buildings
Article
Design of Innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade Integrated in
the Library Extension Building on UAEU Campus †
Lindita Bande *, Heba Hamad, Deema Alqahtani, Noof Alnahdi, Atina Ghunaim, Fayez Fikry and Omar Alkhatib
Citation: Bande, L.; Hamad, H.;
Alqahtani, D.; Alnahdi, N.; Ghunaim,
A.; Fikry, F.; Alkhatib, O. Design of
Innovative Parametric/Dynamic
Façade Integrated in the Library
Extension Building on UAEU
Campus. Buildings 2022, 12, 1101.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
buildings12081101
Academic Editor: Ricardo M. S. F.
Almeida
Received: 1 July 2022
Accepted: 20 July 2022
Published: 26 July 2022
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iations.
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081101
Architectural Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University,
Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; 201735163@uaeu.ac.ae (H.H.); 201700595@uaeu.ac.ae (D.A.);
201735457@uaeu.ac.ae (N.A.); 201603871@uaeu.ac.ae (A.G.); Fayez.fikry@uaeu.ac.ae (F.F.);
Omar.Alkhatib@uaeu.ac.ae (O.A.)
* Correspondence: lindita.bande@uaeu.ac.ae
† This paper is an extended version of our paper published in 2021 ZEMCH Conference, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,
26–28 November 2021; pp. 716–729.
Abstract: The building industry is in constant change and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a leader
in innovative solutions for green buildings. The standards used in achieving sustainable buildings,
such as LEED, Estidama, have contributed to building structures that reduce energy consumption.
More than 40% of the total energy is consumed by residential and commercial buildings as electricity.
The strategies applied in a building in order to have low energy consumption vary depending on
the region and climate. In the UAE, a country with a hot arid climate, these strategies have relevant
importance. The aim of this study is to design an innovative parametric/dynamic façade in a new
building, to be built on the United Arab Emirates University Campus, AL Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE. The
new structure is an additional library building (with additional functions to the current building).
The design shall be based on the region’s architectural heritage. The modelling and simulation
tools used are Rhino and plug-ins like Grasshopper. Furthermore, an optimization process of the
parametric/dynamic façade is conducted. Based on the energy simulation results, the application of
the innovative parametric/dynamic façade brings a reduction of 25% in the energy consumption of
the building. In addition, the daylight improvement by the application of this façade is 44%. This
research brings innovation in terms of the advanced tools used in calculating several parameters for
the advanced façade and the process from concept to modeling and simulation. These findings are
promising for regional industry due to the advanced tools and methods used. Moreover, it shall help
the local authorities such as Abu Dhabi Municipality achieve the sustainability goals 2030.
Keywords: parametric architecture; energy simulation; LEED; rhino; grasshopper
1. Introduction
UAE is classified as the 5th highest country in the world regarding energy consumption
per capita [1]. Thus, it is necessary to take some actions and apply strategies to reduce
the buildings’ energy consumption. More than 40% of the total energy is consumed
by residential and commercial buildings as electricity. [2]. Therefore, this study aims
to contribute to the design of an innovative parametric/dynamic façade with the main
scope of reducing energy consumption in addition to improving daylight and visual
connection (indoor–outdoor).
The digital revolution is the outcome of the extensive integration and overlap between
several technological revolutions. The first revolution was the invention of the personal
computer, the second was the World Wide Web, and the third is the tremendous advances
in media technology. Parametric design is one of the modern computational/digital design
systems. It is a process based on algorithmic thinking that is able to coordinate different
data and types of information, which are introduced into the program to be translated into
formulae that are then applied to the design [3].
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 2 of 23

1.1. Parametric Design

Parametric architecture refers to a number of parameters (variables) pertinent to a
particular design. The shape and proportions of the design can be controlled and altered by
altering the values of these factors [3]. Around 2008, parametric architecture began to gain
popularity as a concept or theoretical idea in the field of architecture. This development
coincided with the emergence of new communication technologies that have been widely
adopted in recent years thanks to the digital revolution, as well as the development of
digital design tools [4]. A final architectural product that is coherent in aspect can be
produced by changing parameters to make an unlimited number of identical designs [3].
The formation or apparent shape of a parametric design is simply an architectural design
created with the aid of sophisticated mathematical programs that read parameters and carry
out intricate computations beyond the capabilities of the human intellect. A computational
design approach is one of the earliest approaches to design that are known to all cultures.
Geometric shapes with simple-to-recognize visual characteristics were created using math-
ematical approaches and calculations [3]. The design of systems using clear principles,
where the geometry and performance requirements are mathematically and technically
pre-rationalized using sophisticated computing techniques, is known as parametric archi-
tecture. Contemporary design practices have developed three different parametric design
paradigms: Parametric formalism, which uses complex formal compositions as narrative
in parametric techniques; Workflow parametric, using parametric features to automate
specific design workflows for projects such as façade design, environmental processes, or
structural procedures; Parametric BIM software and processes, which allow architects and
engineers to construct virtual models of the building systems and materials [5].
New research provides a collection of global experiences that illustrate the application
of various stages of the use of digital design tools, highlighting the ultimate traits and
similarities of the products. Particularly, the architectural design typically separates the
analytical and creative processes, enhancing their interaction and, in some situations,
making them into the same thing. This method closes the gap between the concept and the
aim of the design by making portions of the process of design explicit and evaluable [6].
In terms of appearance, parametric shapes mimic both organic and inorganic natural
phenomena, which are the outcome of natural elements developing on their own. Instead
of the forms created by earlier design trends, parametric design creates forms that seem
like nature and structures that mimic the biological processes of natural elements [1]. This
design strategy, also referred to as “bio morphism”, is the outcome of creating structural
shapes using a genetic algorithm, which mimics nature’s behavior. The two different forms
of parametric design are as follows [7]: Systems known as propagation-based systems
compute from known to unknowns using a data flow paradigm; datasets of continuous and
discrete constraints are resolved by constraint systems. In conclusion, although it is built
on rigid shapes like the square, triangle, and circle, the parametric design process is more
flexible than the previous design methods. Moreover, parametric architecture provides
speedy iteration and higher chance of innovation, higher speed and accuracy, and better
design quality with better productivity during the design and execution process [8,9].

1.2. Dynamic Façade

Buildings must provide inhabitants with appropriate interior environmental quality
(IEQ) in terms of thermal, visual, indoor air quality (IAQ), and acoustic comfort in addition
to shelter. Humans generally spend 90% of their time indoors, and with the recent global
pandemic, the significance of building with good environmental quantities has been in-
creasing. According to studies, buildings consume around 34% of global energy, far more
than industries and the transportation sector [10].
Most of this energy is spent on cooling and heating, in accordance with the climatic
regions and seasons of those areas. Due to the factors listed above, building envelopes
play a significant role in the building’s energy efficiency. The building envelope, such as
the building façade, is responsible for connecting the indoor and outdoor environments,
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 3 of 23

and plays an active role in creating an interior environment that has positive effects on the
environment, as well as people’s health and productivity. Building façades account for
more than 40% of heat loss in the winter and for overheating in the summer, which are
factors that have a significant impact on energy usage. Façade orientation and the building
glazing ratio, for example, the use of large glass panes and windows, which are frequently
used in office buildings, can be greatly impacted by direct solar radiation. Overexposure to
the sun’s rays damages semi-transparent façade materials visually and increases cooling
energy demand [11,12].
One of the most effective methods of integrating indoor and outdoor environments is
the use of dynamic façades which adjust sunshine, natural ventilation, and thermal comfort
for the inhabitants. They also play a role in reducing the dependence of a structure on venti-
lation, heating and cooling systems, and artificial illumination and energy requirements in
general. For instance, smart glass systems dynamically manage daylight and solar gain by
switching between transparent and reflecting modes to control the flow of natural light into
buildings. These façades react to changing boundary circumstances by making reversible
adjustments to their characteristics [12].
A dynamic façade system is regarded as a key element of a high-performance building
envelope that is able to react to environmental cues and attempts to increase occupant
comfort and energy usage. Very little historical studies have been done on the development
of such systems, even though building design-related research has addressed the technical
and design elements of responsive façades [13].
Based on their operating methods, we have those dynamic façade types. User-control
Dynamic façade; Light-control dynamic façade; Light projection dynamic façade; Seasonal
green dynamic façade; Wind responsive dynamic façade [14].
In a recent study, several scholars and designers from all over the world have proposed
the concept of adaptive solar façades (ASF), which are dynamic, modular, and adjustable
façades. It has been described as one of the most efficient ways to control interactions
between the interior and outside environments to enhance occupant comfort indoors,
summer shade and natural ventilation, acoustic insulation, and winter heating. Climate
adaptable skins should be different from traditional façades, in that they may modify their
features and serve as a mediator between the shifting surroundings [15].

1.3. Cooling Load and Electricity Reduction in Buildings

As is well known, UAE is located in a hot, dry, and humid environment, where
cooling loads are high and electricity costs are very high. Research has been conducted
on the building’s components and the effect of various strategies for reducing the heat
loss through the building. A review study [16] that explores the benefits of improving the
building’s energy efficiency in UAE found that any amount of energy retrofitting for any
existing building can reduce the energy consumption and peak power demand as well as
in lowering carbon emissions for UAE. For example, based on the previously mentioned
review, using a passive system for the building envelope was estimated to reduce the energy
consumption of the residential building by 30% [17], while applying advance envelope
system, including climatic interactive façade systems and green roof, was estimated to
reduce the thermal loads by 20% [18].
One study investigated the effect of using an integrated photovoltaic façade system
with transparent Photovoltaic (PV) windows, Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) on
a commercial building located in Al Sharjah. The study found that using the BIPV system
reduced the annual electrical consumption for cooling loads by 27.69% and reduced the
yearly cost of the energy by 2084 USD [19].
However, a study analyzed the effects of adding different energy retrofitting strategies
on a residential building in an automatically calibrated model considering the urban heat
island effect in Abu Dhabi [20]. The findings of this study indicate that when shading
is introduced, adding cool paint to the roof, adding cool paint to the walls, and adding
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 4 of 23

external louvres to the windows, combined, it can reduce the energy consumption by 25%
as compared to the base case.
Additionally, a study conducted by Al Khateeb and Abu Hijleh [21] evaluated the
potential of retrofitting an existing federal office building in UAE to become a net zero
electricity building. The passive strategies reduced electricity loads by 14.7%, while the
active measures reduced electricity loads by 63.2%. The applied PV system covered the
reduced energy demand, resulting in a net Zero Electricity Building.

1.4. Energy Simulation in Buildings with Rhino/Grasshopper

Parametric models are easily replicable and easy to update, making them suitable
for a wide range of building performance problems and large developments. Their flex-
ibility allows designers to feed the design process with accurate analysis as the project
evolves. This study presents a comprehensive parametric modelling workflow developed
in Grasshopper to assess overheating, daylight, and thermal comfort in large residential
blocks. The parametric nature of the proposed workflow, in conjunction with a lot of
outputs and inputs flexibility, expands the modelers’ ability to customize their energy
studies and improve replicability towards larger schemes [22].
Assessment showed that promising surfaces for BIPV application on those institutional
buildings in the central zone presented noticeable shadowing effects from neighboring
buildings, high treetops, or even self-shading caused by the building’s geometry. Using
BIPV systems on façade surfaces could only achieve 2.66% up to 10.56% of energy balance,
with higher proportions for taller buildings in tilted PV shading devices. Although the tilted
modules harnessed a higher proportion of the annual total available solar irradiation, BIPV
arranged vertically could occupy more surface area, thus allowing a higher nominal power.
On the contrary, simulation results for BIPV roof applications were rather advantageous,
especially for those up to 6 stories high, achieving results higher than 50% of the annual
energy balance [23].
A recent study introduces a new parametric shading device for sun-oriented envelopes
of buildings in four dimensions. On the basis of the literature review, 4D computational
shader systems can be designed and developed. Presently, different shader systems have
been designed and investigated in the field. This study examines the design of a specialized
shader system that uses independent shading units to respond in four dimensions to the
sun to improve the quality of daylight inside buildings during the day and minimize
the need for artificial lighting. For daylighting evaluation, several simulation software
programs have been developed in the last few decades in various studies. As the current
research focuses on the design of a new 4D shader system to improve the lighting efficiency
of a building, simulation modeling is the most appropriate and accurate method to use [24].
Thus, new research is an initial phase of designing a two-story wooden house in
Kitakyushu District, Fukuoka, Japan. The intended project will undergo a parametric
design process for both environmental and structural analysis. Thus, it needs the base case
for comparison before and after attempting to seek the potential of efficiency. This research
aims to develop a benchmark model as a base case for further comparison needs regarding
microclimate and environmental aspects, daylight and sun exposure, view outside, and
energy consumption [25].
Furthermore, a new study analyses the potentials of parametric design optimization
process over the residential building to achieve more sustainable design, as well as the com-
putational design methodology in the design process to activate the role of the computer in
the design process not just as a drafting or visualization tool. It also investigates the essen-
tiality of computational design and the state-of-the-art computer tools like Grasshopper,
Octopus, Energy plus, Open studio, Radiance, and Daysim in achieving an optimized para-
metric design. It also focused on representing the details of parametric-based optimization
using genetic algorithms in grasshopper canvas [26].
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 5 of 23

1.5. Advanced Modelling Tools

A popular software being used by architects nowadays is Rhino/Grasshopper.
Grasshopper (graphical algorithm editor) is a plug-in for the 3D modeling program
Rhinoceros, which enables designers to create parametric shapes and run simple to compli-
cated modules without the need for scripting expertise. Grasshopper comes with many
algorithmic computational launchers to execute different designs and simulations. For
example, the Ladybug plug-in and Honeybee are used to execute the environmental simu-
lation [4]. On the other hand, Daysim and Radiance are used to simulate form dynamics,
daylight, and glare studies by combining various dimensions and proportions while taking
seasonal pattern fluctuations into account [1].
Generative design refers to a design process that utilizes a computer algorithm. With
the formulation of parametric algorithms, design results can be automatically generated
by computers, which can help designers automatize parts of the design process. The
optimal design scheme is then selected via a building energy simulation and optimization
process [27]. The Islamic Geometric Patterns (IGP), drawn using modular systems, are
based on picking smaller modules or units and repeating them periodically to create a
tessellation. This tessellation is made of squares and rectangles, and this method can
effectively produce many IGPs. The polygons in the contact method describe the IGPs as
two layers of geometric grids, where one is the original layer of IGPs and the other is a
polygonal grid [28].
Parametric generative design method can reduce energy cost of residences, and its
energy efficient design and AI technology are combined in an early design stage. An
algorithm is developed to generate residence design schemes automatically. A parametric
generative algorithm is developed to automatically generate design schemes of typical
Chinese urban residences based on performance-oriented design flow by summarizing the
workflow of architects [29].
The Revit-Dynamo and Rhino-Grasshopper dynamic approaches provide a good foun-
dation for future research and further development. They provide integrated and dynamic
feedback during the early design phase and a visual representation of the environmental
impact of the various material and component choices using color coding, i.e., red for high
emissions and green for low emissions. The excel-based approach provides flexibility to
include emerging state-of-the-art or natural, bio-based materials not normally included in
generic databases or Environmental Product Database (EPD) platforms [30].

2. Methodology
A six-phase methodology has been developed, in which each phase follows the previ-
ous one and is connected linearly to each other. The research took place in Al Ain City. The
selection of the site is based on the fast growth of the city and the importance it has played
in the country’s development. The UAE a has hot arid climate. Al Ain is a city located near
the Jebel Hafeet Mountain on the border with Oman. The geographical position of the city
impacts the climate; therefore, Al Ain has a lower humidity level than the coastal cities such
as Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras al Khaimah, or Fujairah. The data used for this research is based
on information taken from the UAEU University and from site observation. The modeling
evolves into two main lines; the base model, and the upgraded model, by applying the
parametric/dynamic façade. The obtained results are analyzed, and the application of the
advanced façade is evaluated (Figure 1).
The main steps followed in the study are as below:
- Site evaluation and building program.
- Climate analysis.
- Design process of base case (organic architecture).
- The design process of the innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade.
- Modeling and simulation of the base case (organic architecture).
- Modeling and simulation of innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade.
s 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 6 of 23

Figure Figure 1. Methodology

1. Methodology ininaaschematic
schematic view.
view.
2.1. Site Analysis and Building Program
The main steps
The site followed
location in the study
and surroundings are as
are shown in below:
Figure 2. Site analysis was done
(Figure 3) and decisions were made based on the study. The soil type here is Tropopsam-
- Site evaluation
ments, which hasand building
low dunes and aprogram.
range of suitability. The soil is not very strong, but
- Climate analysis.
there is no special treatment needed for the soil. The decision is to use a type of specific
- foundation,
Design a shallow
process foundation,
of base case and this willarchitecture).
(organic achieve the requirement. In the topography
part we will have flat land and no hills. This area is totally straight and has no bumps or
- The design process of the innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade.
hills. According to the existing landscape elements, construction may cut existing trees
- Modeling
and removeandwater simulation
bodies. Takingofadvantage
the baseofcase (organic
greenery (Figurearchitecture).
4), we integrated design
- with some of the exiting greenery. There is no pedestrian
Modeling and simulation of innovative Parametric/Dynamic access to the site for students,
Façade.
as student access is only through the library. However, there is bus access, and some staff
entries could be used for students as well. The space is enclosed by a fence which must be
2.1. Siteremoved
Analysis
andand
a new Building
entrance Program
must be provided for students. Since the site is surrounded
by a building, the only source of noise is the bus sound. Therefore, sound insulation is
The site location and surroundings are shown in Figure 2. Site analysis wa
needed in the building, and some fountains can be added to reduce the amount of noise
(Figuresurrounding
3) and decisions were 5made
the space. Figure shows based
images ofonthethe study.
façades The
of the soil type
buildings here is Trop
surrounding
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 24
ments,the which has
selected site.low dunes was
This analysis anddone
a range
in orderof suitability.
to create The soil
an architectural is notwith
connection very stro
the new building [31].
there is no special treatment needed for the soil. The decision is to use a type of
foundation, a shallow foundation, and this will achieve the requirement. In the to
phy part we will have flat land and no hills. This area is totally straight and has no
or hills. According to the existing landscape elements, construction may cut existin
and remove water bodies. Taking advantage of greenery (Figure 4), we integrated
with some of the exiting greenery. There is no pedestrian access to the site for stud
student access is only through the library. However, there is bus access, and som
entries could be used for students as well. The space is enclosed by a fence which m
removed and a new entrance must be provided for students.. Since the site is surr
by a building,
(a) the only source of noise is the bus sound. (b) Therefore, sound insul
neededFigure
in theSitebuilding, andlevel,
someneighborhood
fountains can be added to reduce the amount o
Figure 2.
2. Site analysis
analysis (a)
(a) city
city level, (b)
(b) neighborhood level.
level.
surrounding the space. Figure 5 shows images of the façades of the buildings surro
the selected site. This analysis was done in order to create an architectural connecti
the new building [31].
 (a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 7 of 23
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Site
Site analysis
analysis (a)
(a) city
city level,
level, (b)
(b) neighborhood
neighborhood level.
level.

(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 3.
Figure 3. (a) Surrounding
Surrounding building footprint
footprint analysis, (b)
(b) site analysis
analysis map.
Figure 3. (a)
(a) Surrounding building
building footprint analysis,
analysis, (b) site
site analysis map.
map.

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 24

Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Figure Site images
Siteimages
4. Site from
images from UAEU
from UAEU campus.
UAEU campus.
campus.

Figure 5.
Figure 5. Images
Images of
of the
the façades
façades of
of the
the buildings
buildings surrounding
surrounding the
the selected
selected site.
site.

The existing UAEU Library has been analyzed for its structure, spaces, and areas in
order to help the library extension area program and to analyze necessary or unnecessary
spaces in the extension.
extension. TheThe UAEU
UAEU existing
existing library
library has
has spaces
spaces such as a café area and
carrels at the beginning of the left entrance arrow in the red color color (Figure
(Figure 6).6). The reading
area
area is
is the
themost
mostused
usedspace
spaceininthe
thebuilding.
building.AtAt
the second
the main
second entrance
main entranceintointo
thethe
library, the
library,
reception will will
the reception be atbe
theatentrance to address
the entrance any questions
to address or offerorhelp.
any questions offerInhelp.
the southeast, the
In the south-
east, the library will have common spaces, meeting rooms, and kitchens. Finally, the doors
placed in the southeast take us to the site we are analyzing. The library is considered a
long-span structure, with a structural system of steel posts and beams. Steel columns are
0.15 m per 0.15 m, and their spacing is 16.8 m. The structure shows the horizontal and
 The existing UAEU Library has been analyzed for its structure, spaces, and areas in
order to help the library extension area program and to analyze necessary or unnecessary
spaces in the extension. The UAEU existing library has spaces such as a café area and
carrels at the beginning of the left entrance arrow in the red color (Figure 6). The reading
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 8 of 23
area is the most used space in the building. At the second main entrance into the library,
the reception will be at the entrance to address any questions or offer help. In the south-
east, the library will have common spaces, meeting rooms, and kitchens. Finally, the doors
library
placedwill have
in the commontake
southeast spaces, meeting
us to the siterooms,
we are and kitchens. The
analyzing. Finally, the doors
library placed ina
is considered
the southeast
long-span take uswith
structure, to the site we aresystem
a structural analyzing. Theposts
of steel library
andisbeams.
considered
Steel acolumns
long-span are
structure, with a structural system of steel posts and beams. Steel columns
0.15 m per 0.15 m, and their spacing is 16.8 m. The structure shows the horizontal and are 0.15 m per
0.15 m, and
vertical their
grids spacing
shown is columns.
in the 16.8 m. The Thestructure shows the
library structure is horizontal and vertical
a very symmetrical grids
structure
shown in the columns. The library structure
that makes it easier for the load to be handled. is a very symmetrical structure that makes it
easier for the load to be handled.

Figure 6. Plan analysis of the existing library.

Figure 6. Plan analysis of the existing library.
2.2. Climate Analysis
The UAE has a hot arid climate. Al Ain City has an average yearly temperature
of 28 ◦ C. The warmest month is July, with an average of 36.4 ◦ C. In January, there is an
average of 17.7 ◦ C (Figure 7). Al Ain has an average of 129.41 h of sunshine per month.
June is the month with the highest average number of sunshine hours, with an average
of 12.11 h. January has the lowest values, with 9.18 h of sunshine (Figure 8). Due to its
location towards the inner part of the country (border with Oman), the city has lower levels
of humidity. The month with the highest relative humidity is January (51.08%), and the
month with the lowest relative humidity is May (20.93%) (Table 1) [32].
Table 1. Average 10 years data for temperature, humidity, and precipitation for the city of Al Ai.

January February March April May June July August

17.7 ◦C 19.9 ◦C 23.5 ◦C 28.5 ◦C 32.9 ◦C 35.1 ◦C 36.4◦C 36.2 ◦ C
Avg. Temperature ◦ C (◦ F)
(63.8) ◦ F (67.8) ◦ F (74.2) ◦ F (83.3) ◦ F (91.3) ◦ F (95.1) ◦ F (97.5) ◦ F (97.1) ◦ F
11.3 ◦ C 12.9 ◦ C 16.1 ◦ C 20.6 ◦ C 24.7 ◦ C 26.6 ◦ C 28.8 ◦ C 28.9 ◦ C
Min. Temperature ◦ C (◦ F)
(52.4) ◦ F (55.2) ◦ F (61) ◦ F (69) ◦ F (76.4) ◦ F (79.9) ◦ F (83.9) ◦ F (84) ◦ F
23.9 ◦ C 26.5 ◦ C 30.5 ◦ C 35.8 ◦ C 40.6 ◦ C 42.8 ◦ C 43.3 ◦ C 42.9 ◦ C
Max. Temperature ◦ C (◦ F)
(75) ◦ F (79.7) ◦ F (86.9) ◦ F (96.4) ◦ F (105) ◦ F (109) ◦ F (109.9) ◦ F (109.3) ◦ F
9 9 13 6 0 0 3 2
Precipitation/Rainfall mm (in)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Humidity(%) 51% 41% 32% 24% 21% 23% 27% 27%
Rainy days (d) 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
avg. Sun hours (h) 9.2 9.8 10.6 11.4 12 12.2 12.1 11.7
 °C.
of The
17.7 warmest
°C (Figuremonth
7). AlisAin
July,has
with
an an average
average of of 36.4 hours
129.41 °C. In January, there
of sunshine peris month.
an average
June
ofis17.7
the month with the highest average number of sunshine hours, with an average ofJune
°C (Figure 7). Al Ain has an average of 129.41 hours of sunshine per month. 12.11
ish.the monthhas
January withthe
thelowest
highest average
values, number
with 9.18 hofofsunshine
sunshinehours, with
(Figure 8).an average
Due to itsof 12.11
location
h.towards
Januarythehasinner
the lowest
part ofvalues, with 9.18
the country h of with
(border sunshine (Figure
Oman), 8). Due
the city to its location
has lower levels of
towards the inner part of the country (border with Oman), the city
humidity. The month with the highest relative humidity is January (51.08%), and the has lower levels of
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 humidity. The month with the highest relative humidity is January (51.08%), and 9the
of 23
month with the lowest relative humidity is May (20.93%) (Table 1) [32].
month with the lowest relative humidity is May (20.93%) (Table 1) [32].

Figure
Figure 7.
7. Temperature
Temperature levels
levels in
in Al
Al Ain.
Ain.
Figure 7. Temperature levels in Al Ain.

Figure
Figure 8.
8. Average
Average daily
daily sun
sun hours
hours per
per month
month in
in Al
Al Ain.
Ain.
Figure 8. Average daily sun hours per month in Al Ain.
2.3. Design
Table Process
1. Average of Base
10 years Case
data for(Organic Architecture)
temperature, humidity, and precipitation for the city of Al Ai.
Table 1.The
Average 10 years data for temperature, humidity,
design of the library extension with organic and precipitation
architectureforwas
the city
doneof Al Ai. the
with
January February March April May June July August
January aim of integrating the building with theMaylandscape June
that is currently on siteAugust
(Figure 9).
Avg. Temperature 17.7 °C February
19.9 °C March
23.5 °C April
28.5 °C 32.9 °C 35.1 °C July°C
36.4 36.2 °C
Avg. Temperature 17.7 This
°C°F 19.9 building
°C°F design
23.5 is
°C°F considered
28.5 °C°Fthe base
32.9 case
°C°F as it refers
35.1 °C°F to the building
36.4 °C°F prior
36.2 to the
°C
°C (°F) (63.8) (67.8)
parametric/dynamic (74.2) façade. (83.3)
However, the (91.3)
elevation (95.1)
also shows the(97.5) (97.1)
integrated façade. °FThe
°C (°F) (63.8) °F (67.8)
11.3 °C design °F
12.9process
°C (74.2) °F (83.3) °F (91.3) °F (95.1) °F (97.5) °F (97.1) °F
of16.1
the°C 20.6 °C is described
main building 24.7 °C as follows.
26.6 °CThe landscape
28.8 °C development
28.9 °C
11.3 °C 12.9 °C 16.1 °C 20.6 °C 24.7 °C 26.6 °C 28.8 °C 28.9 °C
has the actual number of trees already found, which is equal to the ones shown according
to the type as illustrated. The program and function plan have all the areas organized, and
it will be 1034 sqm. However, there are some strengths and weaknesses in this design. The
studies show that the strengths of this building are its ability to reflect art and creativity,
its flexibility, its integration with the landscape, and the integration of space that gives a
comfortable feeling. There are also some weaknesses in the development of this project.
For example, the largest weakness found is the load of the dynamic façade. The figures
below illustrate schematic drawings of the chosen development. The plans and the 3d are
shown in Figures 10 and 11. Meanwhile, Figures 12–15 show the building elevations from
different directions [33].

Buildings 2022, 12, 1101
studies show that the strengths of this building are its ability to reflect art and creativity,
its flexibility, its integration with the landscape, and the integration of space that gives a
comfortable feeling.. There are also some weaknesses in the development of this project.
For example, the largest weakness found is the load of the dynamic façade. The figures
below illustrate schematic drawings of the chosen development. The plans and the 3d are
shown in Figures 10 and 11. Meanwhile, Figures 12–15 show the building elevations10from of 23
different directions [33].

ings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 24

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Figure 9. Floor plan with landscape. 11 of 24
Figure 9. Floor plan with landscape.

(a) (a) (b)(b)

Figure 10.Figure 10. (a) Architectural
(a) Architectural groundground floor (b)
floor plan, plan, (b) architectural
architectural
architectural first
firstfirst
floor floor plan.
plan.
floor plan.

(a) (b)
(a) Figure 11.
Figure 11. 3D
3D rendered eye bird
rendered eye bird Views
Views (a)
(a) south
south view,
view,(b) (b)view.
(b)north
north view.

Figure 11. 3D rendered eye bird Views (a) south view, (b) north view.

Figure 12. South elevation.

 (a) (b)
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 (a) (b) 11 of 23
Figure 11. 3D rendered eye bird Views (a) south view, (b) north view.
Figure 11. 3D rendered eye bird Views (a) south view, (b) north view.

Figure 12. South elevation.

Figure12.
Figure 12.South
South elevation.
elevation.

Figure13.
Figure 13.East
East elevation.
elevation.
Figure 13. East elevation.

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 24

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 2

Figure 14. West elevation.

Figure 14. West elevation.
Figure 14. West elevation.

Figure 15. North elevation.

Figure
Figure
2.4. 15.North
15.
Design North
Process elevation.
elevation.
of Innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade
The design
2.4. Design ofofthe
Process elements
Innovative of the façade is inspired
Parametric/Dynamic Façade by IGP (Figure 16). There is a
2.4. Design Process of Innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade
great The
history of use
design of IGS
of the patterns
elements of in
thethe Middle
façade East. Thebyuse
is inspired IGPvaries from
(Figure decorative
16). There is (in
a
The of
entrances design
great history useofofthe
buildings,
of elements
IGSfaçade
patterns ofthe
walls)
in the façade
toMiddle is inspired
functional
East. useby
(mashrabiya
The IGPapplication).
varies (Figure
from 16).The
decorative There is
great history
mashrabiya
(in entrances asofof use of IGSfaçade
anbuildings,
architectural patterns
element inallowed
walls) the Middle East.
houses
to functional to The
haveuse
(mashrabiya varies
privacy, from decorative
shading,
application). and
The (in
entrances
natural of buildings,
ventilation. This façade
element walls)
of passive to functional
sustainable (mashrabiya
strategies
mashrabiya as an architectural element allowed houses to have privacy, shading, and application).
combined with Th
mashrabiya
advanced
natural toolsas such
ventilation.anThis
architectural
aselement element
RhinoofGrasshopper
passive allowed
are the
sustainable houses to
of have
basis combined
strategies privacy,
this research shading,
on
with advanced the and
parametric/dynamic
tools such ventilation.
natural façade.
ThisBased
as Rhino Grasshopper areon
elementthetheofISG,
basis ofthe
thisdesign
passive research of on
sustainablethethe
main unit of this
parametric/dynamic
strategies façade with
combined
façade.
evolves
advancedBased on thesuch
by adding
tools ISG, the
other design
Rhinoof Grasshopper
parameters
as the
suchmainas unit
size of this
unitfaçade
ofare the(linkedevolves
basis toof by
the adding otherof on th
technology
this research
parameters
application), such as
material,size of unit
opening (linked to
distance, the
and technology
connection of
toapplication),
the library
parametric/dynamic façade. Based on the ISG, the design of the main unit of this façad material,
extension opening
building
distance, and connection to the library extension building [28,34].
[28,34].
evolves by adding other parameters such as size of unit (linked to the technology o
application), material, opening distance, and connection to the library extension building
[28,34].

Figure
Figure 16.
16. Design
Design evolution
evolution of
of the parametric dynamic
the parametric dynamicfaçade.
façade.

The material selected for this façade is Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is a

coated fiberglass ventilated fabric mesh. In fact, PTFE features aesthetics, longevity, and
Figure 16. Design evolution of the parametric dynamic façade.
functionality. An advantage for this material is that its coating is smooth, which means it
is self-cleaning with rainwater and dust does not deposit on its surface. This material
highlyThe material
resists selected
extreme for thisheat,
UV radiation, façade is Polytetrafluoroethylene
temperature (PTFE),
variation, sandstorms, which is
and fire.
 Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 12 of 23

The material selected for this façade is Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which is a

coated fiberglass ventilated fabric mesh. In fact, PTFE features aesthetics, longevity, and
functionality. An advantage for this material is that its coating is smooth, which means
it is self-cleaning with rainwater and dust does not deposit on its surface. This material
highly resists extreme UV radiation, heat, temperature variation, sandstorms, and fire. The
U-value considered for this façade is 2.0 Wm2 /k. PTFE allows natural daylight and shades
the building from harmful sunlight and glare simultaneously. As a matter of fact, it reflects
75% of sunlight, absorbs 10% of sunlight, and transmits 15% of sunlight [35].

2.5. Modelling and Simulation

The modeling and simulation process of both the base case (new library extension
building) and the innovative parametric dynamic face was done with two main tools:
REVIT and Rhino [36,37]. The REVIT was helpful in the initial stages of concept, and in
Rhino the advanced modelling and simulations took place. The combination of both models
was done later on to evaluate the impact of the façade on the several aspects analyzed
(solar radiation, daylight, energy consumption).

2.5.1. Modelling and Simulation of the Base Case (Organic Architecture)

12, x FOR PEER REVIEW The modeling and simulation process of both the base case (new library13 of 24 extension
building) and the new library was initially completed in REVIT. The main volumes and the
integration with the surrounding landscape were done in REVIT. In this tool, the definition
of the main volumes was done in relation to the surrounding buildings. However, all
However, all the simulations areare
the simulations done in Rhino
done in Rhinoand several
and plug-ins
several plug-inssuch
suchasasGrasshopper,
Grasshopper, Ladybug,
Ladybug, Honeybee, and Daysim
Honeybee, (Figure
and Daysim 17). 17).
(Figure

(a) (b)
Figure 17. (a) Model of the17.library
Figure extension
(a) Model in REVIT,
of the library (b) simulation
extension in simulation
in REVIT, (b) RHINO. in RHINO.

2.5.2.Simulation
2.5.2. Modelling and Modelling and Simulation Parametric/Dynamic
of Innovative of Innovative Parametric/Dynamic
Façade Façade
The modeling process of the selected pattern starts with the main points of the
The modeling process of the selected pattern starts with the main points of the
geometry. Next is to draw the pattern, with each point defined. To create the mecha-
geometry. Next isnism
to draw the pattern,
of folding inwards with each point
and outwards, defined.
a point To create
is defined at the the mechanism
center away from the plane
of folding inwardsto and
allowoutwards,
for foldingadistance
point is(Figure
defined atThe
18). the mechanism
center away of from the plane
the pattern to inwards
is to fold
allow for foldingand
distance
outwards(Figure
based18). Thesunlight
on the mechanism[38,39].ofFirst,
the before
pattern is to fold
drawing inwardsthe surface
the pattern,
and outwards basedneedsontothe sunlight
be defined [38,39].
and dividedFirst, before drawing
up according the pattern,
to its dimensions. the surface
The script used in the rhino
software is shown in Figure 19. This script has been modified
needs to be defined and divided up according to its dimensions. The script used in the and adapted continuously
based on the optimization process based on the daylight
rhino software is shown in Figure 19. This script has been modified and adapted analysis, solar radiation, and
impact on indoor–outdoor visibility. Figure 20 shows the
continuously based on the optimization process based on the daylight analysis, solar geometry of the structure after
the connection of all points defined earlier in the process [40].
radiation, and impact on indoor–outdoor visibility. Figure 20 shows the geometry of the
structure after the connection of all points defined earlier in the process [40].
 of folding inwards and outwards, a point is defined at the center away from the plane to
and allow
outwards based distance
for folding on the sunlight
(Figure [38,39].
18). TheFirst, before of
mechanism drawing the pattern,
the pattern is to foldthe surface
inwards
needs to be defined and divided up according to its dimensions. The script used
and outwards based on the sunlight [38,39]. First, before drawing the pattern, the surface in the
rhino software is shown in Figure 19. This script has been modified and
needs to be defined and divided up according to its dimensions. The script used in the adapted
continuously basedison
rhino software the optimization
shown in Figure 19.process based
This script hasonbeen
the modified
daylight analysis,
and adaptedsolar
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 continuously based on the optimization process based on the daylight analysis,
radiation, and impact on indoor–outdoor visibility. Figure 20 shows the geometry of13the solar of 23
radiation,
structure afterand
theimpact on indoor–outdoor
connection visibility.
of all points defined Figure
earlier in20 shows
the the [40].
process geometry of the
structure after the connection of all points defined earlier in the process [40].

Figure
Figure 18. Alternative
18.18.
Alternative 1, folding
1, folding mechanism.Development.
mechanism. Development.
Figure Alternative 1, folding mechanism. Development.

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 24

Figure 19. Alternative 1 script. Grasshopper script.
Figure 19.19.
Figure Alternative 1 script.
Alternative Grasshopper
1 script. script.
Grasshopper script.

Figure
Figure 20.
20. Alternative
Alternative1.
1.Grasshopper
GrasshopperGenerated.
Generated.

2.5.3. Optimization
2.5.3. Optimization Process
Process
The optimization
The optimization process
process of
of the
the innovative
innovative parametric
parametric dynamic
dynamic façade
façade is
is based
based onon
several points: improving visual connections between indoor and outdoor; minimizing the
several points: improving visual connections between indoor and outdoor; minimizing
solar radiation in the façade of the newly constructed building (extension of the library);
the solar radiation in the façade of the newly constructed building (extension of the
optimizing the indoor daylight based on the sun movement during the day; minimizing
library); optimizing the indoor daylight based on the sun movement during the day;
the energy consumption in the building (based on the reduction of the air conditioning
minimizing the energy consumption in the building (based on the reduction of the air
and lights).
conditioning and lights).
In each of the above steps of parametrization, the design of the unit was modified
In each of the above steps of parametrization, the design of the unit was modified
accordingly. As this process was quite time-consuming, the primary results were analyzed,
accordingly. As this process was quite time-consuming, the primary results were
followed by simulations for each parameter considered, and then all parameters were
analyzed, followed by simulations for each parameter considered, and then all parameters
simulated together.The first parameter is defined by improving the visual connection
were simulated together.The first parameter is defined by improving the visual
between indoor and outdoor. This definition indicates that the façade units should remain
connection
open for the between
longestindoor andperiod
possible outdoor. This during
of time definition
theindicates that 21).
day (Figure the façade
Also, units
these
should remain open for the longest possible period of time during the day (Figure
definitions were used to determine the location and size of the units. A building’s structure 21).
Also, these definitions were used to determine the location and size of
has been designed to prevent obscuring the visual connection between the indoors andthe units. A
building's structure has been designed to prevent obscuring the visual connection
the outdoors.
between the indoors and the outdoors.
 analyzed, followed by simulations for each parameter considered, and then all parameters
were simulated together.The first parameter is defined by improving the visual
connection between indoor and outdoor. This definition indicates that the façade units
should remain open for the longest possible period of time during the day (Figure 21).
Also, these definitions were used to determine the location and size of the units. A
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 14 of 23
building's structure has been designed to prevent obscuring the visual connection
between the indoors and the outdoors.

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 24

Figure 21. Visual
Figure21. Visualconnection
connectionindoor–outdoor.
indoor–outdoor.

The
Thesecond
secondparameter
parameterisisdefined
defined bybyminimizing
minimizing thethe
solar radiation
solar on the
radiation façade
on the of the
façade of
new
the building
newwhich
library, (extension
building
were of
(extensionthe
determined library).
of by This
thequestioning study
library). This targeted
thestudy the peak
targeted the
administration hours
peak
of the of the library,
hourslibrary;
existing of the
which were
the peak determined
hours by questioning
were found to be from 8the administration
a.m. to 3 p.m. of the existing library; the peak
hoursIn were found the
addition, to be fromwas
target 8 a.m.
thetotwo
3 p.m.
solstices, which are in June and December, and
In addition, the target was the two solstices, which are in June and December, and
the equinoxes, which are in March and September, specifically on day 21 of each of those
the equinoxes, which are in March and September, specifically on day 21 of each of those
months, which is the most critical. The analysis has been done using the ladybug plug-in
months, which is the most critical. The analysis has been done using the ladybug plug-in
in grasshopper, for the peak hours and the months specifying the day. Moreover, the focus
in grasshopper, for the peak hours and the months specifying the day. Moreover, the focus
was on the sun radiation on the south façade, where the dynamic façade is applied to help
was on the sun radiation on the south façade, where the dynamic façade is applied to help
minimize the surface area of the dynamic façade and place it at the most critical points
minimize the surface area of the dynamic façade and place it at the most critical points
receiving the highest radiation (Figure 22). The solar radiation of the façade is also linked
receiving the highest radiation (Figure 22). The solar radiation of the façade is also linked
to the daylight, as per the paragraph below.
to the daylight, as per the paragraph below.

Figure 22. Analysis of the façade during the summer and fall in pique hours based on the solar radiation.
Figure 22. Analysis of the façade during the summer and fall in pique hours based on the solar
radiation.
A daylight simulation was carried out for the internal spaces in order to better un-
derstand the openings of the parametric dynamic structure. The daylight factor is set in
A daylight
the tool based onsimulation was carried
the Abu Dhabi out for
regulation. the 22
Figure internal
showsspaces in order
the analysis to better
of the solar
understand
radiation on the openings of the parametric dynamic structure. The daylight factor
façade before the application of the structure, linking it with the needsis set
of
in the tool based on the Abu Dhabi regulation. Figure 22 shows the analysis of the solar
radiation on the façade before the application of the structure, linking it with the needs of
the opening’s timing. Figure 23 shows the indoor direct/indirect natural light analysis, (a)
without façade, (b) with façade. It is important to evaluate the sunlight passing inside the
 Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 15 of 23

the opening’s timing. Figure 23 shows the indoor direct/indirect natural light analysis, (a)
without façade, (b) with façade. It is important to evaluate the sunlight passing inside the
building to achieve the parametric/dynamic façade’s objective and to achieve the visibil-
ity requirement provided by the client. Other than that, daylighting strategies that were
implemented in the project need to be verified for their performance and efficiency. The
strategies include the use of curtain wall systems with double glazing and low-e, shading
devices with NE and NW orientations, the use of dynamic/parametric façades, and the
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW placement of the openings and fenestrations. All of these strategies aid in controlling the16 of 24
sunlight admission to reduce artificial lighting, save energy for the building, and help in
creating a visually stimulating and productive environment for the users of the extension.

(a) (b)
Figure 23.23.
Figure Indoor direct/indirect
Indoor direct/indirectnatural
natural light analysis,(a)
light analysis, (a)without
without façade,
façade, (b) (b)
withwith façade.
façade.

TheThe daylighting was

daylighting wasevaluated
evaluated through the daylight
through factor analysis.
the daylight A DaylightAfactor
factor analysis. Daylight
is an analysis that calculates the average illuminance on all surfaces from a
factor is an analysis that calculates the average illuminance on all surfaces from a working working plan
(80(80
plan cmcm above
abovethethe
ground
groundlevel). TheThe
level). outcome
outcomeis inispercentages,
in percentages, withwith
the target rangerange
the target
being from 2–5%, with anything lower than the target being poorly lit and likely needing
being from 2–5%, with anything lower than the target being poorly lit and likely needing
artificial lighting, and any value above 5% considered to be excessively lit and will cause
artificial
problemslighting, and any value
with overheating aboveAccording
and glare. 5% considered to be excessively
to the USGBC lit and
and LEED rating will cause
systems,
problems with surface
the building overheating and glare.
area needs to passAccording
at least 75% toofthe
theUSGBC
critical and LEED
visual tasksrating systems,
to achieve
theabuilding surface area needs to pass at least 75% of the critical visual
well-lit indoor environment. For the project, the daylight factor was worked out in twotasks to achieve a
well-lit
ways:indoor
with andenvironment. For the project, thefacade.
without the dynamic/parametric daylight factor was worked out in two
ways: with and without the dynamic/parametric facade.
2.5.4. Energy Simulation
The energy
2.5.4. Energy simulation showcases the energy absorbed and consumed by the model’s
Simulation
surfaces, allowing the infiltration of solar radiation through the openings, and how much
The
the energy
energy can simulation showcases
be blocked through the usethe of
energy
shadingabsorbed
devices and consumed
or any by context.
external site the model’s
surfaces, allowing the infiltration of solar radiation through the openings,
Using Rhinoceros 3D and Grasshopper, the outputs from the simulation (building, shading and how much
thedevices,
energy can
and be blocked
context) andthrough
the EPWthe fileuse of shading
(location) will devices
provide or any external
information thatsite context.
allows
Using Rhinoceros
assessment. 3D or
Materials and Grasshopper,
u-values are specified,theasoutputs from period,
is the analysis the simulation (building,
which is a whole
year. These
shading parameters
devices, all contribute
and context) and the to EPW
the energy analysis. will provide information that
file (location)
The energy simulation will run for the
allows assessment. Materials or u-values are specified, project without the analysis
as is the use of the dynamic/
period, which is
parametric façade, and with a façade at a certain opening static state, and finally, it will be
a whole year. These parameters all contribute to the energy analysis.
calculated as a changing and dynamic façade.
The energy simulation will run for the project without the use of the
dynamic/parametric façade,and with a façade at a certain opening static state, and finally,
it will be calculated as a changing anddynamic façade.
The project needs to consider sustainability to act as a smart building and achieve
credits in the ESTIDAMA accreditation rating. The building needs to accommodate
 Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 16 of 23

The project needs to consider sustainability to act as a smart building and achieve
credits in the ESTIDAMA accreditation rating. The building needs to accommodate photo-
voltaic panels to generate solar energy. It has a roof surface area of almost 660 sqm, and it
can reach up to 835 sqm if the extension bridge is also included. For an annual solar study,
a preliminary and brief analysis was performed using Revit. According to the simulation,
solar radiation can produce 225,530 kWh/year of PV energy (Figures 24 and 25). The gen-
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEWeration of solar energy is related to the products of PV modules and the system. According17 of 24
to UAE regulations, the maximum nominal power that is allowed to be generated in the
UAE is 100 kWp. With the use of the PVSYST software program, a simulation of the solar
system product was done for this project by using the maximum nominal power (Table 2).

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 24. Energy models: (a) south view before parametric façade; (b) north-east view before
Energy(c)
Figure 24.façade,
parametric models:
south (a) south
view view
after before parametric
parametric façade; façade; (b) north-east
(d) north-east view view
after before
parametric
parametric
façade. façade, (c) south view after parametric façade; (d) north-east view after parametric façade.

2.6. Tools Analysis, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Rhinoceros is a commercial 3D software used widely in architecture, along with a
plug-in called Grasshopper. Among other plug-ins, Grasshopper helps analyze several
aspects of the building’s design and performance. Moreover, grasshopper simplifies design
complexities that exceed conventional 3D modeling and can reference geometry objects in
rhino such as points, curves, and surfaces. The online community of this software is quite
large and active, therefore there is a possibility to update the Python language scripts in
real time. Figure 26 shows that the grasshopper can be used to make calculations about
the facade, plan, optimization process, energy use, or structural design. In this image, the
complexity of the script is shown (for illustrative purpose only). The different steps are
linked to each other until the final results of the simulation are obtained. While working
with the tool, identifying the errors was visible immediately, enabling fast modifications to
the script.
 (c) (d)
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 Figure 24. Energy models: (a) south view before parametric façade; (b) north-east view before
17 of 23
parametric façade, (c) south view after parametric façade; (d) north-east view after parametric
façade.

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 24

Table 2. Summary of solar energy system.

Geographical
Solar System PV Panel Inverter
Site
• Tilt/Azimuth: 24°/0°
• number of units: 5 units
Al Ain, UAE • number of modules: 170 units
• Pnom total = 75 kWac
(24.20°, Grid-connected System (10 strings × 17 in series)
• Pnom ratio = 1.33
55.68°) • Module area:465 sqm
• Operating voltage = 380–850 V
• Pnom total = 99.5 kWp
Produced
181.8 MWh/year Specific Production 1828 kWh/kWp/year
Energy

2.6. Tools Analysis, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Rhinoceros is a commercial 3D software used widely in architecture, along with a
plug-in called
Figure 25. SolarGrasshopper. Among
radiation calculation other
of the roof plug-ins, Grasshopper helps analyze several
for PV application.
Figure 25. Solar radiation calculation of the roof for PV application.
aspects of the building’s design and performance. Moreover, grasshopper simplifies
design
Table 2. complexities thatenergy
Summary of solar exceed conventional 3D modeling and can reference geometry
system.
objects in rhino such as points, curves, and surfaces. The online community of this
Geographical Site software is quite large and active,
Solar System PVtherefore
Panel there is a possibility toInverter
update the Python
language scripts in real • time. Figure 26 shows
Tilt/Azimuth: 24 /0 ◦ ◦ that the grasshopper can be used to make
calculations about the • facade, plan, optimization
number of modules: 170 units •
process, number
energy of units:
use, 5 units
or structural
Al Ain, UAE • (forPnom total = 75purpose
kWac only).
design.. In this
Grid-connected image, the complexity
System (10 strings ×of 17the script is shown
in series) illustrative
(24.20◦ , 55.68◦ ) • Pnom ratio = 1.33
The different steps are • linked
Moduleto area:465
each other sqmuntil the final results of the simulation are
• Pnom totaltool,
= 99.5identifying
kWp • Operating voltage = 380–850 V
obtained. While working with the the errors was visible immediately,
Produced Energy 181.8 MWh/year
enabling fast modifications to Specific Production
the script. 1828 kWh/kWp/year

Figure 26. Python language script for Grasshopper, energy simulation (illustrative purpose only).
Figure 26. Python language script for Grasshopper, energy simulation (illustrative purpose only).
3. Results
3. Results
3.1. Innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade
3.1. Innovative
The analysisParametric/Dynamic
was done usingFaçadethe ladybug plug-in in Grasshopper. We plugged in
The analysis was done using
the peak hours and the months, specifying the ladybug theplug-in in Grasshopper.
day. The dynamic façade We was
plugged in the
applied to
peak
help ushours and thethe
minimize months,
surfacespecifying
area of thethe day. The
dynamic dynamic
façade andfaçade
place itwas applied
at the most to help
critical
us minimize
point receivingthethesurface
highestarea of the dynamic
radiation, which is façade andfaçade
the south place [37,41].
it at theThe
most critical
option point
selected,
which is Islamic
receiving geometry
the highest inspired,
radiation, wasisgenerated
which the southinfaçade
Grasshopper
[37,41].andTheadjusted
option based on
selected,
the library’s
which design.
is Islamic It is applied
geometry onwas
inspired, the generated
south façade, where the most
in Grasshopper and shading
adjustedisbased
needed.on
Firstlibrary’s
the for the mechanism, the façade
design. It is applied on responds
the south to sunlight.
façade, where It folds inwards
the most or outwards
shading is needed. to
some extent based on the amount of sunlight according to angle and surface
First for the mechanism, the façade responds to sunlight. It folds inwards or outwards to exposed. The
following
some extentthree figures
based illustrate
on the amountthe operations
of sunlight on the whole
according to anglefaçade
andsurface. However,The
surface exposed. the
operationsthree
following will vary on each
figures part the
illustrate of the façade according
operations to angles
on the whole in reality
façade [42,43].
surface. However,
the operations will vary on each part of the façade according to angles in reality [42,43].
As shown in Figure 27, each unit of the dynamic façade has a size of 2 m by 3 m. The
material selected for the units is PTFE, which allows natural daylight and shades the
building from harmful sunlight and glare simultaneously. The assembly and structure of
 Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 18 of 23

Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW

As shown in Figure 27, each unit of the dynamic façade has a size of 2 m by 3 m. 19 of 24
The material selected for the units is PTFE, which allows natural daylight and shades
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW
the
19 of 24
building from harmful sunlight and glare simultaneously. The assembly and structure
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of of
24
the dynamic façade is illustrated in Figure 28.

Figure
Figure27.
Figure 27.Details
27. Details
Details of the
of the parametricdynamic
the parametric
parametric dynamicfaçade.
dynamic façade.
façade.
Figure 27. Details of the parametric dynamic façade.

(a)
(a) (b)(b)
(a) (b)
Figure 28. (a) Opened operation, (b) closed operation.
Figure
Figure28.
28.(a)
(a) Opened operation, (b)closed
closedoperation.
operation.
Figure 28. (a) Opened operation, (b)
Opened operation, (b) closed operation.
3.2. Design of Organic Building with Innovative Parametric/Dynamic Façade
3.2.
3.2.Design
Designofof Organic Building with
Organic Building withInnovative
InnovativeParametric/Dynamic
Parametric/Dynamic Façade
Façade
Façade
Based on the process of design, modelling, and simulation, the organic building
Based
Based onon the process
process of design,
process of
theintegrated of design,modelling,
design, modelling,and
modelling, andsimulation,
simulation, thethe organic
organic building
building
design with an parametric dynamic façade was achieved. The visual
design with
design with
withanan
an integrated
integrated
integrated parametric
parametric dynamic
parametric dynamic façade
façade façade
dynamic was was
achieved.
was achieved.
The visualThe
achieved.
connection between indoor and outdoor is achieved with the adjustment of the façade The
connectionvisual
visual
between
connection
connectionindoor
betweenand outdoor
between indoor
indoor is achieved
and
and outdoor
outdoor with
isis the adjustment
achieved
achieved with
with ofadjustment
the
the the façade of
adjustment unit
of
thesize
the and
façade
façade
unit size and opening. As a result of the application of the innovative façade, the indoor
opening.
unitsize As aopening.
sizehas
and result ofAs
opening. the application ofapplication
the innovative façade, the indoor lighting has
unit
lighting and been improvedaabyresult
44%of
result ofthe
the
(Figure application
29). ofofthe
theinnovative
innovative façade, thethe
façade, indoor
indoor
been
lightingimproved
lightinghas
has been by 44%
been improved(Figure
improved by 29).
by 44%
44%(Figure
(Figure29). 29).

Figure 29. Modules of dynamic façade with different phases of movement.

Figure 29. Modules of dynamic façade with different phases of movement.
Figure
Figure
29. Modules of
29. Modules
dynamic façade
of dynamic
façadewith
withdifferent
differentphases
phases of movement.
of movement.
3.3. Energy Simulation Results
3.3. Energy Simulation Results
3.3. Based Simulation
3.3.Energy
Energy on the energy
Simulation Results
Results simulation results, there is a reduction of 25% in energy
Based onin the
consumption the energy simulation
building. If the PV results,
panels arethere
added istoa the
reduction
energy of 25% inthen energy
Based on
Based the
onintheenergy
energy simulation
simulationresults, there
results, is a reduction
there is of 25% reduction,
a reduction in energy
of 25%consump- the
in energy
consumption
electricity savingsthe building.
will reach If
70% the PV panels
(Tables 3 andare4).added
This to
due theto energy
the largereduction,
areas in then
the the
roof
tion in the building.
consumption If the PV panels
in thewill
building. If the are panels
PV added to arethe energy
added toreduction,
thetheenergy then the electricity
reduction, then the
electricity
where savings reach 70% (Tables 3 and 4). This due to large areas in the roof
savingsthe
electricity
panels
will reachcan
savings 70%
will
be(Tables
added 3(Figure
reach 70% and 4).30).
(TablesThis
3
Additionally,
due4).
and to the
This
thereareas
large
due to
is a benefit
theinlarge impact
the roof
areaswhere
in
on the
theroof
the
where the panels
environment can be added (Figure 30). and
Additionally, there is a benefit impact onthatthe
panelsthe
where be by
canpanels using
added the
can(Figure
bethe
dynamic
added
façade
30). Additionally,
(Figure 30).and
theisglazing
there a benefit
Additionally,
systems
impact
there
in
on
is ain
the
thebuilding
benefit environment
impactthaton the
environment by using dynamic façade the glazing systems
can be enhancing the sun light entrance without the usual heat found in the UAE climate. the building
environment
can be by using
enhancing the sun thelight
dynamic
entrancefaçade
withoutandthe theusual
glazing
heatsystems
found ininthethe
UAEbuilding
climate.that
This will help in reducing the energy used by reducing artificial lighting [44].
can
Thisbewill
enhancing the sun light
help in reducing entrance
the energy usedwithout the usual
by reducing heatlighting
artificial found in[44]. the UAE climate.
This will help in reducing the energy used by reducing artificial lighting [44].
 Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 19 of 23

by using the dynamic façade and the glazing systems in the building that can be enhancing
the
Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW sun light entrance without the usual heat found in the UAE climate. This will 20
help in
of 24
reducing the energy used by reducing artificial lighting [44].

Table 3. Energy simulation results.

Table 3. Energy simulation results.

TotalTotal Energy
Energy (kWh)
(kWh) Total
Total Energy
Energy (kWh)
(kWh)
Without Total Site
TotalEnergy
Site Energy 298,148.82
298,148.82 447.17
447.17
Without dynamic/parametric façade
dynamic/parametric façade Total Source Energy
Total Source Energy 392,486.80
392,486.80 588.65
588.65
With dynamic/parametric
With dynamic/parametric façade at
Total Site Energy
Total Site Energy 208,443.06
208,443.06 312.62
312.62
façade at
anan
avgavg opening
opening state Total Source
Total Source EnergyEnergy 294,788.47
294,788.47 442.13
442.13
state
Energy Reduction Percent % 25%
Energy Reduction Percent % 25%

Electricitycost
Table4.4.Electricity
Table costcalculation.
calculation.

Cases
Cases Energy
Energy Demand(kWh/Year)
Demand (kWh/Year) Electricity
Electricity Tariff
Tariff (AED/kWh)
(AED/kWh) Total Cost
Total Cost (AED/Year)
(AED/Year)
Without
Withoutdynamic
dynamicfaçade,
façade,
withoutsolar
solarenergy
energy
392,486
392,486 0.294
0.294 115,391.18
115,391.18
without
With
Withdynamic
dynamicfaçade,
façade,
294,788
294,788 0.294
0.294 86,667.67
86,667.67
without solar energy
without solar energy
With
With dynamicfaçade,
dynamic façade, with
with 181,800
181,800 0.294
0.294 36,158.47
36,158.47
solar energy
solar energy

Figure30.
Figure Rooftopimages
30.Rooftop imagesofofthe
theapplied
appliedPV.
PV.

4. Discussion
4. Discussion
The main focus of this study was to design an innovative parametric dynamic façade
Theextension
for the main focusof of
thethis
UAEUstudy was to design
Campus. Based on an innovative
the results ofparametric
the energy dynamic façade
simulation and
for the extension of the UAEU Campus. Based on the results of the
natural light analysis, the application of this façade achieved the initial goal. energy simulation and
natural light analysis,
However, the application
there were difficultiesof
inthis façade
relation to achieved
the use ofthe initial
tools goal.
for this research.
However, there were difficulties in relation to the use of tools
Adapting the files from different tools: The initial stage of the design for this research.
was done in
Adapting
REVIT. the files
Adapting this from
tool todifferent
RHINOtools: The initial stage
has difficulties of the design
in recognizing some was done in
geometries.
REVIT. Adapting
Therefore, severalthis
trialstool
wereto conducted
RHINO has difficulties
in order to have indefined
recognizing
models some
fromgeometries.
the various
Therefore,
simulations several trials were conducted in order to have defined models from the various
conducted.
simulations conducted.
The optimization process of the façade: The optimization process of the innovative
The optimization
parametric processwas
dynamic façade of the façade:
based The optimization
on several process of
points: improving the innovative
visual connection
parametric dynamic
between indoor andfaçade
outdoor;wasminimizing
based on several
the solarpoints: improving
radiation in the visual
façadeconnection
of the new
between
buildingindoor and outdoor;
(extension minimizing
of the library); the solar
optimizing the radiation in the façade
indoor daylight based on of the new
sun’s
building
movement (extension
during theof the
day;library); optimizing
minimizing the indoor
the energy daylight
consumption in based on the (based
the building sun’s
movement duringof
on the reduction the day;
the air minimizing
conditioningthe energy
and consumption
lights). in the building the
Therefore, understanding (based on
Python
the reduction of the air conditioning and lights). Therefore, understanding
language in RHINO with the various plug-ins such as grasshopper, ladybug, and Diva the Python
language in RHINO with the various plug-ins such as grasshopper, ladybug, and Diva
was challenging.
was challenging.
The field of application of the Python language and available scripts is very large and
needs to be customized according to the specific geometry. Adding more parameters to
Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 20 of 23
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FOR PEER
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The field of application of the Python language and available scripts is very large and
achieve
achieve
needs
achievetomaximum
achieve
achieve maximum
maximum
maximum view
view
be customized
view from
from
according
from
viewfrom indoor
indoor
indoor
fromindoor toto
indoor to
to
the
to outdoor,
outdoor,
outdoor,
tooutdoor,
outdoor, reducing
reducing
specificreducing
geometry.
reducing the
the
reducingthe daylight,
daylight,
Adding
the
the and
and
more
daylight,
daylight, and
and reducing
reducing
parameters
reducing the
the
to
the
reducingthethe
achievemaximum
achieve
achieve
achieve maximum
maximum
maximum
maximum view
view
view
view
view from
from
from
from indoor
indoor
indoor
indoor to
to
to
to outdoor,
outdoor,
outdoor,
outdoor, reducing
reducing
reducing
reducing the
the
the
the daylight,
daylight,
daylight,
daylight,
daylight, and
and
and
and
and reducing
reducing
reducing
reducing
reducing the
the
the
the
energy
energy
achieve
energy
energy
energy
energy
energy
energy consumption
consumption
maximum
consumption
consumption
consumption
consumption
consumption was
was
viewwas
was
was
was
was the
the
fromthe
the
the
the most
most
indoor
most
most
the most
most
most time-consuming
time-consuming
to outdoor,
time-consuming
time-consuming
time-consuming
time-consuming
time-consuming section
section
reducing
section
section
section
section
section of
of
the
ofof
of
of
of this
this
this
this
this study
study
daylight,
this study
study
this study
study
study (Table
(Table
and
(Table
(Table
(Table
(Table 5).
5).
reducing
(Table 5).
5).
5).
5).
5). the
energyconsumption
energy consumptionwas
consumption wasthe
was themost
the mosttime-consuming
most time-consumingsection
time-consuming sectionof
section ofthis
of thisstudy
this study(Table
study (Table5).
(Table 5).
5).
energy consumption was the most time-consuming section of this study (Table 5).
Table
Table
Table
Table 5.
5.
5.
Table5.
Table
Table
Table
Table 5.Optimization
Optimization
Optimization
Optimization
5.Optimization
5.
5.
5. process
process
process
process
Optimizationprocess
Optimization
Optimization
Optimization based
based
based
based
processbased
process
process
process on
on
on
on
basedon
based
based
based solar
solar
solar
solar
onsolar
on
on
on radiation.
radiation.
radiation.
radiation.
solarradiation.
solar
solar
solar radiation.
radiation.
radiation.
radiation.
Table
Table 5.
5. Optimization
Optimization process
process based
based on
on solar
solar radiation.
radiation.
Table 5. Optimization process based on solar radiation.
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Timing
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons
Seasons 9:00
9:00
9:00
9:00
9:00
9:00
9:00 AM
AM
AM
9:00AM
AM
AM
AM
AM 12:00
12:00
12:00
12:00
12:00
12:00
12:00 PM
12:00PMPM
PM
PMPM
PM
PM 3:00
3:00
3:00
3:00
3:00
3:00
3:00 PM
PM
PM
3:00PM
PMPM
PM
PM 6:00
6:00
6:00
6:00 PM
PM
PM
6:00PM
6:00
6:00
6:00 PMPM
PM
PM
Seasons 9:00 AM 12:00 PM 3:00 PM 6:00 PM
Seasons 9:00 A.M. 12:00 P.M. 3:00 P.M. 6:00 P.M.

Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
Summer
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6
21/6

Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall 21/9
21/9
21/9
21/9
21/9
Fall21/9
21/9
21/9
21/9
Fall 21/9

Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
Winter
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12
21/12

Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring 21/3
21/3
21/3
21/3
21/3
21/3
Spring
Spring
Spring 21/3
21/3
21/3 21/3

The
The
The
The
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The energy
energy
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inin
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from air
air
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The
The
The energy
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and
and
artificial
artificial
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artificial
artificial
artificial
artificial lights.
lights.
lights.
lights.
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calculation
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total
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artificial lights.
artificial lights. This This calculation
calculation was was not not separated,
separated, as as thethe aim aim was was to to understand
understand the the total
total
energy
energy
energy
energy
energy
energy
energy consumption
consumption
consumption
consumption
consumptionreduction.
consumption
consumption reduction.
reduction.
reduction.
reduction.However,
reduction.
reduction. However,
However,
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energysimulation
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results.
Gathering
Gathering
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initial information:
information:
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Buildings 2022, 12, 1101 21 of 23

5. Conclusions
The aim of this study was to design an innovative parametric/dynamic façade for a
library extension building at UAEU Campus, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
The main findings of this study are that, by applying the innovative façade, there is a
25% reduction in energy consumption of the building and an improvement of 44% in the
daylight analysis.
Other important achievements include making a visual connection indoor–outdoor as
one of the initial goals. This is in order to integrate the new building into the landscape.
Furthermore, the inclusion of the PV panels on the roof generates electricity, making a
reduction (in addition to the innovative façade) of the total energy consumption of the
building of 70%.
This study brings innovation in terms of the software used to design the façade and
the process from concept to modelling the final prototype of the façade. The design is
based on the Middle East design pattern that was later adapted and optimized for the
Library Extension Building. The software used was RHINO, and Grasshopper was a
plug-in that made the full calculations possible. Based on the potential design of the
parametric/dynamic façade, future work is needed to understand if this concept can be
adapted in other buildings around the campus that have excessive glass surfaces exposed
mainly to the south orientation. This could cut the amount of energy used by the whole
campus by a huge amount.
This research is relevant to the local industry as it can improve façade technology
by using advanced tools. The Parametric Dynamic Façade drastically improves energy
savings in the building, and therefore, the field of application is quite large and relevant
in the Middle Eastern new cities. Furthermore, it will assist local governments, such as
Abu Dhabi Municipality, in meeting their sustainability targets by 2030. The Abu Dhabi
Sustainability initiative includes an agenda of goals to be reached by 2030 in alignment
with the 17 Sustainability Goals of the United Nations. Goal number 11: Sustainable Cities
and Communities is where this study can contribute the most. This goal is aligned with the
Sustainable Environment and infrastructure in the National Pillar Agenda [44].

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.B., H.H., D.A., N.A., A.G., F.F. and O.A.; methodology,
L.B., F.F. and O.A.; software, H.H., D.A., N.A. and A.G.; validation, H.H., D.A., N.A. and A.G.; formal
analysis, H.H., D.A., N.A. and A.G.; investigation, H.H., D.A., N.A. and A.G.; resources, L.B., H.H.,
D.A., N.A. and A.G.; data curation, L.B., F.F. and O.A.; writing—original draft preparation, H.H.,
D.A., N.A. and A.G.; writing—review and editing, L.B.; visualization, H.H., D.A., N.A. and A.G.;
supervision, L.B., F.F. and O.A.; project administration, L.B.; funding acquisition, L.B. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank UAEU, COE, AE Department for the support given in this
study. Thank you to Yosan Asmelash, Anwar Ahmad and Afra Alnuaimi for their kind support.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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