FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 1

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1

INTRODUCTION
MODULE OVERVIEW

The learner is the center of instruction. The world of instruction revolves around the learner. This
module introduces you to the fourteen (14) learner-centered principles which shall be used throughout this
book as a guide in determining appropriate pedagogy for learners at different life stages.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this module, challenge yourself to:

 Explain the 14 principles.
 Advocate for the use of the 14 principles in the teaching-learning process.
 Identify ways on how to apply the 14 principles in instruction as a future teacher.

LEARNING CONTENTS LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES (LCP)

The Learner-Centered Psychological Principles were put together by the American Psychological Association.
The following 14 psychological principles pertain to the learner and the learning process. The 14 principles
have the following aspects:
 They focus on psychological factors that are primarily internal to and under the control of the learner
rather than conditioned habits or physiological factors. However, the principles also attempt to
acknowledge external environment or contextual factors that interact with these internal factors.
 The principles were intended to deal holistically with learners in the context of real-world learning
situations. Thus, they are best understood as an organized set of principles; no principle should be
viewed in isolation.
 The 14 principles are divided into those referring to (1) cognitive and metacognitive, (2) motivational
and affective, (3) developmental and social, and (4) individual difference factors influencing learners
and learning.
 Finally, the principles are intended to apply to all learners – from children, to teachers, to
administrators, to parents, and to community members involved in our educational system.

COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS

1. Nature of the learning process
The learning of complex subject matter us most effective when it is intentional process of constructing
meaning from information and experience.
2. Goals of the learning process
The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful,
coherent representations of knowledge.
3. Construction of knowledge
The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
4. Strategic thinking
The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to
achieve complex learning goals.
5. Thinking about thinking

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Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 1

Higher order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical
thinking.
6. Context of learning
Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional
practices.
MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS
7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning
What and how much is learned is influenced by the learner’s motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is
influenced by the individual’s emotional states, beliefs, interests and goals, and habits if thinking.
8. Intrinsic motivation to learn
The learner’s creativity higher order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn.
intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal
interests, and providing for personal choice and control.
9. Effects of motivation on effort
Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice.
Without learners’ motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS
10. Developmental influences on learning
As individuals develop, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is most
effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social
domains is taken into account.
11. Social influences on learning
Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communication with others.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTORS
12. Individual differences in learning
Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior
experience and heredity.
13. Learning and diversity
Learning is most effective when differences in learners’ linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are
taken into account.
14. Standards and assessment
Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning
process – including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment – are integral parts of the learning
process.

To know more about this lesson, read articles on:

https://www.apa.org/ed/governance/bea/learner-centered.pdf
https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/techconf00/mccombs_paper.html

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

1. Read a research or study related to Learner-Centered Psychological principles (LCP). Fill out the
matrix below.

Problem Research Methodology

Source: (bibliographical entry

format)
Findings __________________________ Conclusions
__________________________
________

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Study Guide in Prof. Ed. 102 Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles Module No. 1

How are the findings of this research useful to teachers?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Write a reflection about the module on Learner-Centered Psychological Principles.

Scoring rubric: http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson963/Rubric.pdf

LEARNING ACTIVITY

SUMMARY

Alexander and Murphy gave a summary of the 14 principles and distilled into five areas:
1. The knowledge base. One’s existing knowledge serves as the foundation of all future learning. The
learner’s previous knowledge will influence new learning specifically on how he represents new
information makes associations and filters new experiences.
2. Strategic processing and control. Learners can develop skills to reflect and regulate their thoughts
and behaviours in order to learn more effectively (metacognition).
3. Motivation and affect. Factors such as intrinsic motivation (form within), reasons for wanting to learn,
personal goals and enjoyment of learning tasks all have a crucial role in the learning process.
4. Development and Individual Differences. Learning is a unique journey for each person because
each learner has his own combination of genetic and environmental factors that influence him.
5. Situation or context. Learning happens in the context of a society as well as within an individual.

REFERENCES

Brenda B. Corpuz, Ph.D, et. al. (2018). The Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles. Lorimar
Publishing Inc.

https://www.apa.org/ed/governance/bea/learner-centered.pdf

https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/tech/techconf00/mccombs_paper.html

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