IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Criminology 1B
CRIM5112
MODULE OUTLINE 2021
(First Edition: 2020)

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Company registration number: 1987/004754/07.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 3
Using this Module Outline .......................................................................................................... 5
This Module on Learn ................................................................................................................. 6
Icons Used in this Document and on Learn ................................................................................ 7
Module Resources ...................................................................................................................... 8
Module Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 9
Module Outcomes ...................................................................................................................... 9
Assessments ............................................................................................................................. 10
MODULE PACER – CRIMINOLOGY 1B ....................................................................................... 13

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Introduction
Welcome to the second Criminology module in which we will start to develop and apply some
of the key theoretical positions that were covered in CRIM5111 in more practical, locally
relevant ways.

This module offers an overview of the key factors contributing to crime in South Africa, as well
as a framework of theories that you will need to begin to analyse some of the most common
categories of crimes that occur in the country.

Learning Unit 1 provides a brief overview of some of the main factors that contribute to crime
in South Africa, while Learning Unit 2 offers a classification-based summary of some of the key
theories that might prove useful in examining these crimes.

Learning Units 3, 4, and 5 delve into specific categories of crimes, including violent, property,
political and consensus-based crimes. In each of these categories, we take a look at some of
the most common forms that occur in South Africa and you will try your hand at explaining
individual types of South African crimes using specific theories. For these learning units, you
are encouraged to begin (and frequently update) a ‘crime-file’ of some of the examples of the
crimes that are covered in this module – examples of these are covered extensively by the
media, and having (credible) details of these crimes will help you to apply the theories and
identify specific factors that may have played a role in the commission of these types of crimes.

In order to make sure that you are up-to-date and successfully complete the module, we
strongly advise the following basic habits:

• Prepare for each lecture beforehand by reading the necessary content and covering the
relevant learning unit themes on Learn;
• Make note of any questions you have based on the work you do before class, and if you
cannot figure them out, ask them during class at the appropriate time;
• Revise each lesson after class – the purpose of this is not to memorise content, but to
ensure that you understand it.

These constructive, simple habits will help you avoid last-minute cramming and panic and will
foster a deeper understanding of the content. Remember that at university level, being able to
remember content is useful to an extent, but your ability to apply theory and work with it is far
more important!

The assessments for this module include a test, an assignment, and an examination. Details on
each of these is included in the Assessment Brief.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

The Faculty of Social Sciences wishes you the best of luck in your studies and we hope that you
can develop your engagement with this module, into a lifelong and passionate search for
explanations into some of man’s darkest behaviours.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Using this Module Outline

This module outline has been developed to support your learning. Please note that the
content of this module is on Learn as well as in the prescribed material. You will not succeed
in this module if you focus on this document alone.

• This document does not reflect all the content on Learn, the links to different resources,
nor the specific instructions for the group and individual activities.
• Your lecturer may decide when activities are available/open for submission and when
these submissions or contributions are due. Ensure that you take note of
announcements made during lectures and/or posted within Learn in this regard.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

This Module on Learn

Learn is an online space, designed to support and maximise your learning in an active manner.
Its main purpose is to guide and pace you through the module. In addition to the information
provided in this document, you will find the following when you access Learn:

• A Module Pacer;
• An assessment brief;
• A list of prescribed material (which may also include online Learn content);
• A variety of additional online resources (articles, videos, audio, interactive graphics, etc.)
in each learning unit that will further help to explain theoretical concepts;
• Critical questions to guide you through the module’s objectives;
• Collaborative and individual activities with time-on-task estimates to assist you in
managing your time around these.

Kindly note:

• Learn does not replace contact time with your lecturers.

• CRIM5112 is a Learn module, and as such, you are required to engage extensively
with the content on the Learn platform. Effective use of this tool will provide you
with opportunities to discuss, debate, and consolidate your understanding of the
content presented in this module.
• You are expected to work through the learning units on Learn in your own time –
especially before class. Contact sessions will therefore be used to raise and address
any questions or interesting points with your lecturer, and not to cover every aspect
of this module.
• Your lecturer will communicate submission dates for specific activities in class and/or
on Learn where necessary.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Icons Used in this Document and on Learn

The following icons are used in all your modules on Learn:

Icon Description

A list of what you should be able to do after working through the learning unit.

Specific references to sections in the prescribed work.

Questions to help you recognise or think about theoretical concepts to be

covered.

Sections where you get to grapple with the content/theory. This is mainly
presented in the form of questions which focus your attention and are aimed at
helping you to understand the content better. You will be presented with online
resources to work through (in addition to the textbook or manual references)
and find some of the answers to the questions posed.

Opportunities to make connections between different chunks of theory in the

module or to real life.

Real life or world of work information or examples of application of theory, using

online resources for self-exploration.

REMEMBER:

You need to log onto Learn to:

• Access online resources such as articles, interactive graphics, explanations, video clips, etc.
which will assist you in mastering the content; and
• View instructions and submit or post your contributions to individual or group activities which
are managed and tracked on Learn.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Module Resources
Prescribed You will need to consult with the following sources to complete this
Material (PM) module successfully:
for this
Module PM1: Prescribed Textbook 1
Bezuidenhout, C. (Ed). 2020. A Southern African Perspective on
Fundamental Criminology. 2nd ed Cape Town: Pearson Education South
Africa.
IISBN 9781485715504

PM2: Prescribed Textbook 2

Barlow, H.D. and Kauzlarich, D. 2010. Explaining Crime: A Primer in
Criminological Theory. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.
(free for use on EBSCOhost under the eBook Collection)
https://ezproxy.iielearn.ac.za/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=336848&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_a

PM3: Learn-Directed Content

Where additional content is prescribed, links will be provided via the
Learn platform and noted as prescribed content within the relevant
theme’s on Learn. Please pay close attention to these instances – these
resources may assist you with a clearer understanding of the content.
Recommended Additional resources and links to resources are provided throughout this
Readings, module on the Learn platform. You are encouraged to engage with these
Digital and as they will assist you in mastering the various objectives of this module.
Web They may also be useful resources for completing your formative and
Resources summative assessments for this module.
Module You will find an overview of this module on Learn under the Module
Overview Information link in the Course Menu.
Assessments Find more information on this module’s assessments in this document
and on the Student Portal.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Module Purpose
The purpose of this module is to extend your emerging insights into crime, Criminology and
its major paradigms through exposure to some of the archetypal theories representative of
these paradigms. The module will develop your knowledge of different types and
categories of crime and will require that you apply selected theories as explanations for
these.
Module Outcomes
Compare and contrast given theories of crime from the perspective of
MO1
contemporary practice in South Africa.
Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of given types of crimes and their
MO2
distinctive natures.
MO3 Use given theories to explain particular categories or examples of crimes.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

Assessments
Integrated Curriculum Engagement (ICE)
Minimum number of ICE activities to complete 4
Weighting towards the final module mark 10%

Formatives Test Assignment

Weighting 20% 30%
Total Marks 60 100
Duration 1 Hour Approximately 10 hours
LU1 up to and including
Learning Units covered LU1 up to and including LU3
LU2.2.
Open/Closed book Closed book Open book
Resources required NA Additional research required

Summative Examination
Weighting 40%
Total Marks 120
Duration 2 Hours
Learning Units covered All
Open/Closed book Closed book

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IIE Module Outline
Assessment Preparation Guidelines
Format
Test
The test for this module will
assess your understanding
from Learning Unit 1.1 up
to and including Learning
Unit 2.2 of this module and
will include a series of short
and medium-length
questions, as well as one
longer question. You will be
expected to apply, as well
as recall information as per
your objectives for these
learning units.
Assignment
The assignment will assess
your ability integrate and
apply the content from
Learning Unit 1 up to and
including Learning Unit 3.
Examination
The examination will assess
all learning units in this
module and will include
both theory and
application-type questions.
You will be expected to
respond to short, theory-
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2021
CRIM5112
Preparation Hints
• Ensure that you work through all the relevant
activities, exercises and revision questions on Learn
and in your textbook.
• Brainstorm possible questions based on the learning
outcomes and objectives provided. Then complete
these as practise-tests.
• During both your preparation for the test and during
the test itself, pay attention to the instruction words
(like list, apply, describe etc.) and to the mark
allocations of each question to ensure that you are
able to provide the correct depth and detail in your
answers.
• Make sure that you have mastered the objectives in
the relevant Learning Units’ themes.
• Read through the prescribed chapters and content for
the themes covered and ensure that you have engaged
in close reading of the instructions before you begin
your research.
• Remember to analyse all elements required and then
consult credible sources to build your arguments and
insights.
• Ensure that your assignment is proofread and polished
for style, language and syntax.
• Improve the quality of your assignment by using the
provided rubric and addressing any areas of concern
prior to submitting it for marking.
• Complete all required readings related to the
objectives of the module and ensure that you
understand the content in relation to these objectives.
• Consult the examination brief for this module, which
will be made available prior to your examination. Make
sure that you practise answering the sample questions
in the brief so that you become familiar with the kinds
of questions likely to appear in the examination itself.
Page 11 of 22
IIE Module Outline
based questions, as well as
one essay-type question.
© The Independent Institute of Education (Pty) Ltd 2021
CRIM5112
• Pay close attention to the instruction words (like list,
apply, describe, analyse etc.) and to the mark
allocations of each question to ensure that you provide
the correct depth and detail in your answers.
• Brainstorm possible questions based on the learning
outcomes and objectives provided.
• Ensure that you are familiar with the basic rules and
structure of an academic essay for your examination.
• Ensure that you work through all the activities,
exercises and revision questions on Learn and in your
textbook.
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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

MODULE PACER – CRIMINOLOGY 1B

Code Programme Contact Sessions Credits
CRIM5112 BALW1 47 15
LEARNING UNIT 1: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Overview:

This learning unit provides a quick but critical review of some of the key factors that
contribute to crime in South Africa. We will explore the different factors such as socio-
economic conditions in South Africa and how they relate to crime. Some of the other
elements that you we explore include disorganised communities, a subculture of crime and
the influence of the past on crime.

As a contact student, you will likely spend four lecture sessions on this learning unit.

Please work through Themes 1 - 5 on Learn, together with the relevant sections of your
prescribed sources. To ensure that you are working towards mastering the objectives for this
learning unit, complete the following activities on Learn:

Activity Estimated
Time on Task
1.3.1 Disorganised communities and criminal activity 90 minutes
1.5.1 Concept Check 30 minutes
Estimated total time for this learning unit’s activities 2 hours

As you work your way through the factors that Bezuidenhout (2011) identifies in this section,
try to tie these in to current news, socioeconomic factors, and your own knowledge and
experiences of South Africa to try and ascertain the extent to which you agree with these.
Are there any other factors you can identify that you think contribute to the high crime rates
experienced in South Africa?

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 1: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Sessions: Theme 1: A Multi-Factor View of Crime in South Africa Prescribed Material
1-4 (PM)
Related
Outcomes
MO1 LO1: Outline the reasons for taking a multi-factor view PM1: 139; 141; 199-
on crime causation in South Africa. 216
LO2: Explain the arguments for deviance as a healthy
element of society.
Theme 2: Socioeconomic Conditions PM1: 202 -205
LO3: Explain the links between specific socioeconomic
conditions and crime in South Africa. PM3: On Learn
LO4: Distinguish between actual and perceived relative
deprivation and their links to criminality.
Theme 3: Disorganised Communities PM1: 205-206
LO5: Debate the links between specific elements of a
disorganised community and crime in South
Africa.
Theme 4: A Subculture of Crime PM1: 207-209
LO6: Discuss the contribution of crime subcultures to
crime in South Africa, with a focus on the Cape PM3: On Learn
‘ganglands’.
Theme 5: South Africa’s Past and Other Factors PM1: 196-202; 211-
Influencing Crime 213
LO7: Explain how South Africa’s past affects current
crime rates.
LO8: Note the role of the South African Police Service
and perceptions of this organisation as factors
that contribute to a culture of criminality.
LO9: Explain key concepts related to crime causation
factors.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 2: CONTRASTING THEORIES OF CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Overview:

This learning unit covers some of the key theories that you will need to be familiar with in
order to begin explaining particular types of crimes in South Africa. As such, while we cover
these from a classification and theoretical position in this learning unit, keep in mind the
kinds of criminal actions that each of the theories we cover here might help to explain, and
be critical in your assessments of the adequacy of each of these theories in fully explaining
any one, or more types of crimes. It is important to be able to apply the different theories
to the different crimes else it is just another theory.

As a full-time contact student, you will likely spend eight lecture sessions on this learning
unit.

Please work through Themes 1 – 5 on Learn, together with the relevant sections of your
prescribed sources. Ensure that you are working towards mastering the objectives for this
learning unit by completing the following activities on Learn:

Activity Estimated Time

on Task
2.1.1 Individual Trait Theories 30 minutes
2.2.1 Shaw and McKay’s CZM 30 minutes
2.3.1 Social Process Theories 30 minutes
2.4.1 Critical Theories 30 minutes
2.5.1 Theories, Theories, Theories 120 minutes
Estimated total time for this learning unit’s activities 4 hours

While this learning unit does cover some theory that you discovered in CRIM5111, it is
critical that you become highly familiar with the intricacies of these theories so that you
feel confident in analysing the specific types of crimes that we encounter in Learning Units
3, 4 and 5. As such, please do not assume that recognition of any one theory from previous
work equates to mastery of its tenets: this unit’s content is in essence the very core of all
future analysis, so please prioritise it as a study area.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 2: CONTRASTING THEORIES OF CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Sessions: Theme 1: Individual Trait Theories Prescribed
5-13 Material (PM)
Related
Outcomes
MO1 LO1: Discuss the key criteria and characteristics of PM2: 2-10; 29-32;
good theory. 39-48
LO2: Summarise the key propositions of the routine
activity theory as a contemporary rational choice
theory.
LO3: Discuss contemporary biological, biosocial, and
psychological-based theories as explanations for
criminality.
Theme 2: Social Structure Theories PM2: 54-62; 64-67
LO4: Discuss specific theories of social disorganisation,
strain and subcultures with regards to their key (Optional
assumptions and applicability to practice. additional reading
PM1: 158-166)
Theme 3: Social Process Theories PM2: 73-79; 81-91;
LO5: Summarise the theories of differential 93-97
association, containment, neutralisation, social
control, and labelling with regards to their key
assumptions and applicability to practice.
LO6: Use your informed opinion to speculate on the
implications of social process theories for crime
prevention and control.
Theme 4: Critical Theories PM1: 172-181
LO7: Summarise the key positions of select conflict,
feminist, left realist, culture conflict, and cultural PM2: 101-104;
diversity theories. 107-110; 114-116;
LO8: Debate the implications of critical theories for 118-120
crime prevention and control.
Theme 5: General and Integrated Theories PM1: 189-192
LO9: Outline the key propositions of given general and
integrated theories of crime. PM2: 131-143;
LO10: Differentiate between specific criminological 158-159
theories.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 3: VIOLENT CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Overview:

In this learning unit, we start to get a lot more practical and for sensitive readers, rather
more upsetting, as we start to grapple with the ‘real-world’ problems around us. We begin
with our exploration of specific crimes in South Africa by looking at the different types of
violent crimes, which sadly, occur all too frequently. We begin with an explanation of
violence and aggression, after which we analyse some of the particular forms that
aggression evolves into. As you progress through this learning unit’s contents, remember
to keep the theories in mind and try to identify particular theories that might explain
specific forms of violent crime.

As a full-time contact student, you will likely spend eight lecture sessions on this learning
unit.

Please work through Themes 1 - 5 on Learn, together with the relevant sections of your
prescribed sources. To ensure that you are working towards mastering the objectives for
this learning unit, please complete the following activities on Learn:

Activity Estimated Time

on Task
3.2.1 Nature and Forms of Murder 30 minutes
3.3.1 Stranger Danger, or The Stranger Within? 60 minutes
3.4.1 Robbery: A National Pastime? 90 minutes
3.5.1 #metoo: Desperate Times call for Desperate Measures 90 minutes
3.5.2 Concept Check 30 minutes
Estimated total time for this learning unit’s activities 5 hours

Please remember that for each of the types of violent crime you examine, you should be
trying to relate a particular theory or theories to explaining it. While it is unlikely that any
one theory will fully explain any particular type of violence completely, do your best to
locate the most suitable theories or combinations for doing so. It would therefore also be
useful to begin building up a folder of cases (or ‘case-file’) of different forms of violence
that have occurred in South Africa to deepen your comprehension and ability to apply
theories. Your (credible) local and national news sources will therefore prove invaluable for
this, and the subsequent learning units.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 3: VIOLENT CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICA

Sessions: Theme 1: Human Violence and Aggression Prescribed
14-22 Material (PM)
Related
Outcomes
MO1 LO1: Outline the nature and forms of human PM1: 225-233
MO2 aggression.
MO3 LO2: Explain the difficulty in predicting violence.
PM Theme 2: Murder PM1: 233-286
LO3: Discuss the nature and forms of murder.
LO4: Explain different forms of murder in South Africa
from the perspective of the relevant theories.
Theme 3: Assault and Intimate Partner Violence PM1: 277-292
LO5: Discuss the nature and forms of assault and
intimate partner violence within the South PM3: On Learn
African context.
LO6: Explain specific forms of assault and intimate
partner violence in South Africa from the
perspective of the relevant theories.
Theme 4: Robbery PM1: 293-332
LO7: Discuss the nature and forms of robbery within
the South African context.
LO8: Explain specific forms of robbery in South Africa
from the perspective of the relevant theories.
Theme 5: Rape and Other Sexual Violence PM1: 332-342;
LO9: Discuss the nature and forms of sexual violence 353-375
within the South African context.
LO10: Explain specific forms of sexual violence in
South Africa at the hand of the relevant
theories.
LO11: Discuss key terms related to violent crime in
South Africa.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 4: ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED CRIMES IN SOUTH AFRICA

Overview:

In this learning unit, we explore the nature and forms of crimes committed of a
predominantly economically motivated nature. This includes a look at theories and factors
that explain property, commercial, organised, conservation, and cybercrime - all of which
feature regularly on the covers of South African newspapers. So, just why is South Africa
such a ‘hit’ with these crimes? We hope this learning unit will help you uncover the
reasons!

On a quick point of interest, there is still great scope for innovations in explanatory
theories for these types of crime in South Africa, so be as analytical and creative as possible
as you work through them – the country needs passionate young theorists who can
potentially explain and therefore help to address these complex problems.

As a full-time contact student, you will likely spend ten lecture sessions on this learning
unit.

Please work through Themes 1 - 5 on Learn, together with the relevant sections of your
prescribed sources. To ensure that you are working towards mastering the objectives for
this learning unit, please complete the following activities on Learn:

Activity Estimated Time on

Task
4.1.1 Property Crimes in South Africa 30 minutes
4.2.1 Commercial Crimes in South Africa 30 minutes
4.3.1 Cybercrimes in South Africa 30 minutes
4.4.1 Explaining Organised Crime 120 minutes
Estimated total time for this learning unit’s activities 3 hours 30 minutes

It is vital that you consider not only the general characteristics and nature of individual
crimes covered in this learning unit, but that you are also able to defend a selected theory
or combination of theories to explain individual forms of economically-motivated crimes.
As with Learning Unit 3, as you work through this unit, please build up your ‘case-file’ of
contemporary South African crimes covered in the media – as part of this, you will likely
uncover at least one, but likely more – areas that pique your interest! Just remember to
stick to credible sources in order to get the best views of your selected crimes.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 4: ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED CRIMES IN SOUTH AFRICA

Sessions: Theme 1: Property Crimes Prescribed Material
23-33 (PM)
Related
Outcomes
MO1 LO1: Describe the nature and forms of property PM1: 379-382
MO2 crime within the South African context.
MO3 LO2: Defend select theories and factors that explain PM3: On Learn
specific forms of property crime in South Africa.
Theme 2: Commercial Crimes PM1: 382-383
LO3: Describe the nature and forms of commercial
crime within the South African context. PM3: On Learn
LO4: Defend select theories to explain specific forms
of commercial crime in South Africa.
Theme 3: Cybercrimes PM1: 384-388
LO5: Discuss the nature and forms of cybercrime
within the South African context. PM3: On Learn
LO6: Defend select theories to explain specific forms
of cybercrime in South Africa.
Theme 4: Organised Crimes PM1: 388-395
LO7: Discuss the nature and forms of organised
crime in South Africa. PM3: On Learn
LO8: Defend select theories and factors that explain
specific organised crimes in South Africa.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 5: POLITICAL AND CONSENSUAL CRIMES IN SOUTH AFRICA

Overview:

In this final learning unit, we will examine both political and consensual, better-known as
‘victimless’, crimes. As with Learning Units 3 and 4, you will need to locate and apply
selected theories to specific crimes in an attempt to explain them. In addition, however,
you will also need to consider the legal frameworks in which these occur in South Africa. As
you progress through the unit, you will find that consensual crime is a topic that lends itself
to reflections on just how relative the concept of crime is – and also one of those topics
that inspires spirited in-class debates. We encourage you to engage accordingly.

As a full-time contact student, you will likely spend six lecture sessions on this learning unit.
This means that the final two lecture sessions for this module should be available to revise
any content you may have struggled with before the final assessment.

Please work through Themes 1 - 5 on Learn, together with the relevant sections of your
prescribed sources. To ensure that you are working towards mastering the objectives for
this learning unit, please complete the following activities on Learn:

Activity Estimated Time on

Task
5.1.1 Political Crimes in South Africa 30 minutes
5.3.1 Sex Work: But should it be a Crime? 90 minutes
5.4.1 Substance Abuse: But should it a Crime? 90 minutes
Estimated total time for this learning unit’s activities 3 hours 30 minutes

Keep building your ‘case-file’ as you work through this unit and before you come to the
end of it, make sure that you have an informed idea of where you stand on specific
consensual ‘crimes’. As the final learning unit in this module, there is great scope here for
an examination essay question, so try to engage in the online and any class debates as far
as possible.

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IIE Module Outline CRIM5112

LEARNING UNIT 5: POLITICAL AND CONSENSUAL CRIMES IN SOUTH AFRICA

Sessions: Theme 1: Political Crimes Prescribed Material
34-42 (PM)
Related
Outcomes
MO1 LO1: Discuss the nature and forms of political PM1: 417-452
MO2 crimes within the South African context.
MO3 LO2: Outline the various measures in place to PM3: On Learn
tackle political crimes.
LO3: Identify specific theories that attempt to
explain political crimes.
Theme 2: The Nature of Consensual Crimes PM1:457-466
LO4: Debate the classification and relative nature
of so-called consensual crimes in the PM3: On Learn
context of South African law.
Theme 3: Commercial Sex Work PM1: 466-476
LO5: Discuss the nature and forms of commercial
sex work in the South African context. PM3: On Learn
LO6: Academically defend a chosen position on
proposed law reforms on commercial sex
work in South Africa.
Theme 4: Substance Use and Abuse PM1: 476-482
LO7: Debate the classification and legal view of
substance use and abuse in South Africa. PM3: On Learn

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