AKU4204 Unique Species Culture

Culture Coral and Sea Anemone

Lecturer: Mr. Johan Ismail

S28317 Aishyatul Fatrah Abulana • S28362 Siti Eklima Abas • S28370 Marylyn Chagai
Culture Coral
FRAGGING
TECHNIQUES
 CORAL FRAGGING
(PROPAGATION)
The act of taking an established coral
colony and cutting or breaking it into
smaller colonies (called daughter colonies)
and securing them to an artificial substrate
or directly to the natural reef.
CREATING THE
FRAGMENT
 01 Chipping Method

Tool and method:

• Tools:
1. Chisel or screw driver
2. Tap hammer

• Tap the chisel with a hammer to remove

fragments from the mother colony Suitable for:

• Encrusting corals
 02 Snapping Method

Tool and method:

• Tool: Wire cutters or bone cutters

• Squeeze the handle and twist to snap a

fragment of the branch or plate
Suitable for:
• Small polyp stony corals

• Branching varieties of large polyp

stony corals with relatively thin
branches
 03 Shearing Method

Tool and method:

• Tool: Scissors

• Using scissors to separate fragments from

the lobes or branches
Suitable for:

• Soft-bodied coral species

 04 Slicing Method

Tool and method:

• Tool: Scalpel or razor blade

• Using scalpel to separate fragments from

the lobes or branches

Suitable for:

• Soft coral species which are

difficult to cut with scissors
 05 Sawing Method

Tool:

• Saw

Suitable for:

• Stony corals with thick branches or

massive growth forms
ATTACHING
TECHNIQUES
01 Glue Method

• Simply place a small amount of super glue or similar adhesive to

the frag plug or live rock, then press the frag onto the substrate
for about 30 seconds until fully secured.

• When using this method, be sure that both the frag and the
substrate to which it will be attached are dry.
02 Rubber Band Method

Method:

• Try to select an irregularly shaped

live rock and place the frag in a
depression of the surface area.

• Then, use a rubber band to adhere Suitable for:

the pieces.

• Leathery coral species that produce

slime
03 Impaling Method

Method:

• A small and single puncture is

imposed on the frag by using
plastic toothpick.

• Attach the toothpick to the rock or Suitable for:

frag plug with rubber bands or glue.

Corals that are too slimy to glue or

attach with a rubber band
EXAMPLES
Snapping and Glue Method

Tin snips can be used to cut a fragment prior to attachment to an aragocrete

plug using epoxy
 Chipping and Glue Method

a chisel is used to chip a from the donor colony which is attached to a plug
fragment using glue
 Slicing and Impaling Method

a scalpel is used to slice a that is skewered on a attached to coral rubble

fragment toothpick and using an elastic band
Culture
Sea Anemone
CULTURE
SPECIES
 01 Phymanthus crucifer
TAXONOMY
● Kingdom: Animalia
● Phylum: Cnidaria
● Class: Anthozoa DETAILS
● Order: Actiniaria
● Family: Phymanthidae ● The disk:
● Genus: Phymanthus ○ Flat and edged
● Species: Phymanthus crucifer ○ 200 short tentacles
○ Grow to 15 cm
● The column:
COMMON NAME ○ Fully extended
● Flower anemone ○ Length 15 to 20 cm
● Beaded anemone ○ Diameter 51 to 76 mm in
● Red beaded anemone large individuals
● Rock flower anemone ● Inhabits the sandy bottoms
 02 Entacmaea quadricolor

TAXONOMY
● Kingdom: Animalia DETAILS
● Phylum: Cnidaria
● Grow up to 30 cm in
● Class: Anthozoa
diameter
● Order: Actiniaria
● Tend to show the bulbous
● Family: Actiniidae
tips on their tentacles
● Genus: Entacmaea
● Large adult:
● Species: Entacmaea quadricolor
○ Found in deeper waters
○ Dimly lit conditions
● Smaller younger:
COMMON NAME ○ Located in groups or
● Bubble-tip anemone colonies
○ Nearer to the surface
in bright sunlight
 03 Heteractis crispa
TAXONOMY
● Kingdom: Animalia
● Phylum: Cnidaria
● Class: Anthozoa
● Order: Actiniaria
● Family: Stichodactylidae
● Genus: Heteractis
● Species: Heteractis crispa
COMMON NAME
● Purple tip anemone
● Leathery sea anemone
● Long tentacle anemone
DETAILS
● A flared oral disc – diameter
20 to 50 cm
● Multiple and long tentacles
○ 10 to 15 cm
○ Rounded tip
○ The end colored with
a purple or blue spot
● The column - gray in color
and dotted with sticky
whitish "warts“
● Prefers hard base substrates
slightly covered with sand
 04 Cerianthus membranaceus
TAXONOMY
● Kingdom: Animalia
● Phylum: Cnidaria
DETAILS
● Class: Anthozoa
● A large, tube-dwelling
● Order: Spirularia
anemone
● Family: Cerianthidae
● The oral disc diameter – up to
● Genus: Cerianthus
40 cm
● Species: Cerianthus
● Two whorls of tentacles
membranaceus ● Outer whorl tentacles:
○ Long and slender
COMMON NAME ○ Catching prey
● Cylinder anemone ● Inner whorl tentacles:
● Tube anemone ○ Shorter
● Coloured tube anemone ○ Transfer captured food
to the central mouth
 05 Macrodactyla doreensis
TAXONOMY
● Kingdom: Animalia
● Phylum: Cnidaria
● Class: Anthozoa
● Order: Actiniaria
● Family: Actiniidae
● Genus: Macrodactyla
● Species: Macrodactyla doreensis
COMMON NAME
● Long tentacle anemone
● Corkscrew tentacle sea anemone
DETAILS
● Few tentacles – purplish-
gray to brown
● Grows to about 4.5 cm
● The oral disc – purplish-gray
to brown, sometimes has a
green cast
● Grows to a maximum of 5
cm wide
● Found at depths of 5 m or
less in muddy bottoms
YouTube

● How To Frag Soft Corals

● How To Frag SPS & LPS Corals

● How to frag mushroom corals!

REFERENCES

● Coral Propagation 101: Getting Started

● Tools and Techniques for Fragging Corals

● Coral propagation: a review of techniques for ornamental

trade and reef restoration

● Phymanthus crucifer - WoRMS

● Entacmaea quadricolor - WoRMS

● Heteractis crispa - WoRMS

● Cerianthus membranaceus - WoRMS

● Macrodactyla doreensis - WoRMS

THANK YOU!