FRIENDSHIP

A. WORD FORMATION

No NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

1 - stuff /stʌf/ - stuff - stuffed (not before
- stuffed animal N)
= full
- stuffy /’stʌfi/
2 - laugh - laugh at sb /lɑːf/
- laughter /lɑːftə/
3 - tear(s) - tear – tore – - tearful - tearfully
- teardrop torn
4 - detention /diːˈtenʃn/ - detain /di’teɪn/
- detainee /ˌdiːteɪˈniː/
5 - confidence - confide /kən - confidential /ˌkɒnfɪ - confidently
/ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ ˈfaɪd/ ˈdenʃl/ - confidentially
- - confident
confidentiality /ˈkɒnfɪdənt/
/ˌkɒnfɪdenʃiˈæləti/
6 - guarantee /ˌɡærən - guarantee
ˈtiː/
- guarantor /ˌɡærən
ˈtɔːr/
7 - psychology /saɪ - psychological -
ˈkɒlədʒi/ /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ psychologically
- psychologist /saɪ
ˈkɒlədʒist/
8 - depression /dɪ - depress /dɪ - depressed - depressingly
ˈpreʃn/: trầm cảm ˈpres/ - depressing - depressively
- depressive: người bị - depressive /dɪ
trầm cảm ˈpresɪv/
9 - evolution /ˌiːvə - evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ - evolutionary /ˌiːvə - evolutionarily
ˈluːʃn/ ˈluːʃənri/

10 - sticker /ˈstɪkə/ - stick – stuck – - sticky /ˈstɪkɪ/

- stickiness /ˈstɪkɪnəs/ stuck
11 - anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/ - anxious for sb - anxiously
about sth /ˈæŋkʃəs/
12 - distance - - distant /ˈdɪstənt/ - distantly
distance
/ˈdɪstəns/
- outdistance /aʊt
ˈdɪstəns/
13 - imbecile /ˈɪmbəsl/ - imbecile /ˈɪmbəsl/ - imbecilely
- imbecility /ˌɪmbə (usually before noun)
ˈsɪləti/
14 - empathy /ˈempəθi/ - empathize - empathetic /ˌempə -
/ˈempəθaɪz/ ˈθetɪk/ empathetically
15 - viciousness - vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ - viciously
/ˈvɪʃəsnəs/

16 - scolding - scold sb for

doing sth /skəʊld/
17 - persistence /pər - persist in doing - persistent /pər - persistently
ˈsɪstəns/ sth /pərˈsɪst/ ˈsɪstənt/
18 - dynamics /daɪ - dynamic /daɪ - dynamically
ˈnæmɪks/ ˈnæmɪk/
19 - punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃu - - punctually
ˈæləti/ punctual /ˈpʌŋktʃuəl/
≠ unpunctual
20 - sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/ - sympathize - sympathetic /sɪmpə sympathetically
/ˈsɪmpəθaɪz/ ˈθetɪk/ to/ towards
≠ unsympathetic
21 - indifference /ɪn - indifferent /ɪn - indifferently
ˈdɪfrəns/ ˈdɪfrənt/
22 - enthusiasm /ɪn - enthusiastic /ɪn enthusiastically
ˈθjuːzɪæzəm/ for sth ˈθjuːzɪæstik/ about
- enthusiast /ɪn ≠ unenthusiastic
ˈθjuːzɪæst/
23 - prosperity /prɒ - - - prosperously
ˈsperəti/ = affluence prosper prosperous
/ˈprɒspə(r)/: thịnh /ˈprɒspərəs/ = affluent
vượng

B. IDIOMS
1) to reduce sb to tears = to make sb cry
2) to stick together through good and bad times
3) through thick and thin

C. COLLOCATIONS
1) to break out into tears = to shed tears
2) to bring a positive / negative effect ____________ sth
3) to end up in detention
4) a guarantee _________ sth
5) to share common interests
6) mutual understanding
 D. VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS
1) to amount to sth = to be ____________ to sth
2) to cheat off sb
3) to confide ___________ sb
4) to be distant ___________ sb
5) to focus on sth
6) to be fascinated ___________ sth
7) to pack up sth
8) to be terrified ___________ sb/sth

E. GRAMMAR
I. ADJECTIVES: ORDER BEFORE NOUNS: 4 rules
1. Description before classification: an old political idea
Description Classification Noun
an old Political idea
the latest Educational reform
a green Wine bottle
leather Dancing shoes

2. Opinion before description: a wonderful old house

Opinion Description noun
a lovely Cool drink
a wonderful Old house
beautiful Green mountains
that silly Fat cat

3. Order of descriptive words:

Size Age _________ Colour Origin _______ Noun
a fat old White horse
a big Grey woolen sweater
new Italian boots
a small round Black leather handbag
an enormous Brown German glass mug
a little modern square brick house

4. Numbers: first, next and last often go before one, two, three, etc.
- the first three days, the last two jobs

II. LINKING WORDS AND STRUCTURES

1. Addition: and, also, too, as well
- We use and to link two words or sentences: We do not need to repeat the same subject or verb after
and.
E.g.: - We went to a department store and (we) bought some new clothes.
- We went to the shops and (we went to) the cinema.
- We can use also, too and as well with a similar meaning to and. We use them to add emphasis.
 + also comes before the verb or noun:
E.g.: - We went shopping and (we) also saw a good film at the cinema.
- I bought a shirt and (I) also (bought) a tie.
+ too and as well come ____________________ of a clause:
E.g.: - I bought a shirt. Tom bought one too / as well.
- We went to the shops and the cinema too / as well.

2. both … and, either … or, neither … nor, not only…but also…

- We use both X and Y, either X or Y and neither X nor Y to talk about ____________ things or people.
- Both … and link two similar ideas:
E.g.: - Both Anne and Lucie are French.
- I like both pop music and classical music.
- Either … or link two alternatives:
E.g.: - You can either have tea or coffee. / You can have either coffee or tea.
- Either my brothers or my father ________________ going to buy a car.
- Neither … nor link two similar ideas:
E.g.: - Harry is neither tall nor short.
- Neither Dave nor I ________________ how to drive a car.
- Not only…but also… links two parallel ideas:
E.g: - She is not only intelligent but also beautiful.
- Not only is she beautiful but she is also intelligent.

3. Contrast: but, although/though, however, despite / in spite of

- We use but, although, though and however to link two opposite or contrasting ideas.
- But comes in the middle of a sentence:
E.g.: - This coat is cold, but (it’s) very warm.
- I like sport, but my mother hates it.
- Although/Though comes ____________________ or _____________________ of a sentence.
E.g.: - Although/Though the house was expensive, we bought it.
- We bought the house although/though it was expensive.
- Though can also be used ____________________ of a sentence.
E.g: - The house was expensive. We bought it, though.
- However can come in the following positions:
E.g.: - The weather was bad. However, we got to the top of the mountain.
- The weather was bad. We got to the top of the mountain, however.
- We can also use despite / in spite of + noun
E.g: Despite / In spite of the heavy rain, they went to school.

4. Reason: because (of), as, since, so, therefore

- We use because (of), as and since to introduce a reason for sth. They can come __________________
or ______________________ of a sentence. Notice when we use a comma (,):
E.g.: - We got wet because it rained.
- I stayed at home as I was really tired.
- Since you won’t help me, I’ll do it myself.
- We can also use because of / _______________ / __________________ / thanks to + noun:
E.g.: - We couldn’t go out because of the rain.
- We use so and therefore to introduce a result or a consequence.
+ So comes ___________________ of a sentence:
 E.g.: - She was ill, so she didn’t go to work.
+ Therefore comes in the following positions:
E.g.: - This is a smaller car and therefore it uses less petrol.
- This is a smaller car. Therefore, it uses less petrol.
- This is a smaller car and it, therefore, uses less petrol.

5. Purpose: to, in order to, so that

- We use (in order) to + infinitive to explain our purpose for doing sth. In order to is more formal.
E.g.: - ‘Why did you come here?’ – ‘I came here to see my cousin.’
- I spoke quietly in order not to wake the baby.
- We use (in order) to to link two sentences when the subject is _____________. We use _____________
when the subject is ________________________. The pattern after so (that) is:
E.g.: - I came here so (that) I could see my cousin.
- He phoned his wife so (that) she wouldn’t worry about him.