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ABSTRACT
A Neural Network is basically a self-
adjusting network whose output is consistent It works along two directions. Firstly, it deals
with the desired output and once the network is with realizing the anatomy and functioning of
‘trained’, only the input data are provided to the the human brain in order to define models
network, which then ‘recalls’ the response that adherent to its physical behavior. Secondly, it
it ‘learned’ during training. To add more aims at computing on the basis of the parallel
flexibility to the definition of the system, and distributed structure of the brain. [7.] This
incorporate vague inputs, describe general is implemented by a process of self adjusting
boundaries for the system and hence to provide the weights or inter-connection strengths,
a better control of the system, fuzzy logic is known as Learning. There exist robust learning
implemented with the neural networks. algorithms that guarantee convergence in the
The various methodologies that are presence of uncertainties (in inputs). This
required to adapt the synaptic weights, the imprecision in the input values is dealt with the
different learning algorithms used to implement help of fuzzy logics which usually uses IF-
parallel distributed processing and robust THEN rules or equivalent constructs. Neural
computation and the major applications of network automatically generates and updates
neuro-fuzzy systems have been discussed in fuzzy logic governing rules and membership
brief in the paper. The paper also brings forth functions while the fuzzy logic infers and
the shortcomings of the various algorithms and provides crisp or defuzzified output when fuzzy
techniques that are currently used in numerous parameters exist. Thus neural network and
applications, simultaneously proposing other fuzzy control work hand in hand.
methods for more efficient control. In addition,
the paper demonstrates some fuzzy parameters 2. BIOLOGICAL NEURAL
and principles in a neural network which adds NETWORKS
user flexibility and robustness to the system.
The biological neural network is an
KEYWORDS interlinked structure of billions of neurons, each
Neural network, modeling, learning, learning of which is linked to thousands of other
algorithm, training, fuzzy logic. neurons, either fully or partially connected.
Neurons are complex cells that respond to
1. INTRODUCTION electrochemical signals. They consist of a
An ANN is an information processing paradigm nucleus, a cell body, numerous dendritic links
that is inspired by the way biological nervous which provide “interconnection strengths” from
systems, such as the brain, process information. other neurons through synapses and an axon
that carries an action potential trunk which
carries an action potential output to other
Copyright © 2006 neurons through synapses. There are two types
Paper Identification Number: SC-3.7 of connections: excitatory and inhibitory. If the
This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the
Pentagram Research Centre (P) Limited.
action potential value exceeds its threshold
Responsibility of contents of this paper rests upon the value, neuron fires and thus either excites or
authors and not upon Pentagram Research Centre (P) inhibits other neurons. [1.]
Limited. Copies can be obtained from the company
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Oi = f [ j=1∑N (xijwij) – Θ ].
With the original MP model[7.], binary function
was used as nonlinear transfer function. The
major drawback of this model was that the
weights were fixed and no learning could be
incorporated. (iii) DELTA LEARNING ALGORITHM
(ii) PERCEPTRON MODEL This algorithm is based on the least-square-
This model was given by Frank Rosenblatt and error minimization method and its objective is
consists of outputs from sensory units to a fixed to express the difference of the actual and target
set of association units, the outputs of which are outputs in terms of the inputs and weights. The
fed to an MP neuron. The association units least- squared error is defined by:
perform predetermined manipulations on their E = ½ (Ti – Oi )2 = ½[Ti – f ( wixi ) ]2
inputs. This model incorporates learning and the
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(c ) Learning under dynamic constraints pressure, skin ionization, and so on),can provide
imposes difficulty in identification of cause- effective feedback into a neural control system
and-effect in the sense that future desired output and other variables which the system can learn
now depend on all past input and it isn’t to correlate with a person's response state.
possible to know which past input deserves
Again the paper is trying to put forward a
credit for the success in current output. So,
number of possible alternatives that needs to be
dynamic programming must be invoked to
applied to various modern day applications of
convert the problem to a series of static learning
neuro-fuzzy systems so that they may serve the
problems. purpose that they are designed for. It also
(d) NP-hardness is a fundamental conveys, that side by side genetic algorithms,
limitation[11.] on what computation can do. artificial intelligence must be blended to make it
Quantifying Heuristics and acquiring structural faster and thus can be implemented in VLSI
knowledge seems to be the only salvation for design. Neuro-Fuzzy system which indeed is a
the effective solution of complex real problems. powerful tool in realizing our daily needs and is
So, human expertise proves to be better. not just a far-out research trend must be dealt
with all efficient algorithms. Because a lot is to
(iv) A neural network is used to obtain some be done as regards.
information out of given data where other
methods are not available. But sometimes,
general mathematical models,[11.] can be REFERENCES
simulated faster & more effectively. eg.
drawing of a lottery does not need any past [1.] Bose.K.N & Liang.P. Neural network
inputs. Similarly, weather forecasting. fundamentals with algorithms and applications
[2.]Anderson A.James. Introduction to neural
11. CONCLUSIONS networks.
This paper has presented an overview of the
neuro-fuzzy systems, their uses, learning [3.] Driankov D.& Hlendron.H Introduction to
methods to train them, their limitations in Fuzzy Control
various applications and suggestion to rectify [4.] Hassoun H. Mohamad Fundamentals of
them in order to make them more efficient from Artificial Neural Networks
the implementation point of view. The major
issues that this paper has addressed are the [5.]Hagan & Beale Neural Network Design
scalability problem, testing, verification, and [6.] Haykin Simon Neural Networks
integration of neural network systems into the
modern environment. It also states that neuro- [7.]Stamatious V. Kartalopoulos Understanding
fuzzy programs sometimes become unstable Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic
when applied to larger problems. The defence, [8.]Limmin Fu (TMH) Neural Network in
nuclear and space industries are concerned Computer Intelligence
about the issue of testing and verification. The
mathematical theories used to guarantee the [9.] Patterson W. Dan Artificial Neural
performance of an applied neural network are Networks Theory and Applications
still under development. [10.] Kosko Bart Neural Network and Fuzzy
As suggested, the solution for the time being Systems
may be to train and test these intelligent
[11.] www.wikipedia.org
systems much as we do for humans .In addition
to this, the paper also proposes to solve the [12] IEEE Special Issue 2002 A self-growing
problem of parallelism and sequential execution network that grows when required
by implementing neural networks directly in
hardware, which needs a lot of development
still.
This "programming” will require feedback
from the user in order to be effective but simple
and "passive" sensors (e.g. fingertip sensors,
gloves, or wristbands to sense pulse, blood
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