GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION

Introduction
• You will now expand your ability to analyze the energy in fluid
flow systems by adding terms to Bernoulli's equation which
was introduced in Chapter 6. You will account for a variety of
forms of energy that were neglected before, such as:
– Energy lost from a system through friction as the fluid flows through
pipes
– Energy lost as the fluid flows through valves, or fittings where the fluid
must travel in complex paths, accelerate or decelerate, or change
direction
– Energy added to the system by a pump as it provides the impetus for
the fluid to move and increases the fluid pressure
– Energy removed from the system by fluid motors or turbines that use
the energy to drive other mechanical systems.
 Energy Losses and Additions
• Pumps: A pump is a common
example of a mechanical
device that adds energy to a
fluid.
 Energy Losses and Additions
• Fluid Motors : Fluid motors, turbines, rotary actuators, and
linear actuators are examples of devices that take energy from
a fluid and deliver it in the form of work, causing the rotation
of a shaft or the linear movement of a piston.
• The major difference between a pump and a fluid motor is
that, when acting as a motor, the fluid drives the rotating
elements of the device. The reverse is true for pumps.
 Energy Losses and Additions
• Fluid Friction: A fluid in motion offers frictional resistance to
flow. Part of the energy in the system is converted into
thermal energy (heat), which is dissipated through the walls
of the pipe in which the fluid is flowing.
• The magnitude of the energy loss is dependent on
– The properties of the fluid,
– The flow velocity,
– The pipe size,
– The smoothness of the pipe wall
– The length of the pipe
 Energy Losses and Additions
• Valves and Fittings: Elements that control the direction or
flow rate of a fluid in a system typically set up local turbulence
in the fluid, causing energy to be dissipated as heat.
• In a large system the magnitude of losses due to valves and
fittings is usually small compared with frictional losses in the
pipes. Therefore, such losses are referred to as minor losses.
 Nomenclature of Energy Losses and
Additions
• The energy losses and additions in a system will be accounted in
terms of energy per unit weight of fluid flowing in the system.
• hA = Energy added to the fluid with a mechanical device such as
a pump; this is often referred to as the total head on the pump
• hR = Energy removed from the fluid by a mechanical device such
as a fluid motor
• hL = Energy losses from the system due to friction in pipes or
minor losses due to valves and fittings
• The magnitude of energy losses produced by fluid friction,
valves, and fittings is directly proportional to the velocity head
of the fluid. This can be expressed mathematically as
hL  K   2 2 g 
The term K is the resistance coefficient.
 General Energy Equation
• The general energy equation as used in this text is an
expansion of Bernoulli's equation, which makes it possible to
solve problems in which energy losses and additions occur.

The terms E’1 and E’2 denote the

energy possessed by the fluid per
unit weight at sections 1 and 2,
respectively
 General Energy Equation
• For such a system the expression of the principle of
conservation of energy is

E  hA  hR  hL  E
1
' '
2

• The energy possessed by the fluid per unit weight is

p  2
E  z 
'

 2g
• General Energy Equation

p1  12 p2  22
 z1   hA  hR  hL  z2 
 2g  2g
 Example Problem 7.1
• Water flows from a large reservoir at the rate of 1.20 ft3/s
through a pipe system as shown in Fig. below. Calculate the
total amount of energy lost from the system because of the
valve, the elbows, the pipe entrance, and fluid friction.
Example Problem 7.1
 Example Problem 7.2
• The volume flow rate through the pump
shown in Fig. below is 0.014 m3/s. The
fluid being pumped is oil with a specific
gravity of 0.86. Calculate the energy
delivered by the pump to the oil per unit
weight of oil flowing in the system.
Energy losses in the system are caused by
the check valve and friction losses as the
fluid flows through the piping. The
magnitude of such losses has been
determined to be 1.86 N·m/N.