Ecuación General de la Energía

Mecánica de Fluidos

Ing. Miguel Arlenzo Durán Sarmiento, M.Eng

Ecuación General de la Energía
Energy Losses and Additions
Pumps: Additions
Energy Losses and Additions
Fluid Motors and Turbines: Losses
 Energy Losses and Additions
Fluid Friction: Losses
A fluid in motion offers frictional resistance to flow. Part of the energy in the system is
converted into thermal energy (heat), which is dissipated through the walls of the pipe in
which the fluid is flowing. The magnitude of the energy loss is dependent on the properties of
the fluid, the flow velocity, the pipe size, the smoothness of the pipe wall, and the length of
the pipe.

Valves and Fittings: Losses

Elements that control the direction or flow rate of a fluid in a system typically set up local
turbulence in the fluid, causing energy to be dissipated as heat. Whenever there is a
restriction, a change in flow velocity, or a change in the direction of flow, these energy losses
occur. In a large system the magnitude of losses due to valves and fittings is usually small
compared with frictional losses in the pipes. Therefore, such losses are referred to as minor
losses.
 Power required by pumps
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. In fluid mechanics we can modify this statement
and consider that power is the rate at which energy is being transferred.
Power Added to a Fluid by a Pump:

Mechanical efficiency of pumps:

The term efficiency is used to denote the ratio of the power delivered by the pump to
the fluid to the power supplied to the pump.
 Calculation of Head Loss
Total head loss, ℎ𝐿𝑇 , is regarded as the sum of major losses, ℎ𝐿 , due to frictional effects in
fully developed flow in constant-area tubes, and minor losses, ℎ𝐿𝑚 , resulting from
entrances, fittings, area changes, and so on. Consequently, we consider the major and
minor losses separately.
Reynolds Number
Friction Factor for Laminar Flow

Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow

Pipe roughness
Moody diagram
Equations for the friction factor

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow
 Minnor Losses
The magnitude of energy losses produced by fluid friction, valves, and fittings is directly
proportional to the velocity head of the fluid. This can be expressed mathematically as:

The term K is the resistance coefficient

Globe valve

Angle valve
Gate valve

Check valve
Check valve – ball type

Butterfly valve
Foot valve with strainer

Foot valve with strainer – hinged disk

Pipe elbows

Standard tees
Pipe entrance

Pipe exit
Friction factor 𝒇𝑻
 Exercise 1
The pump shown in the picture is delivering hydraulic oil with a specific gravity of 0.85 at a
rate of 75 L/min. The pressure at A is 275 kPa and the pressure at B is 275 kPa. The energy
loss in the system is 2.5 times the velocity head in the discharge pipe. Calculate the power
delivered by the pump to the oil.
 Exercise 2
The setup shown in the picture is being used to measure the energy los across a valve. The
velocity of Flow of the oil is 1,2 m/s. Calcule the value of K of the valve.