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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Intelligent Transportation Systems and
Powered Two Wheelers Traffic
Emmanouil N. Barmpounakis, Eleni I. Vlahogianni, Member, IEEE, and John C. Golias
Abstract—Recently, a growing rate in powered two wheelers
(PTWs) penetration to urban road networks has been observed
with significant effects on traffic conditions. However, this increase
is not consistent with either the research on the subject or the im-
plementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) dedicated
to congestion relief. First, we review the PTW research conducted
with respect to the modeling parameters, data issues, and their
effect on a multimodal environment. Then, a concise review on
ITS services and applications emphasizing on cooperative driving
for solving macroscopic traffic problems is conducted, followed by
a PTW-oriented ITS review. Findings reveal that PTW-oriented
ITS are mainly safety oriented, whereas similar systems for solving
traffic issues have not yet been proposed. Other interesting aspects
of PTW traffic integration to ITS are also discussed, such as the
data acquisition and the manner new technologies may support
the development of PTW-dedicated ITS research and applications
for macroscopic traffic improvements through the optimization of
vehicles’ microscopic interactions.
Index Terms—Intelligent transportation systems (ITS), pow-
ered two wheelers (PTWs), traffic flow analysis.
I. I NTRODUCTION
D URING the last three decades, Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS), mainly focusing on improving traffic con-
ditions and disseminating accurate traveler information, have
attracted the interest of researchers and academia [1]. Numer-
ous efforts to develop forecasting models, crowdsourcing and
data mining approaches that will be embedded in ITS may be
traced in literature [2]–[4]. Nevertheless, very few approaches
have been focused on the discriminating characteristics of
Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW) traffic and how these may affect
the ITS architecture and operability. PTW are systematically
becoming more and more popular as a choice for everyday com-
muting, especially in urban road networks. In European roads,
the latest market figures show an increasing trend to PTW sales
[5] while an increasing trend is also reported in various Asian
cities [6], [7]. Their smaller size and better maneuverability
compared to cars can make them an ideal mean for city trav-
elling, especially in congested conditions, and for parking.
Manuscript received May 12, 2015; revised September 28, 2015; accepted
October 31, 2015. The Associate Editor for this paper was M. Brackstone.
The authors are with the Department of Transportation Planning and En-
gineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15773 Athens, Greece
(e-mail: manosbar@central.ntua.gr; elenivl@central.ntua.gr; igolias@central.
ntua.gr).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TITS.2015.2497406
1524-9050 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
The design of PTW-oriented ITS is an emerging topic in
PTW research community, but mostly in the area of safety [8].
As for traffic, the adoption of vehicle ITS to PTW is a rather
difficult task for both academia and industries mainly due to
the differences between the driving and the riding task [9],
[10]. In a multimodal urban environment, PTW trajectories and
riding behavior greatly differ from other vehicles’ mainly due
to the smaller width they have, particularly at the occurrence
of complex phenomena, such as overtaking, lane-sharing or
tailgating [11]–[15].
The goal of the present paper is to review research con-
ducted, thus far, on PTW and PTW oriented ITS services and
applications, as well as to reveal possible directions on how
PTW research could be supported by new technologies and
improve macroscopic traffic conditions. First, PTW research on
micro- and macroscopic level is reviewed focusing on studies
made on the distinct characteristics and patterns of PTW traffic.
Next, a review on research concerning ITS related subjects is
conducted focusing on ways to improve traffic conditions via
cooperating vehicles, in order to set the research issues that
emerge for similar PTW oriented systems. Following, a review
on PTW oriented ITS is conducted. Finally, we discuss some
critical issues from literature review and parameters that should
be taken into consideration. Emphasis is also given on data
needs and data collection techniques. The discussion results in
possible future directions concerning data acquisition, ITS and
PTW integration.
II. P OWERED T WO W HEELERS T RAFFIC
Understanding the way PTW move through traffic, including
complexities induced by special maneuvers, such as overtaking,
filtering, emergency braking, last second avoidance maneuvers
etc., is the first step to implement technological advances and
intelligent systems that integrate PTWs. Research on PTW
traffic characteristics is growing fast. Table I summarizes the
research efforts documented in literature with respect to the
area of implementation and research field, the data used, mod-
eling parameters and the level of analysis. In the following
paragraphs the relevant literature is discussed in relation to the
effect PTW have on a multimodal urban environment, the data
issues and the methodologies implemented so far, as well as the
parameters that have been introduced to modeling.
A. Area of Implementation
The majority of published works concerning PTW traffic
focuses on urban environment (Table I). This can be explained
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

TABLE I
C ATEGORIZATION OF R EVIEWED L ITERATURE ON PTW

by the fact that PTW are mostly used for urban mobility,
rather than intercity traveling. Moreover, when PTW move in
highways, the way they move through traffic does not dif-
ferentiate significantly from the one of cars. Therefore, most
unconventional PTW maneuvers are conducted in urban envi-
ronment and meet researchers’ interest, for example the effect
of motorcycles on the capacity of signalized intersections [16].
However, there are studies that aim to mixed traffic in
highways, yet these are limited and mainly focus on localized
phenomena. For example in [17], [18] a separate lane for motor-
cyclists is suggested as a way to reduce accidents in a highway
in Malaysia. A model for mixed traffic suggested in [19] uses
data from a highway in Kenya for calibration and tests since
more than one types of vehicles are examined. In [20], the effect
of motorcycles’ lateral movements is examined in a highway
work zone.
B. Modeling Parameters
The main parameters introduced in PTW modeling are speed,
acceleration and spacing to front and/or surrounding vehicles.
Some researchers that looked into more special phenomena
also took into account overtaking frequencies and reaction
times [21]–[24]. Most of those researches are safety oriented;
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BARMPOUNAKIS et al.: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND POWERED TWO WHEELERS TRAFFIC
however there are examples that aim at controlling traffic flow
using those systems [25], [26].
Taking a broader look at the literature dedicated to PTW
traffic, the three fundamental macroscopic traffic parameters
(flow, occupancy and speed) are mainly introduced to describe
traffic conditions for system optimization; these variables are
the most commonly used variables in traffic forecasting [4],
as well as in macroscopic studies on multimodal environments
in order to indicate the effect of PTW in traffic networks
[27], [28]. Moreover, researches on how PTW affect signalized
intersections are usually based on lost time and saturation flow
rate [14], [16], [29], [30].
When research is dedicated to the study of microscopic phe-
nomena, the variables used change according to the nature of
the phenomenon being studied. For example, when overtaking
phenomena are being examined, speed, speed difference and
spacing are in the center of investigation. In [31] speeds of
both overtaking and overtaken motorcycle speeds are studied,
while lateral and longitudinal distances during overtaking were
also measured between the two interacting vehicles. In another
study, a micro-macroscopic approach to motorcycles’ move-
ments analysis was adopted based on speeds and headways of
motorcycles [32].
Some approaches focus on lateral and longitudinal distances
of PTW from the rest of traffic, rather than PTW speeds in
order to better describe the way PTW navigate through a mixed
traffic environment [15], [33], [34]. Other studies focus on the
safety gap concept [35], [36]. The relation between the width of
the virtual lane PTW utilizes to move through traffic and their
speed are the two basic variables among others [37]. In [38]
overtaking phenomena are examined emphasizing both on
speeds and spatial variables, whereas other variables, like the
type of PTW or of the preceding vehicle, were also taken into
consideration, as in other studies as well [39], [40]. Finally,
[11] focuses on spatial factors, along with speeds and speed
difference between interacting vehicles, to study both filtering
and overtaking phenomena in urban arterials.
C. Data Issues & Level of Analysis
A typical problem when studying PTW traffic characteristics
is the lack of data dedicated to PTW trajectories. The majority
of papers that attempt to monitor in real-time the PTW behavior
and model PTW maneuverability use almost exclusively video
recordings and extract trajectories from them to collect massive
microscopic traffic data. Recording traffic streams with video
recorders offers a number of advantages, such as collecting
naturalistic data without affecting drivers’ behavior. Moreover,
the video can be reviewed or examined in a different way for
multiple scenarios, while it can collect data which involve more
than one vehicles. In most of the studies reviewed whenever
micro level of analysis is required, video recordings from traffic
are used, in order to extract the required variables. Only one of
the studies reviewed and cited was found to use microscopic
level of analysis without using real data, although the need
of them in evaluating the results is reported in the concluding
remarks [41].
3
However, in the macroscopic level of analysis, literature
shows that frequently macroscopic analysis is based mostly on
variables that can more easily be measured with less advanced
technologies and less errors than those used in microscopic
analyses, for example inductive loops counting vehicles. In
some studies both teams of manual observers and video record-
ings were used for additional information [16], [19]. Finally in
other examples real data come as a supplementary addition to
studies based on simulation, for example to validate models that
are formed in a simulated environment [27].
In more recent studies, concepts from computer vision are
frequently characterized as a necessity for collecting reliable
data from video recordings [42]. Several computer vision ap-
proaches may be found in traffic engineering literature; a
detailed review can be found in [43]. Approaches include pe-
destrian flow monitoring [44], and vehicle tracking and surveil-
lance for collecting speed, volume, density and classification
data [45], [46].
The need of massive naturalistic data is also reported in
[27] in order to understand the explicit interactions among
vehicles. In some studies, video recordings are solely used
to manually extract traffic information, for example start-up
lost time or the type of vehicles [16], [19]. However, with the
advances in technology, researchers were able to acquire more
detailed measurements and create databases with various vari-
ables, including speeds, distances and types of vehicles. One of
the first studies with massive detailed naturalistic data can be
found in [33] where 477 motorcycles’ and 1293 cars’ trajec-
tories are extracted from video recordings. Following, in [47],
150 motorcycles were used for dynamic motorcycle’s lane
width estimation while in a similar research the number of
cases increased in 1200 [37]. Overtaking phenomena were
studied with a database of 850 cases in [39], [48] while in [11],
1375 cases of overtaking and filtering cases were examined.
In [35], the total number of cases for studying traffic conflicts is
296 motorcycles while in [40] a total number of 818 motor-
cycles and 1660 vehicles was used to investigate drivers’
aggressiveness.
D. Modeling Approaches
Until quite recently, the main methodological tool to analyze
PTW traffic has been microscopic simulation due to the lack of
detailed PTW traffic data. Cellular Automata (CA) modeling is
one of the most important simulation techniques implemented
since the difference in PTWs’ size can be easily reflected [20],
[49], [50]. CA models have also been used for other types of ve-
hicles either in mixed traffic or not [51], [52]. Other researchers
worked on simulating mixed-traffic flow [53], [54] and others
extended their research on focusing on the virtual lane that is
created by PTW [41].
Despite the significant results of the aforementioned studies,
PTWs’ riding behavior cannot be fully described, especially in
transitional traffic conditions, such as lane changing, overtaking
and so on [11], [15]. An alternative to simulation has been the
questionnaires [9], [10] with a clear safety orientation. In [55],
a review on lane sharing, it is suggested that “research on the
topic is limited” and that “additional research on lane-sharing is
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
needed.” Authors point out that no studies were found to look
into the benefits of lane-sharing and limited research was car-
ried out with quantitative data. Some researchers studied lane
sharing phenomena [56], but they focused on the perspective of
road safety rather than traffic operations.
The recent advent of video analytics gave the researchers
the opportunity to easily collect detailed trajectory data and,
thus, study more complex phenomena that had not yet been
addressed for PTW, like overtaking, a complex phenomenon
mostly documented for cars. For example, in [31], [32] over-
taking and paired riding maneuvers by collecting data from
video recordings were studied. Real data from video recordings
in urban networks were also used in models based on lateral
and oblique distances or path-choice models [15], [33], [34].
A safety space concept was defined to describe the overtaking
behavior of a motorcyclist [35], [36]. In [37] the virtual lane of
PTW was modeled and the factors that may influence its width
were studied. PTW overtaking phenomena in urban arterials
were investigated in [38], focusing on the parameters that are
taken into account when a PTW driver decides to overtake or
not and the differences in PTW kinematic characteristics while
overtaking and filtering are studied in [11]. The heterogeneity
of PTW drivers’ behavior in a mixed traffic stream associated
with aggressiveness was studied in [40]. Finally, a game the-
oretic approach to PTW overtaking phenomena was proposed
in [39], with results showing that the best strategy for both play-
ers is when cooperative behavior is followed by both drivers.
E. PTWs’ Circulation Effects on a Multimodal Environment
The largest part of PTW research refers to countries of
South East Asia, like Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam etc., since
the number of PTW in these countries has developed more
rapidly in the last few decades than other vehicle types [6], [7].
Several studies have recently underlined the need for new mod-
els explaining heterogeneous traffic and congestion in urban
areas, since most research has been based on homogenous
traffic [27], [28], [57].
The effect of PTW on a multimodal environment has been
studied in the past from various angles. At an intersection level,
significant research has been dedicated to the effect of PTW on
signalized intersections, concerning lost time, saturation flow
rate and spatial characteristics [14], [16], [29], [30] or the effect
of a motorcycle queue storage [58]. In another research on
signalized intersections a dynamic virtual lane is considered to
model motorcycle’s maneuverability in the queues formed [47].
On an arterial or network level, in [17], [18] the way an exclu-
sive motorcycle lane affects safety and mixed flow problems is
examined. A study on traffic characteristics in PTW dominated
urban areas revealed that, although mean stream speed is not
significantly affected by motorcycles, light vehicles greatly
affect it [59]. A methodology to identify the prevailing driving
actions at critical incidents is suggested in [8]. Later, in [11]
the factors that may influence PTW interactions with the rest of
the traffic in filtering and overtaking conditions were studied. In
[60] the effect of PTW drivers entering lanes reserved to buses
is examined, with results showing higher accident risk for PTW
drivers who entered those lanes.
III. I NTELLIGENT T RANSPORTATION S YSTEMS
FOR T RAFFIC AND S AFETY
A. Cooperative Systems and Information Exchange
The importance of ITS in providing real time information to
users and/or managing traffic real-time and effectively has been
systematically underlined [61]. Nevertheless, PTW circulation
effects to traffic—regardless of their importance and penetration
to urban areas—are completely overlooked in the design of ITS
dedicated to traffic operations, which are mainly four-wheeled
oriented. In [62] the authors focused on controlling urban
motorways in several cities in Spain, Europe, with knowledge-
based systems using several parameters across the network
and problem areas. In [63] a solution to networking problems
was suggested based on cooperative multi-agent principled
negotiation between agents that included network managers,
information service providers and drivers equipped with route
guidance systems. In [46] a different approach was followed for
traffic monitoring, using a real-time video surveillance system
and stationary webcams with precision over 96% in counting
vehicles, although results for other parameters were not com-
puted. Video-based measurements were used in [64] to evaluate
a real time urban traffic control algorithm on an intersection
with benefits on both total delay and total number of stops.
Some examples of works concerning cooperation or informa-
tion exchange among agents can be found in [65]–[69]. The im-
pact of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) on traffic
flow characteristics was studied in [70], with results showing
improvements in flow stability, performance and capacity. Fur-
ther, a Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure System (CVIS) was
suggested in [71] aiming at macroscopically improving traffic
efficiency and preventing congestion. At the specific study,
authors use both mesoscopic and microscopic level of detail to
achieve macroscopic traffic improvements.
Providing high level and accurate information to agents coop -
erating and/or negotiating has been one of the main approaches
for taking advantage of new technologies to solve traffic issues.
It is seen from the abovementioned studies that most of the
times, cooperation among agents would lead to improving
traffic characteristics. At some examples, it is shown that having
information is not enough for users unless they act in a coordi-
nated way or even having extra information can lead to even
worse effects on traffic, if the information is unnecessary [72].
With the advances in technology and communications,
detecting congestion through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) com-
munication has been proposed as an alternative to installing
expensive infrastructure sensors [73]. Others suggested systems
that implement V2V communication with current Global Po-
sitioning System (GPS) to estimate traffic density in highway
and urban environment [74] or to collect and disseminate
information [75]. Cooperative traffic information systems based
on vehicular ad hoc networks are summarized in [76] and two
different alternatives are presented, depending on whether the
use of infrastructure or not is included.
B. Driver Oriented Systems for Safety and Congestion Relief
Except from the above mentioned studies, several researchers
have implemented ITS concepts and methodologies with a
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BARMPOUNAKIS et al.: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND POWERED TWO WHEELERS TRAFFIC
microscopic point of view. Most of them aim mostly at assisting
drivers at the driving task, such as systems for adaptive driving,
warning and safety systems, automatic control etc. [3], [77].
The effects of an Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
on driving behavior for keeping safe speed and safe distance are
studied in [21], with positive effects outnumbering the negative
ones. An approach on ADAS concerning overtaking attempts
was studied in [22], followed by a research of particular interest
[24] in which a first sketch of an overtaking assistant on rural
roads is proposed with the aim to reduce accidents. In a follow-
up study, the results of a microscopic traffic simulation of an
overtaking assistant system are presented, providing important
findings on safety issues and especially time-to-collision to the
oncoming vehicles [23]. A system with the ability to recognize
traffic signs was developed being useful for Driver Support
Systems (DSS) [78] and a similar system was proposed in [79],
the results of which showed better performance on European
roads than US roads. An early review on Advanced Vehicle
Control Systems (AVCS) can be found in [80] summarizing
important parts of research in lateral, longitudinal and inte-
grated lateral/longitudinal control research accomplishments
until time. Finally, although there are more driver oriented
systems (en route driver information systems, route guidance
systems etc.), they do not affect the driving task itself but only
driver’s route choice behavior [81]. Evidently, most studies
dedicated to driver-oriented ITS are explicitly oriented to safety.
A different approach can be found in [25], who consider
automated traffic flows using Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)
systems in order to stabilize traffic flow by controlling spacing
policies. Others quantified how the presence of a mandatory
or voluntary Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) system might
affect drivers’ overtaking decisions on rural roads [82] or
modeled platoons of collaborative vehicles organized as part
of a Collaborative Driving System (CDS) whereas merging or
splitting from it [26]. Clearly, the driver oriented ITS may have
significant effect to collective traffic operations. Nevertheless,
such systems do not provide an explicit connection to the
macroscopic characteristics of traffic and have rarely been
evaluated in relation to the overall road network efficiency.
C. Intelligent Transportation Systems for Powered
Two Wheelers
Although there is large ongoing research interest in cooper-
ative systems, limited approaches focus on systems that aim to
integrate and suppress traffic instabilities due to mixed traffic
conditions and the influence of PTW flow. Efforts to develop
ITS dedicated to PTW are limited and mostly safety oriented in
order to protect riders from errors and reduce their vulnerability
compared to other means of transportation [83]–[85].
In [86] it is reported that existing systems, including Anti-
Lock Brake Systems (ABS) and Traction Control Systems
(TCS) are of crucial importance for motorcycle stabilization
and should be further developed, while in [87] the mandatory
installation of ABS on all new motorcycles is suggested. The
feasibility and the potential benefits of a Motorcycle Autono-
mous Braking System (MABS) is investigated in [88]–[90], with
promising results as a potential safety application, while an
5
TABLE II
ITS S AFETY F EATURES : F OUR -W HEELED V EHICLES VS PTW
active stability control is proposed in [91] which enhances
stability and preserves drivability. In [92] a Curve Warning
system is suggested for the rider when he/she is negotiating a
curve, which is one of the most common rider errors, and in [93]
two different systems are compared in a simulator study. The
results of those studies were used to evaluate experimentally the
Curve Warning concept and system implementation in a future
research [94]. A similar system providing a warning whenever
the PTW drivers approach an intersection at an unsafe speed
was designed and evaluated [95], [96] while an early study on
lane-keeping systems using simulation is examined in [97]. An
evolutionary safety driver assistance system was developed in
[98], which attached a smartphone on a motorcycle to detect
obstacles and the distance between the motorcycle and the vehi-
cle ahead. In [99] a fall detection system is proposed using data
from accelerometer and gyroscope sensors that could allow a
timely inflation of an airbag jacket. A different concept to exist-
ing airbag systems is proposed in [100] where authors propose
a system that uses the opposing vehicles’ structures to deploy
the airbag with beneficial protection effects. Other approaches
include different headlight configurations for motorcycles so
that their motion is more easily understandable by other drivers
[101], [102]. Finally, the acceptance of rider assistive systems
has been studied [103] showing that riders’ overall acceptability
was low, unless the system did not interfere with the riding task
while the need for predicting PTW users’ acceptance of new
technologies was pointed out as of great significance [104].
Despite the fact that there are cases where assistive systems
were applied or examined, research is still in very early stage,
because of the complexity in the riding task, as well as of the
conflicting interactions with other vehicles on the road. Appar-
ently, even for safety, the available ITS are limited (Table II);
examples include airbag jackets or braking systems [105] while
other systems are still in very early research stage.
IV. C RITICAL I SSUES TO C ONSIDER
A. Data Availability and Accuracy
Although video analytics provide a way to create a detailed
database with various variables, there are certain disadvantages
that limit the research potential. First, using a stable camcorder
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
allows only a small length of a certain arterial to be recorded.
As a result, more complex phenomena cannot be fully described
nor can a possible dynamic change in a commuter’s behavior.
Moreover, data accuracy is also a matter of concern; many
of the problems faced using video recordings are addressed in
[33] by the use of a modern video technique to extract data for
simulating behavior. The one that should be noted here refers to
the “Error caused by the view angle.” To reduce such errors, the
camcorder should be located at a position as high as possible
(for example a pedestrian bridge) and obviously not all urban
areas can fulfill this requirement. Hidden points, vehicles’
shadows etc. can also reduce accuracy since a vehicle’s edges
may not always be visible or their placement can be misjudged.
Evidently, the chaotic way PTW move in traffic, the close
passes and the unconventional maneuvers they conduct do not
only require mass naturalistic data, but also high accuracy of
multi-vehicular interactions.
In order to overcome the restrictions mentioned above, few
recent studies have suggested the use of Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles (UAVs) for recording video footage from a high
point, not only for PTW but for generalized traffic studies too.
This technology offers many advantages for professional and
researching purposes. One of the most important advantages of
UAVs is that they have the capability to collect data from a road
without affecting drivers’ driving behavior due to their small
size. In addition, while having significantly lower cost, they can
cover a large area in short times due to recent advances in their
materials and mechanical parts. Finally, their comparatively
small size offers the possibility of recording videos from places
that were inaccessible before. A detailed analysis on benefits of
UAVs can be found in [106].
Although attempts to collect traffic information from UAV-
based images have been made in the past, their use in traffic
studies is still in an early stage. Despite having great potentials
as part of ITS infrastructure, there are some technical issues
(battery life, weather conditions and so on) that need to be taken
into account. Moreover, privacy, security and safety issues are
also of great importance. The special issues concerning these
systems’ flying in uncommon locations had been recognized
both in Europe and the US. In the latter, the FAA with three
other leading organizations (the Association for Unmanned
Vehicle Systems International, the Academy of Model Aero-
nautics and the Small UAV Coalition) founded an educational
campaign for prospective users to educate them on how to fly
safely and responsibly. Although there is an ongoing debate
about flying UAVs in a national airspace for commercial or
recreational purposes for quite some years now [107], it was
not until very recently that the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) proposed a framework of regulations [108], while in
Europe such regulations are expected from 2016 onwards [109].
B. From Micro Interactions to Macro Traffic Improvements
Revealing microscopic PTW traffic patterns and interactions
with the rest of the traffic is the key to improve the rep-
resentation of traffic flow in both simulated and real world
traffic experiments. However, it is important to consider that
the relation between microscopic and macroscopic traffic is
Fig. 1. The vicious cycle of PTW usage.
bidirectional. An open research question is how to control the
microscopic traffic characteristics to macroscopically achieve
better traffic flow conditions. This liaison between revealing
critical microscopic PTW patterns and improving mixed traffic
flow macroscopically is largely disregarded in literature. For
example, the effect of PTW in traffic characteristics cannot yet
be fully quantified and therefore the inhomogeneity they create
may conceal a significant cause of congestion (Fig. 1).
The recent advent of big data and new technologies (wireless
communications, GPS, location-based systems, cloud and paral-
lel computing) may not only improve the understanding of traf-
fic, but enable the development of driver-oriented ITS platforms.
Individual based Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and
automated or semi-automated Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) com-
munications may provide a viable platform for controlling
driver’s microscopic behavior with the aim to suppress traffic in-
stabilities and increase mobility in urban road networks. These
systems will pave the way for developing assistive traffic man-
agement strategies towards controlling the microscopic traffic
parameters for improving network conditions macroscopically.
But, to what extent can PTW drivers’ behavior be interpreted
as a strategic decision making process? Taking into considera-
tion the differences between PTWs and other vehicles’ drivers,
one can argue that the observed interactions is a reflection of
specific strategies adopted by drivers towards others on the
road. Since there is a bidirectional effect between interacting
drivers’ choices and the purpose of each driver is to move faster
or safer, the process of driving may resemble to a game between
them. Both drivers have a certain strategy, which is formulated
via actions (tailgating, car following etc.) that will improve
their driving, while influencing one another. By optimizing such
strategic decisions (cooperative or selfish behavior), improve-
ments could emerge not only microscopically, but also in large
scale traffic network conditions.
V. C ONCLUSION
This review focuses on revealing future directions on in-
tegrating ITS and PTW research in order to improve traffic
flow conditions. Firstly, PTW research dedicated to traffic was
reviewed. The review resulted in underlining the importance
of data acquisition technologies to support detailed research
on PTW oriented ITS and the need to develop powerful video
based analytics taking advantage of the technological advances
of UAVs.
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BARMPOUNAKIS et al.: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND POWERED TWO WHEELERS TRAFFIC
Following, ITS topics were reviewed grouped into three
broad categories related to cooperative and driver-oriented sys-
tems for congestion relief and PTW oriented systems. A critical
issue that emerged is to which extent research in ITS and
PTW traffic can be combined. Although ITS are in the active
parts of research, they have not yet been extended to support
PTW traffic applications, except from safety oriented systems.
Literature indicated that understanding the complicated way
PTWs move in multimodal environment is still a major research
problem. Advanced technologies, such as UAVs, for data acqui-
sition could enable the efficient development and evaluation of
PTW traffic-oriented ITS. Finally, a discussion arises as to how
the above advances could contribute to improving traffic both
microscopically and macroscopically through the deployment
of intelligent services that integrate a strategic decision mak-
ing interpretation of the interactions between PTW and other
vehicles’ drivers for controlling PTW driver’s behavior.
In the near future, individual ITS solutions will be an integral
part of our everyday lives and commuting, making research
on driving behavior quite thrilling and promising. Until self-
driving vehicles are through into the market and alter the
driving environment and task, dealing with mixed traffic prob-
lems and interactions between PTW and the rest of traffic will
require the proper design of ITS solutions that will integrate all
drivers with the aim of optimizing traffic network demands.
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9
Emmanouil N. Barmpounakis received the Diplo-
ma degree in civil engineering (transportation engi-
neering cycle) in November 2012. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree in the field of traffic
operations with the School of Civil Engineering,
Department of Transportation Planning and Engi-
neering, National Technical University of Athens,
Athens, Greece.
During his undergraduate studies, he was a
scholar of Ergazakeio Foundation. He is a scholar
of the National Technical University of Athens for
Doctoral studies. He has authored or coauthored one paper in international
journal, four conference papers, and one diploma thesis.
Mr. Barmpounakis is a reviewer for two international journals. He was/has
been a recipient of the Thomaideio Award 2014 in February 2015 for scientific
publication in international conference and awards and distinctions from the
Hellenic Mathematical Society as a student.
Eleni I. Vlahogianni (M’07) received the Diploma
degree in civil engineering and the Ph.D. degree from
National Technical University of Athens, Athens,
Greece, specializing in traffic operations.
She has been a Visiting Scholar with the Institute
of Transportation Studies, University of California,
Berkeley, CA, USA, working on the development
of an arterial performance measure system. She is
currently an Assistant Professor with the Depart-
ment of Transportation Planning and Engineering,
National Technical University of Athens. Her profes-
sional and research experience includes projects and consultancies, in national
and European levels, focusing on urban traffic flow management, public
transport, and traffic safety. Moreover, she has authored over 80 publications
in journals and conference proceedings. Her primary research field is traffic
flow analysis and forecasting. Her other research fields are nonlinear dynamics,
statistical modeling, and advanced data mining techniques.
John C. Golias received the Diploma degree in civil
engineering from National Technical University of
Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece, in 1977, the M.Sc.
degree in transport and the Diploma of Imperial
College of Science and Technology from the Univer-
sity of London, London, U.K., in 1978, and the Ph.D.
degree from University College London, London,
in 1981.
Since 2002, he has been a Professor with the
Department of Transportation Planning and Engi-
neering, NTUA, where he has been also a Rector
since 2014. During 2004–2006, he was the Secretary General of the Greek
Ministry of Transport and Communications. His professional and research
experience includes projects and consultancies, in national and European levels.
He has authored or coauthored four books and one book chapter and over
170 publications in journals and conference proceedings. His main research
interest is traffic flow analysis and forecasting.
Prof. Golias is a reviewer for seven scientific journals.