7 Stress Transformations

Seventh Edition
CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
7 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Transformations of
David F. Mazurek
Stress and Strain
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Edition
Seventh
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek
Contents
Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Concept Application 7.1
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-2
1
Edition
Seventh
Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )
• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.
Fig. 7.1 General state of stress at a
point: (a) referred to {xyz}, (b)
referred to {x’y’z’}.
Edition
Seventh
Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.
Fig. 7.2 Non-zero stress components
for state of plane stress.
• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.
Fig. 7.3 Example of plane stress: thin

plate subjected to only in-plane loads.
• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
Fig. 7.4 Example of plane stress: free external force.
surface of a structural component.
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Seventh
Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos  cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin   cos
 Fy  0   xy A   x A cos sin    xy A cos  cos
  y A sin   cos   xy A sin  sin 
• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y
Fig. 7.6 Stress transformation  xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
equations are determined by 2
considering an arbitrary prismatic
wedge element. (a) Geometry of the
element. (b) Free-body diagram.
Edition
Seventh
Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 
Fig. 7.7 Circular relationship of
transformed stresses. • Principal stresses occur on the principal
planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Fig. 7.9 Principal stresses. Note : defines two angles separated by 90o
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Seventh
Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave
2
 x  y  2
 max  R      xy
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

Fig. 7.7 Circular relationship of
transformed stresses. offset from  p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2
Fig. 7.10 Maximum shearing stress.
Edition
Seventh

SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
Fig. 7.11a Plane stress element. x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
For the state of plane stress shown,
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
determine (a) the principal planes,
2
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the  x  y  2
 max      xy
maximum shearing stress and the  2 
corresponding normal stress.
x  y
 
2
4
Edition
Seventh

SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p    1.333
 x  y 50   10 
2 p  53.1, 233.1
Fig. 7.11a Plane stress element.
 p  26.6, 116.6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa
Fig. 7.11b Plane stress element
oriented in principal directions.
Edition
Seventh

• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x  y  2
 max      xy
 2 
 302  402
Fig. 7.11a Plane stress element.
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa  s   p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4, 71.6
• The corresponding normal stress is

x  y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa
Fig. 7.11d Plane stress element

showing maximum shear orientation.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 - 10
5
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of with a
magnitude of 150 lb is applied to end D
of lever ABD. Determine (a) the normal
and shearing stresses on an element at
point H having sides parallel to the x and
y axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  150 lb
T  150 lb 18 in   2.7 kip  in
M x  150 lb 10 in   1.5 kip  in
Fig. 1 Equivalent force-couple system
acting on transverse section containing • Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
point H. at H.
y 
Mc

1.5 kip  in 0.6 in 
I 1  0.6 in 4
4
Tc
 xy    
2.7 kip  in 0.6 in 
J 1  0.6 in 4
2
 x  0  y  8.84 ksi  xy  7.96 ksi

Fig. 2 General plane stress element (showing
positive directions).
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Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 27.96 
tan 2 p    1.8
 x   y 0  8.84
2 p  61.0,119
 p  30.5, 59.5
Fig. 3 Stress element at point H.
2
x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2
0  8.84  0  8.84 
  7.96 
2
  
2  2 
 max  13.52 ksi
 min  4.68 ksi
Fig. 4 Stress element at point H

oriented in principal directions.
Edition
Seventh

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.
• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 
• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Fig. 7.12 (a) Plane stress element and the
orientation of principal planes. (b) The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
corresponding Mohr‘s circle.
the same as CX to CA.
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Edition
Seventh

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.
Fig. 7.13 (a) Stress element referenced to xy

axes, transformed to obtain components
referenced to x’y’ axes. (b) Corresponding
Mohr's circle.
Edition
Seventh

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:
P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  '  R   max 
A 2A
Fig. 7.17 (a) Member under centric axial load. (b) Mohr’s circle. (c) Element showing planes of
maximum shearing stress.
• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:
Tc
 x   y  0  xy 
Tc  max,min   R  
J J
Fig. 7.18 (a) Member under torsional load. (b) Mohr’s circle. (c) Element showing orientation of
principal stresses.
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Edition
Seventh
Fig. 7.16 (a) Plane stress element.

(b) Corresponding Mohr's circle.
SOLUTION:
For the state of plane stress
considered in Concept Application • Construction of Mohr’s circle
7.1, (a) construct Mohr’s circle, (b)
 ave 
x  y

50   10  20 MPa
determine the principal stresses, (c) 2 2
determine the maximum shearing CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
stress and the corresponding normal
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
stress.
Edition
Seventh

• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 min  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 min  30 MPa
FX 40
Fig. 7.16 (b) Mohr’s circle showing face X and Y. tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p  53.1
 p  26.6
Fig. 7.16 (c) Stress element orientations for

principal and maximum shear orientations.
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Seventh
Fig. 7.16 (c) Stress element orientations for Fig. 7.16 (d) Mohr’s circle used to determine
principal and maximum shear orientations. principal and maximum shearing stresses.
• Maximum shear stress
 s   p  45  max  R     ave

 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.2
For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal
planes and the principal stresses, Fig. 1 Mohr’s circle for given stress state.
and (b) the stress components
exerted on the element obtained SOLUTION:
by rotating the given element • Construct Mohr’s circle
counterclockwise through 30º. x  y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
10
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.2
Fig. 1 Mohr’s circle for given stress state. Fig. 2 Orientation of principal stress element.
• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise
Edition
Seventh
Sample Problem 7.2
Fig. 4 Stress components obtained by rotating

Fig. 3 Mohr’s circle analysis for element rotation of original element 30° counterclockwise.
30° counterclockwise.
  180  60  67.4  52.6
• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa
11
Edition
Seventh
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal to zero).
• If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
Fig. 7.24 Three-dimensional Mohr’s circles a) the corresponding principal stresses
for state of plane stress where a > 0 > b.
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum “in-
plane” shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
Fig. 7.25a In-plane maximum shearing stress are at 45o to the principal planes.
for an element having a principal axis aligned with
the z-axis, 45º clockwise from principal axis a.
Edition
Seventh
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then
a) the circle defining maxminand

max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations within
the plane of stress
Fig. 7.26 Three-dimensional Mohr’s circles for
state of plane stress where a > b > 0. b) maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to half of the
maximum stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress are

at 45 degrees to the plane of stress
Fig. 7.27a Out-of-plane of maximum shearing

stress for plane stress element, 45º
counterclockwise from principal axis a.
12
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Seventh

• Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress
Fig. 7.40 Pressurized cylindrical vessel.
• Hoop stress:
 Fz  0   12t x   p2r x 
pr
1 
t
Fig. 7.41 Free-body diagram to determine
hoop stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel. • Longitudinal stress:
 Fx  0   2 2 rt   p  r
2
 
pr
2 
2t
 1  2 2
Fig. 7.42 Free-body diagram to determine
longitudinal stress.
Edition
Seventh

• Points A and B correspond to hoop stress, 1,
and longitudinal stress, 2
• Maximum in-plane shearing stress:

1 pr
 max(in  plane)   2 
2 4t
• Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress

corresponds to a 45o rotation of the plane
Fig. 7.43 Mohr’s circle for element of stress element around a longitudinal axis
cylindrical pressure vessel.
pr
 max   2 
2t
13
Edition
Seventh
• Spherical pressure vessel:

pr
1   2 
2t
Fig. 7.44 Fig. 7.45 Free-

Pressurized body diagram to • Mohr’s circle for in-plane
spherical vessel. determine
spherical pressure
transformations reduces to a point
vessel stress.    1   2  constant
 max(in -plane)  0
• Maximum out-of-plane shearing

stress
pr
 max  12  1 
4t
Fig. 7.46 Mohr’s circle for element of

spherical pressure vessel.
14

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7 Stress Transformations

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Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Same state of stress is represented by a

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

Fig. 7.3 Example of plane stress: thin

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

Transformation of Plane Stress

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Maximum Shearing Stress

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

Fig. 7.10 Maximum shearing stress.

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Concept Application 7.1

Concept Application 7.1

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Concept Application 7.1

• The corresponding normal stress is

Fig. 7.11d Plane stress element

Sample Problem 7.1

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 - 11

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.1

 x  0  y  8.84 ksi  xy  7.96 ksi

Sample Problem 7.1

Fig. 4 Stress element at point H

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

Fig. 7.13 (a) Stress element referenced to xy

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 - 16

Concept Application 7.2

Fig. 7.16 (a) Plane stress element.

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Concept Application 7.2

Fig. 7.16 (c) Stress element orientations for

Concept Application 7.2

• Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7 - 19

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

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Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.2

Fig. 4 Stress components obtained by rotating

Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

a) the circle defining maxminand

c) planes of maximum shearing stress are