EXPERIMENT # 1

pH Measurement and Buffer Preparation

I. Objectives

1. To determine the pH of some body fluids and some common substances

2. To compare the pH readings using on indicator paper and pH meter
3. To prepare buffer solutions
4. To relate the importance of pH to some body fluids and some common substances

II. Results and Discussion

A) pH Measurement

- Measurement of pH is one of the most important and frequently used analytic procedures in biochemistry.
Intracellular and extracellular fluids of living organisms have different pH values. An approximate determination of the
pH can be made readily with indicators. Indicators are usually complex organic compounds that are of one color if the
hydrogen ion concentration is above a certain value and of a different color if it is lower. This is usually shown using the
pH paper indicator.

A buffer solution is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. It has
the ability to resist sudden changes in pH. It can be prepared from a solution of a weak and acid and the salt with the
same anion of that acid.

 Result:

*pictures of before and after*

 Discussion:
- ***

III. Conclusion

1. The group determined the pH of the same body fluids and some common substances through the use of
some indicators.
2. The group have compared the pH readings using an indicator paper and pH meter. In the test, the pH
meter proved to be more accurate than the indicator papers the pH meter was calibrated using
standardized buffers which allow the meter to associate a particular voltage with a pH value.
3. The group prepared the buffer solutions by mixing a weak acid with its conjugate base or a weak base
with its conjugate acid.
4. The group related the importance of pH to some body fluids and some common substances by referring
to as its acid-base balance, is the level of acids and bases in your blood at which your body functions
best.
 EXPERIMENT # 2

Buffer Capacity

I. Objectives

1. To determine the reactions of buffer solutions under different acidic and basic conditions.

II. Results and Discussion

A) Test for Buffer Capacity

- Buffer capacity is a measure of the ability of a buffer to resist changes in pH. The larger the buffer capacity, the
greater the resistance to pH change. Where buffer range is determined by the ratio of conjugate acid and base species
present in the buffer mixture, buffer capacity can be related to the magnitude of these concentrations.

 Result:

*pictures of before and after*

 Discussion:
- ***

III. Conclusion

1. The group determined the reactions of buffer solutions under different acidic and basic conditions.
 EXPERIMENT # 4

Processes in Biochemical Systems

I. Objectives

1. To relate the particle concept of matter to biochemical processes;

2. To describe molecular motion and interaction; and

3. To observe and describe processes that occur in biochemical systems: diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, hydrolysis and
lowering of surface tension.

II. Results and Discussion

A) Dialysis

- Dialysis involves separation of substances in a solution by their unequal diffusion through their
semipermeable membranes.

 Result:

BEFORE

AFTER

 Discussion:
 - ***

C) Osmosis

- Osmosis is a biophysical phenomenon occurring commonly in biologic systems, in which cells of fluid
compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. Osmosis describes the diffusion of the solvent through a
semipermeable membrane. The driving force of the solvent shift is the concentration difference of solutes in the
solutions separated by the semipermeable membrane.

 Result:
*pictures of before and after*

 Discussion:
- ***

D) Hydrolysis

- Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition
causes both substance and water molecule to split into two parts. In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule
(or parent molecule) gains a hydrogen ion.

Result:

BEFORE
AFTER

 Discussion:
- ***

III. Conclusion

- Do you achieve your

objectives?
- (not answerable by
Yes or No)