, (b) electromagnet, (©) electric relay. 2x Show with the aid of a diagram how a wire is _ % yound on a U-shaped piece of soft ion in onder 0 make it an electromagnet. Complete the circuit ‘Gagram and label the poles of the electromagnet. 34 What is an electromagnet ? Name neo factors on which the strength of magnetic field of an electro- magnet depends and state how does it depend on the factors stated by you. 7 28. Fig. 10.20 shows the current . flowing in the coil of wire wound around the soft iron horse shoe core. (a) State the polarities devel- oped at the ends A and B. {b) How will the polarity at the ends A and B change on reversing the direction of current ? (©) Suggest one way to increase the strength of the ‘magnetic field produced. ans. ta) at _A—south and af) B—north (polarisss get reversed). (b) at A-north and at B-south, {(c) By increasing current fh the strength of an ne io A Fig. 10.20" by whic! Name one device that uses an el Ans. State nwo advantages of an el permanent magnet. State two differences between an and a permanent magnet. 4 Why is soft iron used as the core electromagnet in an electric bell ? |. How is the working of an electric bell alternating current be used instead of ‘The incomplete diagram of an electric in Fig 10.21. Draw winding of coil ‘on the complete the electric circuit in the diagram 4 G-Gong © H-Hammer AcAmature — || c C-Core T B-Battery epee Fig. 10.21 [3. Name the material used for making the armature of ‘an electric bell. Give a reason for your answer. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE 1. The presence of magnetic field at a point can be detected by means of (a) a strong magnet (b) a solenoid (©) a compass needle (4) a current carrying wire. ‘Ans. (c) a compass needle. On reversing the direction ‘of current in a wire, the magnetic field produced by it (a) gets reversed in direction (>) increases in strength (c) decreases in strength (@) remains unchanged in strength and direction. ns. (a) gets reversed in direction. (B) FORCE ONA FIELD. qo.11 FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD Lorentz observed that a charge moving in a masnatie Feld. in a direction other than the direction of une magnetic field, experiences a force which was see tthe Lorentz force. Since charge in motion naettutes a current, therefore a conductor carrying roving charges (or current) placed in a magnetic CURRENT CARRYING AND ITS APPLICATION IN D.C. MOTOR field, in a direction other than the direction of the magnetic field, also experiences a force and this can produce motion in the conductor. It can be demonstrated by the following experiment. Experiment : Fig. 10.22(a) shows a thick ‘wire AC suspended horizontally from its ends A and C from a support by means of two separate threads. A magnetic field B is applied in be _ aaa,Nertical direction by keeping the wire AC in Denween the poles N and § of a strong horseshoe magnet, with length AC of wire normal to the Magnetic field lines of the magnet. A current is Passed from end A to © of the wire, by Sonnecting a rheostat, key and battery in seri with it as shown in Fig, 10.22. The magnetic field B is in the plane of paper (Kept vertical) in upwant direction (ie. in Y direction) and the Wire also lies in the plane of paper with its length AC in X direction, 2 i T Band F ae mutually per- Battery heostat _pendicular to each other. (a) Experimental set up __(b) Direction of I, B and F Fig. 10.22 Force on a current carrying conductor Experimentally, it is observed that 2) When no current flows in the wire, no force acts on the wire and the wire does not move. When current / is passed in the wire in direction from A to C (i.e., in X direction), a force F acts on the wire in a direction perpendicular to both the direction of current 1 and the direction of magnetic field B, as shown in Fig. 10.22 (b). Due to the force F, the conductor begins to move towards the observer or normal to the plane of paper in outward direction (i.e., in Z. direction), If the direction of current through the wire is reversed by interchanging the terminals of the battery, the direction of force (i.e, the direction of movement of the wire) is also reversed i.e., now it moves away from the observer or into the plane of paper (in - Z direction), On reversing the direction of magnetic field (i.e., on reversing the polarities N and S of the horse shoe magnet), the direction of force (ie. the direction of movement of wire) is reversed as compared to (2) i,¢,, now it moves in - Z direction, @ @) “4 Note = If wire is short and yp between the poles of magnet with ig AC in Y direction such that the in the direction parallel to the qi magnetic field, no force acts on the it does not move, Magnitude of force + Experimenta found that the magnitude of foree acting 24 current carrying wire placed in a magnets My in the direction perpendicular to. its ty depends on the following three factors ton Wire ang (a) The force F is directly Proportion; the current J flowing in the wire, ie, Fel 4 oi) (b) The force F is directly proportional to the strength of magnetic field B, i,e., oe) oii) (©) The forve F is directly proportional to the length of the wire (within the magnetic field), i. Fel Combining the eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii), F = IBL or F = KIBL Where Kis a constant whose value depends on the choice of the unit. In S.I. units, the unit of Bis such that K = 1. Then (10.1) Unit of magnetic field ; From eqn. (10.1), B= 35, so the S.1. unit of magnetic field is newton j 08 A eel iso name Smpere xmare, OTN A“! nr! It is al , tesla (symbol) or weber / metre® (symbol WE (Ineqn. 10.1, K = 1 when B is measured in Tes or Wb nv x of Fleming’s left hand rule for the direction force carrying oie! The direction of force on a current conductor placed in a magnetic field i by the Fleming's left hand rule. 242 —_jefthand rule : Siretch the fore unger and the thumb of your left hand y perpendicular to each other as shown | ‘ ig, 10.28. If the forefinger indicates the jection ‘of magnetic field and the central | indicates the direction of current, then ‘thumb will indicate the direction of motion ie., force on conductor), ‘eral inger—Current ‘T womion (FORCE) Fore finger—Field A, ‘Tum-—Mation ae FIELD ce erp Fig. 10.23 Fleming's left hand rule 102 SIMPLE D.C. MOTOR We know that in electric gadgets such as fan, washing machine, juicer, mixer, grinder, etc., an tleettic motor is used to produce rotational notion by the use of electricity. Thus Th electric motor is a device which converts the electrical energy into the mechanical energy: Principle : A d.c. motor works on the rinciple that on passing electric current through A conductor placed normally in a magnetic field, a force acts on the conductor as a result of which the conductor begins to move and thus mechanical energy (or work) is obtained. The direction of force on the conductor is obtained With the help of Fleming's left hand rule. Construction and its main parts : The basic construction of an electric motor is shown in Fig. 10.24. The main parts of an electric motor are : Q) oil ABCD mounted on an the armature ¢ axle, the split parts S, and S, of a ring (Le. @ copper slip ring being divided in two pars §, and S,) which is known as split ring Q) commutator, (3) _a pair of carbon (or copper) brushes B, and B ‘Spit ring commutator oH ote 10.24 A de. motor (4) a horse-shoe electromagnet NS, and (5) ade, source (ie., battery). The armature coil ABCD is wound around a soft iron core and it is placed in between the pole pieces of a strong horse-shoe electromagnet NS. The coil is free to rotate about its axis, The ends A and D of the coil are connected respectively to the split parts S, and S, of a ring. The brush B, presses gently against the split ring S, and the brush B, presses gently against the split ring S) ‘A de. source (i.e., battery) is connected across the brushes B, and B, through a key and rheostat. When the coil rotates, the split parts of ring rotate with it, while the brushes being fixed, remain at their position and makes contact alternately with the split parts of the ring. ‘A wheel can be mounted on the axle attached along the axis of the armature coil. The wheel axle rotates the desired part of the machine where the motor is used. Working : In Fig, 10.25 (a), the plane of the coil is horizontal and the split ring S, touches the brush B,, while the split ring S, touches the brush. B,. The brush B, is connected to the + ve terminal of d.c. battery, while the brush B, is connected to its — ve terminal. When key is closed, the current flows in the coil in direction ABCD. The current in arms BC and DA is parallel to the magnetic field, so these arms docach arm experiences a faree F (= IBD. Here / is the current in the evil, B is the magnetic field strength and / is the length of side AB or CD of the coil. According to the Fleming's left hand rule, the force F on the arm AB is in invand direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and the force F on the arm CD is in outward Sirection perpendicular to the plane of paper. The forces on the ams AB and CD being equal and ‘opposite, form an anti-clockwise couple due to which the coil begins to rotate such that the arm: AB goes in and the arm CD comes out. () Amer 180° venauon od (Aker 270° rtaton, cot normal WF plane of magnet bend to me pare of magnons hess Fig, 10.25 Working of a dc. motor When the coil reaches the vertical position after 90° rotation (i.e., perpendicular to the plane ‘of paper with the arm CD out and the arm AB in) as shown in Fig. 10.25 (b). momentarily there is no contact between the brush B, and split ring S, or between the brush By and spit 4 at this moment, no current ows throughs SS and thus no force acts on the coil, for exit inertia of rotational motion, the coil {9 the in this positon, but it continues to sora SD AAs the coil. passes from its vertical the split ring S$, comes in contact brush B, , while the split ring $, comes in with the brush B, [Fig. 10.25 (@)), current flows through the coil in direct The arms CB and AD being paralle] to the magnetic field, experience no force. On the ce DC, a force acts in inward direction perpendi to the plane of paper and on the arm BA. a equal force acts in outward direction Perpendicular to the plane of paper. The force is again maximum (ie, F = JB2) when ‘the coil has turned by 180° from the initial Position, The forces acting on the arms DC and BA of the coil again form an anticlockwise couple due ta which the coil remains rotating in the same direction. After rotation by 270°, the coil Teaches to the Vertical position as shown in Fig. 10.25(d). Again for a moment, there is no contact between the brush B, and split ring S, or between the brush B, and split ring S,, hence no current flows in the coil. But due to inertia of motion, the coil continues to rotate and again it reaches back to its initial position. The coil keeps rotating till current flows in the coil. th the Now tion, Note : (1) The deflecting couple on the coil of the motor is maximum when the plane of coil is parallel to the direction of magnetic field, while the deflecting couple is zero (or minimum) when the plane of the coil is Perpendicular to the magnetic field. (2) The speed of rotation of coil, obviously. depends on the magnitude of the deflecting couple formed by the forces acting om the arms AB and CD of the coil. Deflecting couple is /BAn where 1 = current in the coil, sth of magnetic number of t to these factors. 244 (ii1 1 } t of increasing the speed of rotation of i 7 esgod of ration of coil can be increased sat fling four WAS: 1) by increasing the strength of current in the "exile ay byinereasing the number of turns in the coil, sy by increasing the area of the coil, and 4) by increasing the strength of magnetic field. Jo increase the strength of magnetic field, a wit iron core is inserted within the coil. The ferion of core makes the magnetic field strong il nial, Due to radial field, the couple acting on the coil remains almost constant during the rntion of coil, except in the vertical’ position of 1. A rectangular coil ABCD having a battery connected between its ends A and D is placed in between the pole pieces of a horseshoe magnet as shown in Fig, 10.26. Las Fig. 10.26 (i) What is the direction of current in the coil ? ) What is the direction of force on each arm ? (iii) What is the effect of the forces on coil ? (iv) How is the effect of forces on coil changed if the connections at the terminals of battery are interchanged ? (@ In Fig. 10.26, the direction DCBA- ning’s left hand rule, on the arm AB. the current in the coil is in (ii) By Fle force is outwards ‘normal to the plane of coil. On (em BC. no force acts, On the arm CD, the Trace is inwards perpendicular to the plane of oil, On the arm DA, no force acts. (ii) The forces on the arms AB and CD are equal in magnitude, but opposite in direction, They form a 245 coil when there is no current and the couple is zero. Function of split ring commutator ; Whenever the coil passes from the vertical position, the direction of current through the coil has to be reversed so as to keep the direction of the rotating couple unchanged. This is achieved by the two split parts S, and S, of a conducting ring which reverses the direction of current in the coil so that the coil continues to rotate in the same direction. They are called the split ring commutator. Transformation of energy in a dc. motor : In a dec. motor, the electrical energy supplied by the battery to the coil is wansferred to the mechanical energy which rotates the coil. ‘clockwise couple. So the coil rotates clockwise with the arm AB coming out and the arm CD going in. n interchanging the connections at the terminals of battery, the direction of current in the coil is reversed, so the forces on the arms AB and CD of the coil also get reversed and the coil rotates anticlockwise. . 10.27 shows a rectangular coil ABCD placed in between the pole pieces of a horse-shoe magnet with its plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. A battery is connected between the ends A and D of the coil. (iv) © ale B Fig. 1027 What is the direction of current in the coil ? What is the direction of force on each arm of the coil ? ii) Will the coil rotate due to the forces on its arms ?AB. the force is outwards in the plane = Sway from the am CD. On the arm BC, em AB. On anm DA. the force is outwards in the Plane of coll i¢_ enay from the am BC. ‘Ths coil will met rotate (hecause all the arms experience am outward poll) and po couple is formed, State the function of split rings in a d.c. motor. The spit mangs act as a commutator in a dc. motor ‘With the split rings the direction of current through the sod ss reversed after cach half rotation of coil and thus the direction ef couple rotating the coil remains achanged and the cod continnes to rotate in the same we oy ” 4 A de motor is rotating in a dockwise direction. How cam its direccion of rotation be reversed ? CE 10(B) jo |. Name ster factors on which the magnitaée of force om 3 comet camping comtoctor placed in a magnetic: Sieid depends and suze bow docs the force depend ce Ge facmes sexed by yor Ans. (@) on secneth of mamnetic field B(F < By on coment is the comdscum (F = f) and iS) om lemeth | of comductox (F « f) Suse condition in each case for the magnizate of force om a correat carrying condacior placed in a mmngeesc Seid we be (a) 2em, and (6) marina. when comear it conduct is in the diction of ondactor is normal to the sete changed. the coment frecmed m the conductor placed in a magnetic Aas. direction of force is revered, fame at state the Lew which is used to determine f force on a curcent carrying comactor Place? mt a magnet: feid 5. Swase Plemang + lett tan rule Stas the at of magnetic (eid in teams of the forse eapenencet by 9 coment caryung conduct placed ms magnet fer Kee mewn / ampere * muse wh The direction of rotation of motor reversing the direction of current :..5,°° ®¥eseq rent in the interchanging the connections at 1 bbanery joined to the brushes of the motor 5. State with reason in a d.c. motor, ) inserting a soft iron core within ie a increasing the area of the caft © increasing the strength of current iy thet @) On inserting a soft iron core withis oun sea by he termina in the motor, the speed of rotation of coil i reason is that on inserting the soft inos sane coil, the strength of magnetic field ae pieces of magnet increases ue to whieh ge ‘deflecting couple on the coil increases, ()_On increasing the area of coil, the ‘on the coil increases, so the coil increases. deflecting couple ‘speed of rotation of Gi) By increasing the strength of current in the col he deflecting couple on the coil increases, so the speed of rotation of the coil increases. a A flat coil ABCD is freely suspended between he Poles of 2 U-shaped permanent magnet with the Plane of coil parallel to the magnetic field (a) What happens when a current is passed in the cl (b) When will the coil come to rest ? (c) When will the couple acting on the coil be @ maximum, and (i) minis? op (4) Name an instrument which makes Use Principle stated above. Ans. (2) the coil experiences a tnque due which Bae {) the coil will come to rest when i becomes normal to the agate oe () (i) when the plane of coil is PANG cos magnetic field, (ii) when the Pl sonal us the magnetic field. (4) de. racun _ Aco ABCD mounted on an axle is PEE the poles N an S of a permanctt Mm! in Fig. 10.24Jn which direction will the coil begin to rotate | 40. when current is passed through the coil in direction ABCD by connecting a battery teiween the ends A and D of the coil ? (p) Why is @ commutator necessary for the continuous rotation of coil {o) Complete the diagram with commutator, ete, for the flow of current in the coil. aaticolckwise (b) after half rotation, the arms AB ‘and CD get interchanged, so the direction of torque on coil reverses. To keep the coil rotating | 1+ In an electric motor, the energy trans in the same direction, a commutator is needed (a) from electrical to chemical to reverse the direction of current in the coil (b) from chemical to light after each half rotation of coil (©) from mechanical to electrical 4, What is an electric motor State its principle. (d) from electrical to mechanical. ‘Ans, (d) from electrical to med aa (C) ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS _ 4 _ TO'A.C. GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER 4 . Draw a labelled diagram of a d.e, motor main parts, 11, What energy conversion does take place working of a d.c, motor ? 12, State swo ways by which the speed of electric motor can be increased, 13, Name ‘wo appliances in which an el used, MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE, a TO A.C. GENERATOR AND TRANSFORMER 1013 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION We have read that when an electric current is pused through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced around the conductor. Faraday thought since a magnetic field is produced by an electric current, it should be possible to produce an electric current by the magnetic field, He performed a number of experiments and observed ‘tat whenever there is a change in the pear of magnetic field lines linked with a conductor, an " " onentee force (emJ.) is developed between o 8 ie us ~— the ends of the conductor which lasts as long as there ix a change in the number of magnetic field lines through the conductor. This phenomenon is © Called the electromagnetic induction. | ; Fig, 10.29 Demonstration of electromagnetic induction netic field lines | 4 magnet NS at some distance, along the axis of led the magnetic | the solenoid as shown in Fig. 10.29. Note ; The number of inked with a conductor flux Jinked with it. Observations : It is observed that of the phenomenon of (1) When the magnet is stationary (v = 0), there een induction is no deflection in the galvanometer and its electromagnet | Wind an insulated copper wire pointer reads zero {Fig. 10.29 (a)). Experiment on a paper (or wooden) (2) When the magnet with its north pole facing in form of @ * ; as to form a coil in the form of a the solenoid is moved tow: opine eget CERNTE 7 nett’ @ galyanometer shows a sani en place right showing that a 1