Chapter 7

Metabolism: Transformations and

Interactions
Anabolic Processes (build up)
Examples: ENERGY
glucose + glucose +...... glycogen

ENERGY
amino acid + amino acid +...... protein

Catabolic Processes (break down)

Examples: ENERGY
glycogen glucose + glucose +......
ENERGY
protein amino acid + amino acid +......
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

NH2
N
N
O O O
N N O P O P O P O
O
O O O

OH OH 3 Phosphates
Adenosine
Transfer of Energy
Utilizing ATP
 How Efficient is this Process?

 From the food we ingest, we only capture

about 50% of the energy in the bonds in the
form of ATP.

 When we utilize the ATP to “fuel” other

anabolic processes, we only utilize about 50%
of the ATP’s energy.

Where does the “LOST ENERGY” go?

Overview of
energy
metabolism.
 Carbs

Protein Lipids
(amino
acids)
TCA
Cycle

Energy
Production
Lets Start with Carbs:
Glycolysis (anaerobic)

Release
of Small
Amount
of Energy
A Simplified Eukaryote Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

Nuclear
Membrane

Chromosomes

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ribosomes)
Pyruvate-to-Acetyl CoA (aerobic)

Cofactor

Irreversible Step
 The Breakdown
of Acetyl CoA
To
Energy
(aerobic)
TCA
Cycle

Electron Transport
Chain
 SUMMARY:

Glucose-to-energy
pathway
Fatty Acid Oxidation
Fats-to-
energy
pathway
Transamination:

Making Nonessential Amino Acid

Deamination to give Keto Acids
Amino Acids-to-energy
pathway
What happens to the NH3?

Urea synthesis
Urea excretion Amino Acids
bloodstream

Liver

bloodstream
Kidney
Electron Transport Chain
 Why does Fat Produce more Energy
than Glucose?

Mol. Weight = 256.42 Mol. Weight = 180.16

Acetyl CoA produced = 8 Acetyl CoA produced = 2
ATP’s produced = 129 ATP’s produced = 38
ATP’s per gram = 0.50 ATP’s per gram = 0.21
 During Feasting - High Dietary Intake

Carbohydrates Glucose Glycogen Stores

Fat Fatty Acids Body Fat Stores

Proteins Amino Acids Body Proteins

 During Fasting - Low Dietary Intact

Glycogen Stores Glucose Energy for Brain,

Nervous System and
Blood Cells

Body Fat Stores Fatty Acids Energy for other Cells

If Fasting Continues - Still Low Dietary Intact

Body Protein Amino Acids Glucose Energy for Brain,

Nervous System and
Blood Cells
Ketone
Bodies

Body Fat Stores Fatty Acids Energy for other Cells

Ketosis: Ketone Body formation

H O H O
H C C CoA + H C C CoA
H H
2 CoA

H O H O
H C C C C OH Acetoacetate
H H

CO2

H O H
H C C C H Acetone
H H
Alcohol metabolism
NAD+ NADH + H+
H H H O
H C C OH H C C H
H H H
Ethanol Acetaldehyde

NAD+

NADH + H+
H O H O
H C C CoA H C C OH
H H
Acetyl CoA Acetic Acid
Alternate route
for Acetyl CoA

Fat
NADH
blocks entry