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Implementing Bioclimatic Design in Sustainable Architectural Practice
Implementing Bioclimatic Design in Sustainable Architectural Practice
doi: 10.7250/aup.2013.011
2013 / 7
Abstract. Today one of the topical issues in Latvia relates to the However, due to a variety of interpretations of the notion, it
compliance of the architectural practice with the modern concept of failed to provide a sufficiently detailed picture of what exactly
sustainable development. Although the beginning of the first decade sustainable architecture should be. The 1990s marked a repaid
of the 21st century introduced positive ideas promoting energy increase of interest in environmental issues in various areas. In
efficient architecture in Latvia, the worldwide experience has shown
response to the change, the construction industry tried to modify
that despite the importance of environmental ideas in designing,
their introduction and implementation in practice often encounter production processes of building materials and some more
problems. This article addresses a number of factors that should be amendments were made to the laws and regulations of many
taken into account introducing changes to the current practice of countries. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a theoretical basis
architectural design in line with the modern principles of sustainable was developed for the building, whose heat loss was so minimal
development and bioclimatic design. that the heat generated by household electrical equipment and
residents, as well as the solar heat gain received through the
Keywords: architectural practice, bioclimatic design, sustainability. windows provided the required comfort level [2]. The concept of
the buildings was called a ‘passive house’, and the Passive House
One of specific features of architect’s profession is the Institute in Darmstadt under the guidance of Dr. Wolfgang Feist
necessity to combine technical areas, social sciences and arts still today is engaged in its development and promotion.
into one inseparable unit. The change in public attitudes towards The amount of information available on the design of
environmental values has led to reassessment of criteria for energy efficient buildings, especially passive buildings, is
evaluating the end result of an architectural design, while computer rapidly increasing in Latvia at the moment. The main focus,
technology has significantly altered the design process. This sets however, is on the result to be achieved in the design process
new requirements to the architect’s professional qualification that may be easily evaluated with a variety of tools, e.g., the
and training, giving to the concept of interdisciplinarity in the BREEAM building assessment system, which is currently being
architect’s profession a much wider perspective than before. adapted for Latvia and introduced by the agency Zaļās mājas
Currently, the architectural practice in Latvia mostly focuses (Green Houses) [3], or the passive house concept. Yet relatively
on energy efficiency goals in construction and evaluation less attention is devoted to the methodology of bioclimatic design
methodology of the achieved results, almost disregarding the fact and to the overall organisation of the architectural design process
that certain changes need to be introduced in design process itself. based on sustainable design principles.
I. Relevance of Environmental Ideas in Modern Architectural II. Theory and Practice of Bioclimatic Design
Practice
The concept of bioclimatic architecture was first defined by the
Environmental issues became relevant in modern architecture architect Victor Olgyay, when in 1963 he published the results
around the middle of the 20th century when the public became of his studies in the book “Design with Climate: Bioclimatic
increasingly aware of the adverse effects of technological Approach to Architectural Regionalism” [4]. The essence of
innovations of the industrial era on the environment. In the bioclimatic design is to create a favourable microclimate both
1960s, a new concept of bioclimatic design emerged involving inside the building and outdoors through the application of
the development of theoretical principles for ensuring favourable architectural techniques. The studies produced comprehensive
microclimatic conditions for human comfort by means of theoretical information about designing of the human-friendly
architectural and spatial elements. However, only the global spatial environment in different climatic regions and a design
energy crisis in 1973 became a crucial catalyst for introduction method, which employed a bioclimatic chart and determined
of changes in architectural design. Many countries introduced comfort zones. According to Olgyay, the design process of
higher requirements to energy efficiency of buildings in their bioclimatic architecture is linear and consists of four successive
national laws and regulations. Separate attempts were made stages (Figure 1).
to design buildings where their internal microclimate would Later a number of other researchers undertook the further
mainly depend on a proper spatial layout and appropriate study of the bioclimatic design concept, among them B. Givoni
use of building materials, not only on mechanical heating, in 1969 and S. Szokolay in 1986. The works produced by these
ventilation and air conditioning systems. Since 1987 when the authors shared a common feature as they all focused on the
Brundtland Commission defined the strategy for sustainable principles for determining comfort zones based on the average
development [1], the concept of ‘sustainable architecture’
has become increasingly popular representing the general
inclination to integrate environmental values in architecture.
Fig. 1. Bioclimatic design as a linear process (according to V. Olgyay [4, 11])
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Architecture and Urban Planning
Edgars Bondars, Riga Technical University. Implementing Bioclimatic Design in Sustainable Architectural Practice 2013 / 7
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Architecture and Urban Planning
2013 / 7 Edgars Bondars, Riga Technical University. Implementing Bioclimatic Design in Sustainable Architectural Practice
principles of green thinking into design practice and education 4. Olgyay, V. Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural
is so slow and inefficient [10, 12] can be related to the fact that Regionalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. 190 p.
ideas of sustainability are disassociated from the actual design 5. Givoni, B. Man, Climate, and Architecture. London: Applied Science
process. It is much more difficult for architects to integrate new Publishers, 1981. 483 p. ISBN 0-85334-108-7
techniques of bioclimatic design in the established “traditional” 6. Szokolay, S. V. Climate analysis based on the psychrometric chart.
design practices, since bioclimatic design is sooner seen as International Journal of Ambient Energy, 1986, Vol. 7, Issue 4, p. 171–182.
a supplement to the traditional design practice than a design http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1986.9675499
philosophy [11, 3763]. Therefore, it is important to include 7. Koenigsberger, O. H., Mahoney, C., Evans, M. Climate and House
aspects of bioclimatic design already in the early stages of Design. New York: United Nations, 1971. 93 p.
architectural training. A comprehensive perception of bioclimatic 8. Autodesk Revit Products [online]. Autodesk [cited 19.06.2012]. http://usa.
and architectural 3D design should be developed as early as autodesk.com/revit/architectural-design-software/
possible, when the young architect just starts developing his or 9. Wittmann, S. Architects’ Commitment Regarding Energy Efficient/
her creative manner, style and understanding. Ecological Architecture. Architectural Science Review, 1998, Vol. 41,
Over the past decade, universities worldwide have been Issue 2, p. 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1998.9697414
looking for ways how to better integrate environmental issues into 10. Altomonte, S. Environmental Education for Sustainable Architecture.
architectural education. Regardless of the region, the conclusion of Review of European Studies, 2009, Vol. 1, Issue. 2, p. 12–21.
all studies is the same: the lack of correlation between the subjects 11. Maciel, A. A., Ford, B., Lamberts, R. Main Influences on
taught on bioclimatic design and the training in architectural the Design Philosophy and Knowledge Basis to Bioclimatic
design is the main obstacle preventing integration of bioclimatic Integration into Architectural Design – The Example of Best
principles into design and perception. The main problem pertains Practises. Building and Environment, 2007, Vol. 42, p. 3762–3773.
to the inability of students to understand the role of bioclimatic http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.041
factors in designing if they are unable to experiment using a 12. Delbin, S., Gomes da Silva, V., Kowaltowski, D., Labaki, L. C.
specific design and quickly see the impact of their decisions on Implementing building energy simulation into the design process: a teaching
the energy balance of the designed building [12]. The energy- experience in Brazil [online]. PLEA2006, 2006 [cited 11.05.2012]. http://
saving issues should be integrated into the existing design-related www.unige.ch/cuepe/html/plea2006/Vol2/PLEA2006_PAPER106.pdf.
subjects, since today environmental problems have become as
Edgars Bondars (Riga, 1983). B. Arch. (RTU,
essential in the design process as Vitruvius’ architectural values 2006), Dipl. Arch. (RTU, 2008), MSc. Arch. (RTU,
of firmitas, utilitas, venustas. 2009, “Energy-Efficiency Factors in Architecture”).
Currently, he is a 4th year student of doctoral
Conclusions programme at the Faculty of Architecture and
Urban Planning of Riga Technical University. The
As regards education, significant measures are undertaken main focus of research refers to the principles of
in Europe to improve training in sustainable architectural implementation of a sustainable development idea
in architecture.
design. As regards methodology, development trends in the ARCHITECT in the architectural design at RRES
elaboration of methodological aspects of bioclimatic design Ltd, Riga, Latvia (since 2006).
show that the architectural 3D design based on bioclimatic
principles is becoming increasingly convenient. The
development of legislative framework and voluntary systems Contact Data
of building assessment in Latvia shows positive tendencies. Edgars Bondars
Over the next years, more attention should be paid to Riga Technical University, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning
architects’ understanding of the essence of sustainable design; Address: Āzenes iela 16, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
Phone: +371 28632291
also the significance of the integrity of ecological, aesthetic E-mail: edgars.bondars@rtu.lv
and technological aspects of design in architecture needs to
be underlined. Surveys should be performed asking architects
about the main obstacles to the promotion of sustainable design
practice in Latvia in order to identify the main areas, where This work has been supported by the European Social Fund within the
efforts should be concentrated to educate both professional project «Support for the implementation of doctoral studies at Riga Technical
architects and students. University».
References
1. Brundtland, G. H., Khalid, M., et. al. Our Common Future: Report of
the World Commission on Environment and Development (United Nations
General Assembly, The Brundtland Commission). Oxford, 1987. 383 p.
2. Feist, W., Pfluger, R., et. al. Passive House Planning Package 2007:
Requirements for Quality Approved Passive Houses. Darmstadt: Passive
House Institut, 2007. 203 p.
3. Sauka, Z. BREEAM-LV. Kad, kur, kādā veidā? Latvijas Arhitektūra, 2012,
Nr. 101, 88.–89. lpp.
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