NCM 100 Module - SLRC

INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY
l . Statement of Purpose
Nursing is a varied as the people who practice it and is dynamic and diverse as a
kaleidoscope of ethnic, culture and religious manifestations of the people who receive nursing
care. All nursing acts are geared towards realizing and restoring the patient's biopsychospiritual
well-being and assisting the client to live a dignified and normal life. It is important that nursing
is grounded on accepted scientific truths and principles in order to give safe and quality care.
Simply put, a Nursing Theory strives to explain the science and art of nursing.
This module helps the students to achieve a simple and working knowledge of the concepts
that make-up nursing theory, since it is really highly dynamic and undergo change, wherein
evolution, as new discoveries are made and information are renewed from time to time.
2. Criteria for Mastery
2.1 A score of 80% in a test

2.2 Completion of worksheets
3. Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
3.1 define related terms

3.1.1 theory
3.1.2 nursing theory
3.1.3 nursing
3.1.4 nursing paradigm
3.1.5 philosophy
3.1.6 concepts
3.1.7 science
3.1.8 knowledge
3.1.9 phenomenon
3.2 discuss the nursing theory and its components
3.3 relate the definitions of nursing according to
3.3.1 American Nursing Association (ANA)
3.3.2 International Council of Nurses (ICN)
3.3.3. Henderson
3.3.4 Association of Deans of Philippine Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN)
3.4 state the metaparadigm of nursing and the relationship of its major concepts,
namely:
3.4.1 person
3.4.2 environment
3.4.3 health
3.4.4 nursing
3.5 describe the different classification of nursing theories according to function

3.5.1 descriptive
3.5.2 explanatory
3.5.3 predictive
3.5.4 prescriptive
3.6 identify the various characteristics of a theory
3.7 explain the importance of philosophy in nursing
3.8 compare concept and its framework scientific method
3.9 differentiate conceptual framework from theoretical framework
3.10 discuss science and the various steps that associates scientific method
3.11 state knowledge and various type of cognitive process.
3.12 identify the sources and categories of knowledge and make a comparison as to its
advantages and disadvantages
3.12.1 traditional
3.12.2 authoritative knowledge
3.12.3 scientific knowledge
3.13 explain phenomenon and its relationship to nursing
4. Learning Activities
4.1 Read on the following:
Alligood, Martha, Nursing Theory 701 ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010
Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations "(Nursing: The
Philippine Perspective. The Ultimate Learning Series, c2008
Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner's Journey Into
Professional Nursing Ed. 2008
Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and Practice.
3rd Ed. Thompson, Delmar Learning 2006
George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice. 5th
Ed.
Pearson Education south Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al, Fundamentals of Nursing. 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2008
Moyet, Lynda. Theoretical basis (or nursing 2nd ed. ' McEwen, M, LWW 2007
Potter, Patricia et, al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 9th ED. Elsevier Inc. 2017
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurses ' Theorists and their
Works.5th Ed. Mosby co 2014
4.2 attend collective learning session
4.3 accomplish worksheet
5. Post-test
PURPOSES OF NURSING THEORY
I. Statement of Purpose
For any profession to exist and continue to be of service to society, it must have both an
extensive base of knowledge and the proper means to communicate. Practitioners will render
nursing care and service in the various disciplines of the profession utilizing the Theories of
Nursing. At the heart of every profession lies the core structures that give direction and purpose
to those who practice it, and these are the ones and concepts on which a profession and a vocation
heavily rely upon. Without these, a profession will lack direction, its actions without sound basis
and its ideas questionable. Thus, its practitioner would be frail, divided and dangerous. Theories
to support practice are indispensable as food, water and air as to humans.
This module will help the students In the development and expansion of knowledge and
as support in different features such as education, research and clinical practice,
2. Pre-entry Competence
Mastery on the module Introduction to Nursing Theory

3.1 A score of 80% in a test
At the end of this module, the students will be able to.
4.1 discuss Nursing Theory Development and its relationship to the following nursing
fields:
41.1 education
4.1.2 research
4.1.3 practice
4.2 explain the Interdependence of Nursing Theory and Nursing Research
4.3 state the linked of research to theory in two ways:
4.3.1 Theory-generating research

4.3.2 Theory-testing research
4.4 enumerate the contributions of nursing theorists and their purposes to practice,
education and research.
4.4. I Florence Nightingale
4.4.2. Hildegard Peplau
4.4.3 Virginia Henderson
4.4.4 Joyce Travelbee
4.4.5 Betty Neuman
4.4.6 Dorothy Johnson
4.4.7. Imogene King
4.4.8. Dorothea Orem
4.4.9 Faye Abdellah
4.4.10 Sr. Callista Roy
4.4.11 Madeleine Leininger
4 .4.12 Jean Watson
4.4. 13 Patricia Benner
5.1 Read on the following
Alligood, Martha. Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010
Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: The

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner’s Journey into

Professional Nursing. 1st Ed.2008
Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and

Practice.
Ed.
Pearson Education south Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al, Fundamentals of Nursing. 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall,
2008
Moyet, Lynda. Theoretical basis (or nursing 2nd ed. ' McEwen, M, LWW 2007
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurses ' Theorists and their
Works.5th Ed. Mosby co 2014
6. Post-test
DIFFERENT VIEWS OF NURSING PARADIGM BY VARIOUS NURSING
THEORISTS
1. Statement of Purpose
In the late 20th century, much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating
relationships among four major concepts person, environment health and nursing Because
these four concepts can be superimposed on almost any work in nursing, they are sometimes
collectively referred to as metaparadigm for nursing
The work of American nurse theorist reflects a Wide range of ideas about people, health,
values and the world. Each nurse theorist's definition of these four major concepts vary in
accordance with scientific and philosophical orientation, experience in nursing, and the effects
of that experience on the theorist's View of nursing.
This module will help the students understand the different Views of nursing paradigm by
the various nursing theorist.
Mastery on the module Purpose of Nursing Theory

3.1 A score of 80% in a written test
4. 1 describe the following nursing theorist In terms of:
4.1.1 FLORENCE NIGTHINGALE

4.1.2 ERNEST WEIDENBACH
4.1.3 VIRGINIA HENDERSON
4.1.4 FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH
4.1.5 JEAN WATSON
4.1.6 DORETHEA OREM
4.1.7 MYRNA ESTRINE LEVINE
4.1.8 MARTHA ROGERS
4.1.9 DOROTHY JOHNSON
4.1.10 CALISTA ROY
4.1.11 BETTY NEUMAN
4.1.12 IMOGENE KING
4.1.13 HILDEGARD PEPLAU
4.1.14 IDA JEAN ORLANDO
4.1.15 JOYCE TRAVELBEE
4.1.16 MADELLINE LEINNGER
4.1.17 ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
4.1.18 JOYCE J. FITZPACK
4.1.19 ANNE BOYKN AND SAVINA SCHOENHOFFER
4.1.20 MARGARET NUEMAN
4.1.21 JOSEPHINE E. PATTERSON
4.1.22 LORETTA ZDERAD
4.2 credentials and background of the different theorist

4.3 theoretical sources of theory development
4.4 use or empirical evidence
4.5 major concepts and definitions
4.6 major assumptions
4.6.1 nursing
4.6.2 person
4.6.3 health
4.6.4 environment
4.7 theoretical assertions
4.8 logical form
4.9 acceptance by the nursing community in terms of:
4.9.1 practice
4.9.2 education
4.9.3 research
4.9.4 further development
4.9.5 critique
4.9.5 1 simplicity
4.9.5.2 generality
4.9.5.3 empirical precision
4.9.5.4 derivable consequence
4.1 Read on the following
Alligood, Martha Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: The

Professional Nursing. 1st Ed. 2008

Practice. 3rd Ed. Thompson, Delmar Learning 2006
Ed. Pearson Education South Asia PTE Ltd,2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall 2008
Moyet, Lynda, Theoretical basis for nursing 2nd ed. / McEwen, M, LWW 2007
Potter, Patricia et, al. Fundamentals of Nursing 9th ED. Elsevier Inc. 2017
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurses’ Theorists and their
Works.5th Ed. Mosby Co 2014
6. Post Test
DIFFERENT VIEWS OF NON-NURSING THEORIES
1. Statement of Purpose
Nursing theory is not that old. Other than Florence Nightingales' Notes on Nursing in
1960, nursing theories only started to be developed in the 1950's. So was nursing a theoretical
until then? No. Nurses "borrowed" theories from other disciplines to inform nursing practice.
Nurses borrowed theories from psychology, physiology, sociology, medicine, physics and
organizational systems for example, and then used those concepts and frameworks to develop
theories specific to nursing practice.
This module helps the students identify common theories used to inform and guide nursing
practice, education and research.
Mastery on the module Different Views of nursing paradigm by various nursing theorists

At the end of this module, the students will be able to
4. 1 describe SYSTEMS THEORY according to

4.1.1 Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General System Theory (Open Systems Theory
4.1.2 Senge's The Learning Organization (leadership, system thinking)
4.1.3 Family Systems Theory
4.2 describe CHANGE THEORY according to

4.2.1 Lewin's Change Theory
4.3 describe DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY according to.

4.3. I Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory
4.3.1 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

4.3.2 Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory
4.3.3 Freud's Theory of Personality
4.3.4 Kohlberg's Moral Development
Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia 'F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: The


George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice.
5th Ed. Pearson Education South Asia PTE Ltd,2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al. Fundamentals of Nursing. 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall
2008
Moyet, Lynda, Theoretical basis for nursing 2nd ed. / McEwen, M, LWW 2007
Potter, Patricia et, al. Fundamentals of Nursing 9th ED. Elsevier Inc. 2017
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurses’ Theorists and their
Works.5th Ed. Mosby Co 2014
6. Post Test
HEALTH AS MULTIFACTORIAL PHENOMENON
1. Statement of the Purpose
In the past most individuals and societies viewed good health or wellness, as the opposite
or absence of disease. This simple attitude ignores the states of health that exist between disease
and good health. Health is a multidimensional concept and is viewed from a broader perspective.
An assessment of a patient’s state of health is an important aspect of nursing.
This module will help the students to understand the concept of health and embrace the
opportunities to promote health and wellness and prevent illness.
Mastery on the module of nursing paradigm by various nursing theorist

4.1 list the four general Healthy People 2020 public health goals
4.2 discuss the definitions of health
4.3 discuss the Models of Health namely:
4.3.1 Health Belief Model
4.3.2 Health Promotion Model
4.3.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
4.3.4 Holistic Health Models
4.4 describe variables influencing health beliefs and practices
4.4.1 internal variables
4.4.1.1 developmental stage
4.4.1.2 intellectual background
4.4.1.3 perception of functioning
4.4.1.4 emotional factors
4.4.1.5 spiritual factors
4.4.2 external variables
4.4.2.1 family practices
4.4.2.2 psychosocial and socioeconomic factors
4.4.2.3 cultural background
4.5 discuss health promotion, wellness, and illness prevention
4.6 discuss the three levels of preventive care
4.6.1 primary prevention
4.6.2 secondary prevention
4.6.3 tertiary prevention
4.7 describe the four types of risk factors affecting health
4.7.1 genetic and psychologic factors
4.7.2 age
4.7.3 environment
4.7.4 lifestyle
4.8 discuss the risk-factor modification and changing health behaviors
4.8.1 stages of health behavior changes
4.8.2 patient teaching on lifestyle changes
4.9 discuss the nurse’s role in health
Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundation of Nursing: The



George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for professional Nursing Practice. 5th
Ed. Pearson Education South Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al. Fundamentals of Nursing 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2008
Moyet, Lynda Theoretical basis for nursing 2nd ed. / McEwen, M, LWW 2007
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurse’s Theorist and their
Works. 5th Ed. Mosby Co 2014
6. Post-test
CARE ENHANCEMENT QUALITIES INCLUDING CORE VALUES

A person is a unique bio-psycho-social-cultural and spiritual being who is always in
constant interaction with the environment. These interactions affect individuals, families,
population groups and societal health status.
The assumes the caring role in the promotion and restoration of health, prevention of
disease, alleviation of suffering and, when recovery is not possible, in assisting patients towards a
peaceful death. The nurse also collaborates with other members of the health team and other sectors
to achieve quality healthcare. Moreover, the nurse works with individuals, families, population
groups, communities and society, as a whole, in ensuring active participation in the delivery of
holistic health care.
This module will help the students to understand that within the context of the Philippine
society, nursing education, with caring as its foundation, subscribes to the following core values
which are vital components in the development of a professional nurse and are therefore
emphasized in the BSN program.
Mastery on the module Health as multifactorial phenomenon

4.1 discuss the meaning of caring
4.2 compare the theories on caring
4.2.1 Leininger’s Transcultural Caring
4.2.2 Watson’s Transpersonal Caring
4.2.3 Swanson’s Theory of Caring
4.3 enumerate the core values that demonstrate caring in the developmental of a
professional nurse
4.3.1 Love of God
4.3.2 Caring as the core of nursing
4.3.2.1 compassion
4.3.2.2 competence
4.3.2.3 confidence
4.3.2.4 conscience
4.3.2.5 commitment (commitment to a culture of excellence,
discipline, integrity and professionalism)
4.3.3 Love of People
4.3.4 Respect for the dignity of each person regardless of creed, color,
gender, and political affiliation


Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and Practice.
George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for professional Nursing Practice. 5th Ed.
Pearson Education South Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
Tomey, Ann Meriner and Alligood Martha, Rovile. Nurse’s Theorist and their Works.
5th Ed. Mosby Co 2014
6. Post-test
OUTCOME-BASED APPROACH TO THE BSN CURRICULUM

Based on the Guidelines for the Implementation of CMO No. 46 s. 2012, this PSG
implements the “shift” from competency-based standards to outcome-based education.” It
specifies the “core competencies” expected of BS Nursing graduates “regardless of the type of
HEI they graduate from.” However, in “recognition of the spirit of outcome-based education and
the typology of HEI’s,” this PSG also provides “ample space for HEIs offering BS nursing program
to innovate in the curriculum in the line with the assessment of how best to achieve learning
outcomes in their particular contexts and their respective missions.
This module helps the students understand the educational programs description available
for professional registered nurse (RN) education.
Mastery on the module Care enhancement qualities including core values

4.1 define the following terms:
4.1.1 Outcome-Based Education
4.1.2 Bachelor of Science in Nursing
4.2 state the general provisions of Section 13 of RA No. 7722
4.2.1 Section 3
4.2.2 Section 4
4.3 discuss the BSN degree name
4.4 describe the nature of the field of study of the BSN program
4.5 discuss the BSN program goals
4.6 enumerate the specific roles and careers for Graduate (professional nurse)
4.7 enumerate the allied fields of the BSN program


George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for professional Nursing Practice. 5th
Ed. Pearson Education South Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
6. Post-test
OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION – PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Outcome-based education is an approach that focuses and organizes the educational system
around what is essential for all learners to know, value and be able to do, to achieve a desired level
of competence.
This module aims to prepare a student nurse, who upon completion of the program,
demonstrates beginning professional competencies and shall continue to assume responsibility for
professional development in the practice of the profession.
Mastery on the module Outcomes-Based Approach to the BSN curriculum

4.1 define the following terms:
4.1.1 program outcomes
4.1.2 performance indicators
4.2 discuss the minimum standards for the BS Nursing expresses in the following set of
program nursing outcomes:
4.2.1 common to all programs in all types of schools
4.2.2 common to health professions nursing program
4.2.3 specific to BSN
4.2.4 common to a Horizontal type as defined in CMO No. 46 s. 2012
4.2.5 BSN Level Outcomes
4.3 enumerate the program outcomes and its performance indicators
4.4 expected to achieve by the graduates of the BS Nursing program based on the
standards of the Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) Level 6 in terms of:
4.4.1 knowledge, skills and values
4.4.2 application
4.4.3 degree of independence
Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundation of Nursing:

The Philippine Perspective. The Ultimate Learning Series, c2008

George, Julia B. Nursing Theories: The Base for professional Nursing Practice.
5th Ed. Pearson Education South Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008
Kozier, Barbara et. al. Fundamentals of Nursing 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall,
2008
6. Post-test

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INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY

2. Criteria for Mastery

2.1 A score of 80% in a test

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:

3.1 define related terms

3.5 describe the different classification of nursing theories according to function

4.1 Read on the following:

Alligood, Martha, Nursing Theory 701 ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations "(Nursing: The

Philippine Perspective. The Ultimate Learning Series, c2008

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner's Journey Into

Professional Nursing Ed. 2008

3rd Ed. Thompson, Delmar Learning 2006

Pearson Education south Asia PTE. Ltd., 2008

4.2 attend collective learning session

4.3 accomplish worksheet

Mastery on the module Introduction to Nursing Theory

3. Criteria for Mastery

At the end of this module, the students will be able to.

4.3 state the linked of research to theory in two ways:

4.3.1 Theory-generating research

5.1 Read on the following

Alligood, Martha. Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: The

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner’s Journey into

Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and

5.2 attend collective learning session

5.3 accomplish worksheet

Mastery on the module Purpose of Nursing Theory

3. Criteria for Mastery

4. 1 describe the following nursing theorist In terms of:

4.1.1 FLORENCE NIGTHINGALE

4.2 credentials and background of the different theorist

4.1 Read on the following

Alligood, Martha Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner’s Journey into

Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and

4.2 attend collective learning session

4.3 accomplish worksheet

3. Criteria for Mastery

3.1 A score of 80% in a written test

At the end of this module, the students will be able to

4. 1 describe SYSTEMS THEORY according to

4.2 describe CHANGE THEORY according to

4.3 describe DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY according to.

4.3.1 Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

5.1 Read on the following:

Alligood, Martha. Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner’s Journey into

Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and

5.2 attend collective learning session

5.3 accomplish worksheet

1. Statement of the Purpose

3. Criteria for Mastery

5.1 Read on the following:

Alligood, Martha. Nursing Theory 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier 2010

Balita, Carl E. and Octaviano, Eufemia F. Theoretical Foundation of Nursing: The

Bautista, Joy N. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing: A Beginner’s Journey into

Delaunse, Sue and Ladner, Ptricia. Fundamentals of Nursing: Standards and

5.2 attend collective learning session

5.3 accomplish worksheet

1. Statement of the Purpose

3. Criteria for Mastery