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Cattaneo–LTNE porous ferroconvection

Article  in  Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures · May 2019

DOI: 10.1108/MMMS-11-2018-0189

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 Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures
Cattaneo–LTNE porous ferroconvection
Ravisha M., I.S. Shivakumara, Mamatha A.L.,
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Cattaneo–
Cattaneo–LTNE LTNE porous
porous ferroconvection ferroconvection
Ravisha M.
Department of Mathematics,
Dr G. Shankar Government Women’s First Grade College and
Post Graduate Study Centre, Udupi, India
Received 14 November 2018
I.S. Shivakumara Revised 21 January 2019
Accepted 4 February 2019
Department of Mathematics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India, and
Mamatha A.L.
Department of Mathematics,
Smt. Rukmini Shedthi Memorial National Government First Grade College and
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PG Study Centre, Barkur, India

Abstract
Purpose – The onset of convection in a ferrofluid-saturated porous layer has been investigated using a local
thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) model by allowing the solid phase to transfer heat via a Cattaneo heat flux
theory while the fluid phase to transfer heat via usual Fourier heat-transfer law. The flow in the porous
medium is governed by modified Brinkman-extended Darcy model. The instability of the system is discussed
exactly for stress-free boundaries, while for rigid-ferromagnetic/paramagnetic boundaries the results are
obtained numerically using the Galerkin method. The presence of Cattaneo effect introduces oscillatory
convection as the preferred mode of instability contrary to the occurrence of instability via stationary
convection found in its absence. Besides, oscillatory ferroconvection is perceived when the solid thermal
relaxation time parameter exceeds a threshold value and increase in its value is to hasten the oscillatory onset.
The effect of different boundary conditions on the instability of the system is noted to be qualitatively same.
The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach – The investigators would follow the procedure of Straughan (2013) to
obtain the expression for Rayleigh number. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model is used to describe the
flow in a porous medium. The investigators have used a Galerkin method to obtain the numerical results for
rigid-ferromagnetic/paramagnetic boundaries, while the instability of the system is discussed exactly for
stress-free boundaries.
Findings – The Cattaneo–LTNE porous ferroconvection has been analyzed for different velocity and
magnetic boundary conditions. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model is used to describe the flow in a
porous medium. The effect of different types of velocity and magnetic boundary conditions on the
instability of the system has been highlighted. The instability of the system is discussed exactly for stress-
free boundaries, while for rigid-ferromagnetic/paramagnetic boundaries the results are obtained
numerically using the Galerkin method.
Originality/value – The novelty of the present paper is to combine LTNE and second sound effects in solids
on thermal instability of a ferrofluid-saturated porous layer by retaining the usual Fourier heat-transfer law in
the ferrofluid. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model is used to describe the flow in a porous medium. The effect
of different types of velocity and magnetic boundary conditions on the instability of the system is discussed.
Keywords Cattaneo law, Porous medium, Ferroconvection, LTNE model
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Ferrofluids or magnetic nanofluids are colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles in the
size range of 2–10 nm dispersed in a carrier fluid. The carrier liquid can be water, ethylene glycol,
oils, etc. These liquids exhibit both magnetic and fluid properties and found to have extensive
applications in many fields of science and engineering. Both theoretical and experimental
developments of the subject are well documented in the literature (Rosensweig, 1985; Multidiscipline Modeling in
Materials and Structures
Berkovsky et al., 1993; Scherer and Neto, 2005; Nkurikiyimfura et al., 2013; Bahiraei and Hangi, © Emerald Publishing Limited
1573-6105
2015). Finlayson (1970) made detailed study on thermomagnetic convection in a ferrofluid. DOI 10.1108/MMMS-11-2018-0189
 MMMS Later, a series of investigations on thermal convection in magnetized ferrofluids for different
situations has been discussed (Odenbach, 2004; Kaloni and Lou, 2004; Afifah et al., 2016;
Pérez et al., 2017). Many studies on convective instability in a ferrofluid-saturated porous layer
are available in the literature (Rosensweig et al., 1978; Borglin et al., 2000; Mahajan et al., 2017;
Nadeem, Raishad, Muhammad and Mustafa, 2017; Muhammad et al., 2017a; Shafii and Mohsen,
2018 and references therein). Works on MHD nanofluids heat transfer in a porous medium have
also been undertaken in the past (Sheikholeslami, 2018a, b, 2019; Sheikholeslami and Rokni,
2018a, b; Sheikholeslami and Seyednezhad, 2018).
Most of the studies on the onset of convection in a porous medium are usually based on
assumption of local thermal equilibrium. However, there are many situations where the
temperature of the fluid may be different from that of the solid pores (Straughan, 2006). In
such circumstances, the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) effects by considering a
two-field model for energy equation each representing the fluid and solid phases separately
are to be taken into consideration. Copious literature is available on thermal convection in an
ordinary viscous fluid saturating a porous layer using an LTNE model (Rees and Pop, 2005;
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Nield and Bejan, 2017). Of late, convective heat transfer problem involving ferrofluid/
nanofluids saturating a layer of porous medium using the LTNE model has also been
analyzed by a number of authors (Lee et al., 2011; Shivakumara et al., 2011a, b, 2012; Sunil
et al., 2011; Sheikholeslami and Shehzad, 2018).
The classical energy equation used in the study of convective instability problems in a
porous layer is a parabolic-type partial differential equation which allows an infinite speed for
heat transport. The new theories make use of modified versions involving hyperbolic-type
heat transport equation admitting finite speed for heat transport. Thus, heat transport is
viewed as a wave phenomenon rather than a diffusion phenomenon and this is referred to as
second sound. In particular, the second sound effect appears greater in solids, especially those
involved in porous metallic foams and other hyper-porous materials. Hyperbolic heat-flow
effects found to have possible imperative real applications in skin burns, cooling of electronic
devices, food technology nuclear reactor cooling, power generation, heat transport in tissues
and surgical operations, heat propagation in nanomaterials and nanofluids, thermal shocks in
solids and in many other applications (Bissell, 2016). In such circumstances, the parabolic
energy equation is replaced by a hyperbolic one and such formalism has been used in the
study of convective instability problems in a porous layer. The hyperbolic equation takes the
form of wave equation and hence provides a solution with finite speed. In reality, heat
transport is viewed as a wave phenomenon having finite speed and this is referred to as a
second sound. A key way to introduce this effect is to use Cattaneo (1948) law for the heat flux.
The work with finite propagation speed heat waves on thermal convection in an ordinary
viscous fluid and porous layers was analyzed (Lebon and Cloot, 1984; Straughan, 2010;
Haddad, 2014), while effects of LTNE and Cattaneo heat flux theory on thermal convection in
an ordinary fluid as well as ferrofluids have attracted limited attention (Straughan, 2013;
Shivakumara et al., 2015a, b; Eltayeb and Elbashir, 2017; Nadeem, Ahmad and Muhammad,
2017; Muhammad, Nadeem and Ul Haq, 2017; Muhammad et al., 2017b).
The intent of the present paper is to combine LTNE and second sound effects in solids on
thermal instability of a ferrofluid-saturated porous layer by retaining the usual Fourier heat-
transfer law in the ferrofluid. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model is used to describe the
flow in a porous medium. The effect of different types of velocity and magnetic boundary
conditions on the instability of the system is discussed.

2. Mathematical formulation
We consider an initially quiescent incompressible constant viscosity Newtonian
ferrofluid-saturated horizontal porous layer of thickness d in the presence of a uniform
applied magnetic field H0 in the vertical direction as shown in Figure 1. The lower surface is
 held at constant temperature Tl, while the upper surface is at Tu ( oTl). A Cartesian Cattaneo–
co-ordinate system (x, y, z) is used with the origin at the bottom of the porous layer and the LTNE porous
z-axis vertically upward in the presence of gravitational field. The solid and fluid phases of ferroconvection
the porous medium are assumed to be in LTNE and a two-field model for temperatures is
used. The solid temperature equation is modified to allow the heat transfer via a Cattaneo
heat flux theory, while the usual Fourier heat-transfer law is used in the fluid. Following
Nield and Bejan (2013), Straughan (2013) and Shivakumara et al. (2015a, b), the governing
stability equations are then being shown to be:



s  
þ1Da D2 a2 D2 a2 W ¼ a2 RD M 1 DFð1 þM 1 ÞYf ; (1)
Pr D
h
i 
s D2 a2 Yf H t Ys Yf ¼ W ; (2)

h
i 
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asðts þ1Þ D2 a2 Ys þgH t ðts þ1Þ Ys Yf ¼ 0; (3)


D2 a2 M 3 FDYf ¼ 0; (4)

where W(z), Θf(z), Θs(z) and Φ(z) are the amplitude of vertical component of velocity, fluid
temperature, solid temperature and magnetic potential, respectively, and p σ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
is the growth
factor. In the above equations, D ¼ d/dz is the differential operator, a ¼ ‘ þm2 is the
2

overall horizontal wave number, RD ¼ ρ0αtgβkd /εμfκf is the Darcy–Rayleigh number,

2

Da ¼ m~ f k=mf d2 is the Darcy number, PrD ¼ Prε/Da is the Darcy–Prandtl number or the
Vadasz number, M1 ¼ μ0K2β/(1+χ)αtρ0g is the magnetic number, M3 ¼ (1+M0/H0)/(1+χ) is
the measure of non-linearity of magnetization, Ht ¼ htd2/εkf is the scaled inter-phase
heat transfer coefficient, g ¼ εkf /(1−ε)ks is the porosity modified conductivity ratio,
α ¼ ( ρ0c)skf /( ρ0c)f ks is the ratio of conductivities and τ ¼ τsκf /d2 is the non-dimensional solid
thermal relaxation time parameter.
The above equations are solved subject to appropriate boundary conditions. We consider
the following three different types of boundary conditions:
(1) Both boundaries free-isothermal with large magnetic susceptibility:

W ¼ D2 W ¼ Yf ¼ Ys ¼ DF ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0; 1: (5)

T = TU H0k^

z
d

x
T = TL Figure 1.
→ Physical configuration
g
 MMMS (2) Both boundaries rigid-isothermal and paramagnetic:
W ¼ DW ¼ Yf ¼ Ys ¼ 0 Yf ¼ Ys ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0; 1: (6a)

ð1 þwÞDFaF ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0: (6b)

ð1 þwÞDFþaF ¼ 0 at z ¼ 1: (6c)
(3) Both boundaries rigid-isothermal and ferromagnetic:

W ¼ DW ¼ Yf ¼ Ys ¼ F ¼ 0 at z ¼ 0; 1: (7)

3. Solution
The results are obtained exactly for free-free boundaries and numerically using Galerkin
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method for rigid-ferromagnetic and rigid-paramagnetic boundaries.

3.1 Free-free boundaries

For this case, we take the solution in the following form which satisfies the boundary conditions:

W ¼ A1 sin pz; Yf ¼ A2 sin pz; Ys ¼ A3 sin pz; F ¼  A4 =p cos pz; (8)

where A1–A4 are constants. Substitution of Equation (8) into Equations (1)–(4) gives an
expression for the Darcy–Rayleigh number RD which can be written in the following form:
 2 
RD ¼ p þM 3 a2 dðPr D þDaPr D dþsÞ
"    #
ðdþ sÞ dþasðts þ1Þ þH t ðaþgÞsðtsþ 1Þþdð1 þg þtsgÞ
    ; (9)
Pr D a2 p2 þ ð1 þM 1 ÞM 3 a2 dþ ðts þ1ÞðH t g þasÞ
where δ ¼ π2+a2. To examine the stability of the system, the real part of σ is set to zero and take
σ ¼ iω. Substituting σ ¼ iω in Equation (9), we obtain:
 2
p þM 3 a2 dðD1 þio D2 Þ
RD ¼   n
 o; (10)
PrD a2 p2 þ ð1 þM 1 ÞM 3 a2 2H t gdþd2 2tado2 þ H 2t g2 þa2 o2 ð1 þt2 o2 Þ

where:
   
D1 ¼ Pr D dð1 þDadÞo2 d2 2tado2 þa2 o2 1 þt2 o2
   
þH 2t g Pr D dð1 þDadÞ 1 þg þt2 go2 o2 aþgtdþt2 o2 ðaþgÞ
   
þH t Pr D ð1 þDadÞ d2 ð1 þ2gÞ2tado2 þa2 o2 1 þt2 o2 2gdo2 : (11)

  
D2 ¼ fPr D þd þPr D Dadg d2 2tado2 þa2 o2 1 þt2 o2
   
þH 2t g d 1 þg þt2 go2 þPr D ð1 þDadÞ aþgtdþt2 o2 ða þgÞ
  
þH t d2 ð1 þ2gÞþ2Pr D gdð1þDadÞ2tado2 þa2 o2 1þt2 o2 : (12)
 Since the Darcy–Rayleigh number RD is a physical quantity, it must be real. Hence, from Cattaneo–
Equation (10) it implies either ω ¼ 0 or Δ2 ¼ 0(ω ≠ 0), and accordingly the condition for the LTNE porous
onset of stationary and oscillatory convection is obtained. ferroconvection
3.1.1 Stationary convection (ω ¼ 0). The stationary convection corresponds to ω ¼ 0 and
it occurs at:
 2  
p þM 3 a2 d2 H t ð1 þgÞþd ð1 þDadÞ
RsD ¼   : (13)
a2 p2 þ ð1 þM 1 ÞM 3 a2 ðdþgH t Þ

Equation (13) coincides with Shivakumara et al. (2011a) with proper scaling. When M1 ¼ 0
(for an ordinary viscous fluid), Equation (13) reduces to:
 
d2 H t ð1 þgÞþd ð1 þDadÞ
RsD ¼ ; (14)
a2 ðdþgH t Þ
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and coincides with Malashetty et al. (2005). When Da ¼ 0, Equation (14) reduces to:
 
s d2 H t ð1 þgÞþ d
RD ¼ : (15)
a2 ðdþgH t Þ

The above expression is the same as the one obtained by Banu and Rees (2002) and
Straughan (2013).
3.1.2 Oscillatory convection (ω ≠ 0). The oscillatory onset corresponds to Δ2 ¼ 0(ω ≠ 0)
in Equation (10) and this gives a dispersion relation of the following form:
 2 
B1 o2 þB2 o2 þB3 ¼ 0; (16)

where:

B1 ¼ t2 a2 ðH t þPr D þdþDaPr D dÞ:

   
B2 ¼ ða2tdÞ H t aþaðPr D þd þDaPr D dÞ þH 2t t2 g gdþPr D ða þgÞð1 þDadÞ :

 
B3 ¼ d2 ðPr D þ dþDaPr D dÞ þH 2t g ð1 þgÞdþPr D ð1 þDadÞðg þatdÞ
 
þH t d d þ2gdþ2Pr D gð1 þDadÞ :

For the occurrence of oscillatory convection, ω2 should be positive. From Equation (16), it is
observed that the coefficient B1 is always positive while the coefficients B2 and/or B3 can be
negative depending on the choices of parametric values. If this is the case, then from
Descartes’ rule of signs it follows that one or two positive values of ω2 exist indicating the
occurrence of oscillatory convection for those choices of parametric values. However, if τ ¼ 0
(i.e. in the absence of Cattaneo effect in the solid), then it is noted that both B2 and B3 are
positive and the occurrence of oscillatory convection is ruled out. Thus, it is evident that the
Cattaneo effect in the solid is to initiate the occurrence of convective instability via
oscillatory convection in lieu of stationary convection.
 MMMS The oscillatory convection occurs at RD ¼ RoD , where:
 2
p þM 3 a2 dD1
RoD ¼  n
 o; (17)
a2 p2 þ ð1 þM 1 ÞM 3 a2 2H t gd þd2 2tado2 þ H 2t g2 þa2 o2 ð1 þt2 o2 Þ

and ω2 is given by Equation (16). The critical oscillatory Darcy–Rayleigh number RoDc with
respect to the wave number is computed numerically as follows. Equation (16) is solved first
to determine the positive values of ω2 for chosen parametric values. If there are none, then
no oscillatory convection is possible. If there is only one positive value of ω2 then the critical
value of RoD with respect to the wave number is computed numerically from Equation (17). If
there are two positive values of ω2, then the least of RoD amongst these two ω2 is retained to
find the critical value of RoD with respect to the wave number.
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3.2 Rigid-rigid paramagnetic/ferromagnetic boundaries

For these boundary conditions, the eigenvalue problem is solved by the Galerkin method
and accordingly the variables are written as follows:

X
N X
N X
N X
N
W ðzÞ ¼ ai W i ðzÞ; Yf ðzÞ ¼ bi Yf i ðzÞ; Ys ðzÞ ¼ ci Ysi ðzÞ; FðzÞ ¼ di Fi ðzÞ; (18)
i¼1 i¼1 i¼1 i¼1

where ai–di are constants. Equation (18) is substituted back into Equations (1)–(4) and the
Galerkin method (Finlayson, 1970) of demanding that the residues be normal to the trial
functions is applied leading to a system of 4N algebraic equations in the 4N unknowns ai, bi,
ci, di (i ¼ 1, 2, …, N) which can be written in the following form:

ΑX ¼ s ΒX : (19)

In the above eigenvalue equation, X is the eigenvector, Α and Β are matrices of order 4N
involving the inner products of the trial functions. From Equation (19), the complex
eigenvalue σ has to be determined numerically for any chosen values of parameters. The
Darcy–Rayleigh number RD is now varied till the real part of σ becomes zero. The zero
crossing of real part of σ is achieved by Newton’s method for fixed point determination. The
corresponding values of RD and the wave number a are the critical conditions for neutral
stability. The imaginary part of σ indicates whether the instability sets in as stationary or
oscillatory convection.
For rigid-rigid paramagnetic and ferromagnetic boundaries, the trial functions are
chosen, respectively, as follows:

1
W i ¼ zi þ 3 2zi þ 2 þzi þ 1 ; Yf i ¼ Ysi ¼ zi þ 1 zi ; Fi ¼ z i  ; (20)
2

and:

W i ¼ zi þ 3 2zi þ 2 þzi þ 1 ; Yf i ¼ Ysi ¼ zi þ 1 zi ; Fi ¼ zi þ 2 3zi þ 1 þ2zi : (21)

We note that the trial function chosen for Φi in the case of paramagnetic boundaries does
not satisfy the respective boundary conditions but the boundary residual term is
incorporated in the respective equation (Finlayson, 1970).
 4. Results and discussion Cattaneo–
The LTNE model with Cattaneo effects in the solid is used to investigate thermal convective LTNE porous
instability in a layer of ferrofluid-saturated Brinkman porous medium. The results are ferroconvection
obtained exactly for stress-free boundaries, while for rigid-paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
boundaries the critical eigenvalue RDc and the corresponding wave number ac are obtained
using single-term Galerkin method in order to have a tractable analysis. The values of the
magnetic parameters chosen are based on the physical parameters for a commercially
available magnetic fluid EMG 905 produced by Ferrofluidics (Auernhammer and Brand,
2000): density ρ (kg/m3) ¼ 1.24×103, kinematic viscosity (27°C) ν (m2/s) ¼ 12×10−6, thermal
diffusivity κ (m2/s) ¼ 8×10−8, heat capacity c ( J/kgK) ¼ 1.47×103, coefficient of thermal
expansion αt (1/K) ¼ 8.6×10−4, susceptibility at low field χ ¼ 1.9, pyromagnetic coefficient at
H ¼ 50 kA/m (A/Km) ¼ 110 and mean particle diameter (nm) ¼ 10.2. For such fluids, the
magnetic parameters have the following order of magnitude: M1 ∼ 10−4−10 and M3 ⩾ 1. The
condition for the occurrence of stationary and oscillatory onset is established and the results
are discussed graphically for different boundary conditions and different values of physical
parameters, namely, the solid thermal relaxation time parameter τ is allowed to take the
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values from 0.5 to 10, the magnetic number M1 is permitted to vary from 0 to 0.8, the
non-linearity magnetization M3 is assumed to have values from 1 to 10, the inter-phase heat
transfer coefficient Ht is allowed to vary from 0 to 60, the ratio of conductivities α is given
value ranging from 0.1 to 1, the Darcy–Prandtl number or the Vadasz number PrD is to have
values vary from 10 to 100 and the porosity modified conductivity ratio g is assumed to
have values from 6.403×10−4 to 1(Shivakumara et al., 2015b). In addition, the results are
also presented for copper oxide and aluminum oxide solid skeletons as both materials have
practical use in heat exchangers.
The neutral stability curves (RD against a2) are presented for different values of τ (with α ¼ 1,
PrD ¼ 10), PrD (with α ¼ 1, τ ¼ 0.5) and α (with PrD ¼ 10, τ ¼ 0.5) in Figure 2(a)–(c), respectively,
at g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.5, M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1 and Ht ¼ 10. The neutral curves exhibit a single minimum
with respect to the wave number and they are akin to those observed in the standard Brinkman
LTNE model. From the figures it is seen that the parameters τ, PrD and α affect only the onset of
oscillatory convection. Moreover, increasing τ and PrD is to decrease the region of stability, while
an opposite trend is noticed with increasing α. A closer investigation of the figures further
reveals that there exists a threshold value of τ( ¼ τ*), Pr D ð¼ Pr nD Þ and α( ¼ α*) below which
only oscillatory convection is preferred. For the chosen parametric values, it is found that
τ* ¼ 0.5408 (Figure 2(a)), Pr nD ¼ 38:35 (Figure 2(b)) and α* ¼ 0.337 (Figure 2(c)).
The critical Darcy–Rayleigh number for the onset of stationary ðRsDc Þ and oscillatory ðRODc Þ
convection and the corresponding critical wave number (ac) are computed numerically for
various values of physical parameters and the results are summarized in Figures 3–12.
Figure 3(a) and (b) respectively show the variation of critical Darcy–Rayleigh numbers, and the
critical wave number as a function of Ht for different values of τ ( ¼ 0.5, 1 and 10) and for two
values of M1 ( ¼ 0 and 0.8) and PrD ( ¼ 10, 100) with M3 ¼ 1, α ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1 and g ¼ 1. Figure 3
(a) shows that, depending on the parametric values, convective instability occurs via oscillatory
convection when Ht exceeds a threshold value H Tt , and this value decreases significantly with
increasing τ. Besides, the effect of inter-phase heat-transfer coefficient Ht on the nature of
convective instability is not coherent. It is noted that the onset of stationary convection is
delayed, while the onset of oscillatory convection is hastened with increasing Ht. Moreover, the
influence of Ht on the oscillatory onset is more noticeable in the beginning and thereafter its
effect becomes fairly insensitive. It is seen that this behavior is more so when τ ¼ 10. Although
an increase in the Darcy–Prandtl number PrD is to hasten the onset of oscillatory convection,
its influence goes on diminishing as the value of τ increases. It is noted that the influence of PrD
on the onset of oscillatory convection is completely subdued when τ assumes the value 10. The
size of M1 is related to the importance of magnetic forces as compared to gravitational forces.
 MMMS (a) (b)
900 835

PrD = 20
875
830
 = 0.48

RD
850 0.5 30
RD 825 38.35
0.5408
825
60

820 100
800 0.6 Stationary
Stationary
Oscillatory
Oscillatory 0.65
815
775 4 5 a2 6 7 8
2 4 a2 6 8 10

(c)
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40

35
 = 0.6
Figure 2. RD
Neutral curves for 30 0.5
different values of (a)
τ with α ¼ 1, PrD ¼ 10,
(b) PrD with α ¼ 1, 25 0.337
τ ¼ 0.5 and (c) α with 0.25
PrD ¼ 10, τ ¼ 0.5 when
20
g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.5, Stationary
M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1 and Oscillatory 0.1
Ht ¼ 10 15
4 5 a2 6 7 8

The case M1 ¼ 0 corresponds to convective instability in an ordinary viscous fluid saturating a

porous medium. It is observed that both stationary and oscillatory critical Rayleigh numbers
decrease with increasing the value of M1 suggesting the magnetic fluid carries heat more
efficiently than the ordinary viscous fluids. Also the threshold value H Tt , beyond which
oscillatory convection is preferred, increases with increasing M1.
The variation of critical wave number ac as a function of inter-phase heat-transfer
coefficient Ht is exhibited in Figure 3(b). It is observed that the value of a2c for the oscillatory
convection (denoted by o) starts beyond threshold values of Ht. The values of ac increase
sharply with Ht initially and become almost insensitive with further increase in Ht and this
trend is more predominant for τ ¼ 10. Thus, the size of convection cells decreases with
increasing Ht. Although an increase in PrD is to decrease ac, there are no significant effects
on ac as the value of τ increases. It is noted that the influence of PrD on ac is completely
unresponsive when τ ¼ 10. That is, the size of the convection cells increases with an increase
in the value of PrD. It is seen that increasing M1 is to increase ac and hence its effect is to
decrease the size of convection cells, while increasing τ is to decrease ac and hence their
effect is to enlarge the size of convection cells. It is also observed that the values of ac for
stationary convection are higher than those of oscillatory convection.
The effect of non-linearity magnetization M3 on the stability characteristics of the system
is presented in Figure 4(a) and (b) for two values M3 ( ¼ 1 and 10) and PrD ( ¼ 10, 100) as a
function of Ht with M1 ¼ 0.8, α ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1 and g ¼ 1. From Figure 4(a), it is observed that
increasing M3 is to decrease both stationary and oscillatory convections. Hence, the system
becomes unstable with a smaller temperature gradient (i.e. at smaller Rayleigh number) as the
 (a) Cattaneo–
1,100 LTNE porous
M1= 0 ferroconvection
M1= 0.8
1,000
O
 = 0.5, PrD =10

O
0.5, 100
900
O
1, 10
RDc
O
800 1, 100

O O
10, 10 0.5, 10
O
O 10, 100
700
0.5, 100
O
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1, 10
O
600 1, 100
O 10, 10
O 10, 100
500
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
7.2
 = 0.5, PrD =10

S
O 0.5, 100
6.8 O 1, 10 O
1, 100 O

6.4 10, 10 O
10, 100 O
a2c

6.0 M1 = 0
M1= 0.8

0.5, 10 O Figure 3.
5.6 S Variation of (a) critical
Darcy–Rayleigh
O 0.5, 100 1, 10 O
number RDc, (b)
1, 100 O critical wave number
5.2 10, 10 O a2c with Ht for two
O values of PrD, M1 and
10, 100
three values of τ with
g ¼ 1, M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1
4.8 and α ¼ 1
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

value of M3 increases. Increase in the value of M3 makes the ferrofluid to acquire larger
magnetization which in turn interacts with the imposed magnetic field and releases more
energy to drive the flow faster. Furthermore, it is seen that oscillatory convection is preferred
at decreasing threshold values of Ht with increasing M3. It is observed that ac decreases with
increasing M3 and hence its effect is to increase the size of convection cells (Figure 4(b)).
 MMMS (a)

M3 =1
800
M3 =10
O  = 0.5, PrD =10

O
700 0.5, 100
O
1, 10
RDc
O
1, 100
600
O
O 10, 10 0.5, 10
O
O
10, 100
0.5, 100
O
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500 1, 10
O
1, 100

O 10, 10
O 10, 100
400
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
7.2
M3 =1
 = 0.5, PrD =10
O
M3 =10
S
0.5, 100
6.8 O
1, 10 O
1, 100 O

6.4 10, 10 O
10, 100 O
a2c 0.5, 10 O
S
6.0
Figure 4. O 0.5, 100 1, 10 O
Variation of (a) critical
1, 100 O
Darcy–Rayleigh
number RDc, (b)
10, 10 O
critical wave number 5.6
a2c with Ht for two 10, 100 O
values of PrD, M3 and
three values of τ with
g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.8, Da ¼ 1
and α ¼ 1 5.2
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

Figure 5(a) and (b) shows the variation of critical Darcy–Rayleigh number and the critical
wave number, respectively, as a function of Ht for different values of τ ( ¼ 0.5, 1 and 10) and
for two values of Da ( ¼ 0.5 and 1) and PrD ( ¼ 10 and 100) with M1 ¼ 0.8, M3 ¼ 1, α ¼ 1 and
g ¼ 1. From Figure 5(a), it is observed that increasing Da is to delay the onset of both
stationary and oscillatory convection (equivalently increase in the ratio of viscosities, m~ f =mf )
 (a) Cattaneo–
900 LTNE porous
Da =1 ferroconvection
800 Da = 0.5
O  = 0.5, PrD =10
S
O
O 0.5, 100
1, 10
O
1, 100
600
O 10, 10
O 10, 100
RDc

S O 0.5, 10
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400
O 1, 10 O 0.5, 100
O 1, 100
O 10, 10
O
10, 100

200
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)

Da =1  = 0.5, PrD =10

Da = 0.5 O
7.2

S 0.5, 100
O
O 0.5, 10
0.5, 100
S
1, 10
6.8 O 1, 100
O 1, 10
O O

1, 100 O
a2c
10, 10 O
Figure 5.
10, 100 O Variation of (a) critical
6.4 Darcy–Rayleigh
10, 10 O number RDc, (b)
10, 100 O critical wave number
a2c with Ht for two
values of PrD, Da and
three values of τ with
g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.8,
6.0 M3 ¼ 1 and α ¼ 1
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

due to an increase in the viscous diffusion. Furthermore, it is seen that the value of H Tt
decreases marginally with increasing PrD and Da. The critical wave number decreases with
increasing Da and hence its effect is to enlarge the size of convection cells (Figure 5(b)).
The impact of conductivity ratio α on the instability of the system is exhibited in Figures 6(a),
7(a) and 8(a) for two values of M1 ( ¼ 0 and 0.8) with M3 ¼ 1 and Da ¼ 1, M3 ( ¼ 1 and 10) with
 MMMS (a)
1,100

M1= 0

M1= 0.8
1,000
O  = 0.5,  =1
S
O
900
O 0.5, 0.1
1, 1
RDc 10, 1
O
800 1, 0.1

O O
S 0.5, 1
O
O 10, 0.1
700
O 0.5, 0.1
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1, 1
O
600 1, 0.1
O 10, 1
O 10, 0.1
500
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
7.2
 = 0.5,  =1 O
S
6.8 0.5, 0.1 O
1, 1 O O

1, 0.1
6.4 10, 1 O
10, 0.1 O
a2c

6.0 M1= 0
M1= 0.8
Figure 6. 0.5, 1 O
Variation of (a) critical 5.6 S
Darcy–Rayleigh 0.5, 0.1
number RDc, (b) O
critical wave number 1, 1 O
a2c with Ht for two 5.2 10, 1 O 1, 0.1 O
values of α, M1 and
three values of τ with 10, 0.1 O
g ¼ 1, M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1
and PrD ¼ 10 4.8
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

M1 ¼ 1 and Da ¼ 1 and Da ( ¼ 0.5 and 1) with M1 ¼ 1 and M3 ¼ 1, respectively, as a function of

Ht for three values of τ for g ¼ 1 and PrD ¼ 10. The corresponding critical wave numbers a2c are
shown in Figures 6(b), 7(b) and 8(b). From the figures, it is seen that the effect of increasing α is to
delay the onset of oscillatory convection and thereby to increase the value of HT. Also, the effect
of α on the onset of oscillatory convection diminishes with increasing τ. The critical wave
number increases with α indicating its effect is to decrease the size of convection cells.
 (a) Cattaneo–
LTNE porous
M3 =1
800
ferroconvection
M3 =10

O
 = 0.5,  =1
S
700 O

O 0.5, 0.1
1, 1
RDc O
1, 0.1
600
O 10, 1 S O
O 0.5, 1
O
10, 0.1
O 0.5, 0.1
500 1, 1
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O
1, 0.1
O 10, 1
O 10, 0.1
400
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
7.2
M3 =1
 = 0.5,  =1 O
M3 =10
S
6.8 O
0.5, 0.1

O
1, 1
O
1, 0.1
6.4 10, 1 O
10, 0.1 O
a2c 0.5, 1 O

S
6.0 0.5, 0.1 O
Figure 7.
1, 1 O
O Variation of (a) critical
1, 0.1 Darcy–Rayleigh
10, 1 O number RDc, (b)
5.6 critical wave number
10, 0.1 O 2
ac with Ht for two
values of α, M3 and
three values of τ with
g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.8, Da ¼ 1
5.2 and PrD ¼ 10
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

The results are shown in Figures 9 and 10 for the values of α and g for copper oxide (CuO)
and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) solid skeletons given by (Straughan, 2013) αCuO ¼ 8.664×10−4,
gCuO ¼ 6.403×10−4 and aAl2 O3 ¼ 1:420  102 , gAl2 O3 ¼ 7:337  103 with two values of τ
( ¼ 9, 10) and Da ( ¼ 3, 5) when M1 ¼ 0.8, M3 ¼ 1 and PrD ¼ 10. It is seen that oscillatory
convection is preferred at relatively high values of Ht when compared to values of α ¼ 1 and
 MMMS (a)
900

Da =1
800 Da = 0.5
O  = 0.5,  =1
S
O
O 1, 1 0.5, 0.1
O
1, 0.1
600
O 10, 1
O 10, 0.1
RDc

400 S O 0.5, 1
O 1, 1 O 0.5, 0.1
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O 10, 1 O 1, 0.1
O 10, 0.1

200
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
Da =1
 = 0.5,  =1 O
7.2 Da = 0.5

S
0.5, 1 O
0.5, 0.1
S O
6.8 1, 1
1, 0.1 O
O
0.5, 0.1 O
Figure 8. a2c –1, 1
Variation of (a) critical 10,1 O
Darcy–Rayleigh 10, 0.1 O
1, 0.1
number RDc, (b) 6.4
10, 1 O
critical wave number
a2c with Ht for two 10, 0.1 O
values of α, Da and
three values of τ with
g ¼ 1, M1 ¼ 0.8,
M3 ¼ 1 and PrD ¼ 10 6.0
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

g ¼ 1 considered in Figures 3 and 4. This demonstrates the interplay of various physical

parameters in the occurrence of oscillatory convection due to the presence of Cattaneo
effects in the solid. As expected, increase in the value of τ is to hasten the onset of convection
(Figures 9(a) and 10(a)). The critical wave number increases with increasing Ht and τ.
That is, the size of the convection cells decreases in the (x, y)-plane. The critical wave
number for the oscillatory convection is lower than that of stationary convection for values
of τ considered indicating the cell size changes by a large amount to a much wider cell
(Figures 9(b) and 10(b)). The critical wave number decreases with increasing Da in
stationary convection, while opposite trend is observed in the case of oscillatory convection.
 (a) Cattaneo–
12,000 LTNE porous
ferroconvection

10,000
S
RDc =9

8,000 Da = 5 10 O
Da = 3
O

6,000 S
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9
O
10
O

4,000
40 45 Ht 50 55 60

(b)
11
S
10
S

8 Da = 5
Da = 3
a2c

Figure 9.
O Variation of (a) critical
Darcy–Rayleigh
4 O
number RDc, (b)
O
O critical wave number
a2c with Ht, porous
10 skeleton made of CuO
2 9 for two values of τ
10 =9
and Da with M1 ¼ 0.8,
M3 ¼ 1 and PrD ¼ 10
40 45 Ht 50 55 60

Figures 11(a) and (b) and 12(a) and (b), respectively, illustrate the variation of (RDc, ac) for
realistic rigid-ferromagnetic and paramagnetic boundaries as a function of Ht for different
values of τ. The onset of both stationary and oscillatory convection is hastened with
increasing M1 (Figure 11(a)) and delayed with increasing magnetic susceptibility χ
(Figure 12(a)). As observed in the case of free-free boundaries, the effect of increasing Ht is to
hasten the onset of oscillatory convection while it shows an opposite trend on the stationary
onset. Moreover, the system is more stable for rigid-paramagnetic boundaries then for
rigid-ferromagnetic boundaries and least stable for free boundaries.
 MMMS (a)
6,000

5,000

S
=9
4,000
O
Da = 5 10
RDc O
Da = 3

3,000
S
9
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O
10 O
2,000

1,000
10 12 14 Ht 16 18 20

(b)
10

S
8
S

a2c
Da = 5
6 Da = 3
Figure 10.
Variation of (a) critical O
Darcy–Rayleigh O
number RDc, (b) O
critical wave number 4 O
a2c with Ht, porous 10 10
skeleton made of =9
9
Al2O3 for two values
of τ and Da with
M1 ¼ 0.8, M3 ¼ 1 and
PrD ¼ 10 2
10 12 14 Ht 16 18 20

The value of ac for the oscillatory convection (denoted by o) starts beyond the threshold
values of Ht and the size of the convection cells decreases with increasing M1 and Ht
(Figure 11(b)). Akin to the trend observed in the case of free-free boundaries, ac increases
sharply with Ht initially and becomes almost insensitive with further increase in Ht and this
tendency is found to be more predominant at τ ¼ 10. Also, increase in χ is to enlarge the size
of convection cells (Figure 12(b)).
 (a) Cattaneo–
2,800 LTNE porous
M1= 0 S
ferroconvection
M1= 0.8
2,400  = 0.5
O

1 O
2,000
10 O
RDc

1,600
S

0.5 O
1,200 1 O
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10 O

800
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
11.2

M1= 0
S
M1= 0.8

10.8  = 0.5

O
0.5
a2c
Figure 11.
10.4 Variation of (a) critical
1 Darcy–Rayleigh
O number RDc, (b)
1
critical wave number
2
ac with Ht for two
values of M1 and
10.0
three values of τ with
10 O
g ¼ 1, M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1,
PrD ¼ 10 and α ¼ 1 in
10 the case of rigid-rigid
ferromagnetic
9.6 boundaries
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

5. Conclusions
The Cattaneo–LTNE porous ferroconvection is studied for different velocity and magnetic
boundary conditions. The second sound effect is considered in the solid via a Cattaneo heat
flux theory and the usual Fourier heat-transfer law is used in the ferrofluid. The results are
obtained for free-free, rigid-ferromagnetic and rigid-paramagnetic boundaries.
The results may be summarized as follows:
(1) The Cattaneo effect in the solid introduces oscillatory convection as the preferred
mode of instability when the solid thermal relaxation time parameter τ exceeds
sufficiently high value.
 MMMS (a)
1,800
S
1+ =11
1+ =1

S
1,600

O
RDc  = 0.5

O
1,400 0.5
O
1

O
1 O
1,200 10
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O
10

1,000
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(b)
12.8
1+ =11
12.4 1+ =1 S
 = 0.5 O
12.0
Figure 12. a2c
Variation of (a) critical S
Darcy–Rayleigh 11.6 1 O
0.5
number RDc, (b) O
critical wave number 10 O
11.2
a2c with Ht for two
values of χ and three 1 O
values of τ with 10.8
M1 ¼ 0.8, g ¼ 1,
M3 ¼ 1, Da ¼ 1, 10
PrD ¼ 10 and α ¼ 1 in 10.4 O
the case of rigid-rigid
paramagnetic
boundaries 10.0
0 5 Ht 10 15 20

(2) The effect of M1 and M3 is to hasten while that of χ and Da is to delay the onset of
both stationary and oscillatory ferroconvections. Increasing τ and decreasing α is to
hasten the onset of oscillatory ferroconvection.
(3) Although the effect of Ht is to delay the onset of stationary ferroconvection, it
exhibits an opposite trend on the oscillatory onset. The value of Ht at which the
transition from stationary to oscillatory ferroconvection takes place decreases with
increasing τ noticeably and marginally with increasing M3, PrD and Da, while it
increases with increasing α and M1.
 (4) The size of convection cells is enlarged with increasing τ, χ, M3, Da and PrD, but it is Cattaneo–
decreased with increasing α and M1. LTNE porous
(5) The influence of different boundary conditions on the instability of the system is ferroconvection
qualitatively same though not quantitatively. The system is more stable for
rigid-paramagnetic boundaries then for rigid-ferromagnetic boundaries and least
stable for free boundaries.

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Corresponding author
Ravisha M. can be contacted at: ravishmamatha@gmail.com

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