afael Khaizer D.

3B

1. DRAW the different pipe fittings with their corresponding labels/names. (15 pts)

2. Explain the different prohibited fittings and practices under the Revised Plumbing Code of
the Philippines. Give examples/pictures. (10 pts)

• Fittings. No double hub fitting, single or double tee branch, single or double tapped
tee branch, side inlet quarter bend, running thread, band, or saddle shall be used as a
drainage fitting, except that a double hub sanitary tapped tee shall be permitted to be
used on a vertical line as a fixture connection.

• Drainage and Vent Piping. No drainage or vent piping shall be drilled and tapped
for the purpose of making connections thereto, and no cast-iron soil pipe shall be
threaded.

• Waste Connection. No waste connection shall be made to a closet bend or stub of a

water closet or similar fixture.
3. Differentiate sludge, scum, biosolids and effluent. (10 pts)

• Sludge or slurry waste can be stored in holding tanks or packaged in intermediate

bulk containers, approved small containers or drums. Effluent pumps are used for
pumping effluent or water containing soft solids in suspension for removal and
storage or further processing. “Biosolids” refers to treated sewage sludge that meets
the EPA pollutant and pathogen requirements for land application and surface
disposal.

4. What are the functions of bacteria in septic tanks? Discuss the difference between aerobic
bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. (10 pts)

• In septic systems, aerobic bacteria will break down the organic waste and then feed
off of it. In most cases, aerobic bacteria are very sensitive to environmental changes
and are much larger than the anaerobic bacteria found in septic systems. Anaerobic
Bacteria: This type of bacteria needs little to no oxygen to live.

5. Enumerate and discuss the minimum requirements of septic tanks which includes its
location, capacity, partition, structure, air space, sizes and location of pipe inlet and outlet,
compartments, etc). (15 points)

• Any septic tank constructed or installed in the city shall meet the following
minimum specifications:

A. The tank shall have an inside depth of at least five feet, with a liquid depth of at
least four feet.

B. The length of the tank shall not exceed three times the width, and shall have a
liquid capacity of not less than nine hundred sixty gallons.

C. The tank shall have at least two compartments, and a manhole of adequate size
shall be installed in each compartment.

D. The inlet and outlet of the tank shall have a vertical four-inch tee extending two
feet below and six inches above the liquid level of the tank.

E. The tank shall be watertight, and shall be constructed of concrete, concrete block,
brick or tile.

F. The top of the tank shall be constructed of reinforced concrete, at least four inches
thick.

G. When the tank is constructed of concrete, the walls and bottom shall be at least six
inches thick and shall be adequately reinforced with steel or other approved material.

H. The concrete used for the tanks shall contain one part cement, two parts sharp
sand and four parts crushed rock or gravel.

I. Where brick, concrete block or tile is used in the construction of the tank, the
inside shall be plastered with portland cement mortar, composed of one part cement
and three parts sand.
 J. The side walls of the tank shall be adequately reinforced with steel or other
approved material so as to withstand any inside or outside pressure.

6. Differentiate a waste pipe and soil pipe. (5 pts)

• At a very basic level, waste pipes are designed to carry just water and other liquids
out of your home. Soil pipes are pipes that are designed to carry “soiled” water from
your home – that means any water, or substances, that were in a toilet, bidet or urinal.

7. Explain the purpose of the inlet works, balance tanks, bioreactor, clarifiers and

disinfection. (10 pts)

• Inlet works of a wastewater treatment plant, would generally incorporate a

system of screens, compactors, degritters, classifiers, and its corresponding

conveyors that effectively remove solids, grit and other debris from the influent

wastewater.

• A balancing tank is a key part of a wastewater management system. Also known

as an equalization or EQ tank, this is designed to contain a large volume of

wastewater relative to what is flowing in and out.

• bioreactors can be used to reduce the footprint of an activated sludge sewage

treatment system by removing some of the liquid components of the mixed

liquor. This leaves a concentrated waste product that is then treated using the

activated sludge process.

• Clarifiers are settling tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal

of solids being deposited by sedimentation. A clarifier is generally used to

remove solid particulates or suspended solids from liquid for clarification and

(or) thickening.

• Disinfection is the process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in

wastewater, including essentially all pathogenic organisms. Contrast this to

sterilization, which is the removal and destruction of all living microorganisms,

 including pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria, vegetative forms and spores.

8. What would untreated sewage do to our environment and our health? (10 pts)

• Untreated sewage gets into rivers, microorganisms decompose it. They use
oxygen from the water for aerobic respiration. As a result there is less oxygen
dissolved in water, so aquatic organisms such as fish and insects may be unable
to survive.
9. Define and distinguish primary clarifier, grit chambers, secondary clarifier, aeration basin,
digester, and tertiary treatment. (10 pts)
• Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by
gravity. It includes the physical processes of screening, comminution, grit removal,
and sedimentation.
• Grit chambers are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow down the flow so that
solids such as sand, coffee grounds, and eggshells will settle out of the water.

• Secondary treatment removes the soluble organic matter that escapes primary
treatment. It also removes more of the suspended solids. Removal is usually
accomplished by biological processes in which microbes consume the organic
impurities as food, converting them into carbon dioxide, water, and energy for their
own growth and reproduction.
• trickling filter is simply a tank filled with a deep bed of stones. Settled sewage is
sprayed continuously over the top of the stones and trickles to the bottom, where it is
collected for further treatment.
• The activated sludge treatment system consists of an aeration tank followed by a
secondary clarifier. Settled sewage, mixed with fresh sludge that is recirculated from
the secondary clarifier, is introduced into the aeration tank.
• Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large, shallow ponds
designed to treat wastewater through the interaction of sunlight, bacteria, and algae.
• Rotating biological contacter in this treatment system a series of large plastic disks
mounted on a horizontal shaft are partially submerged in primary effluent. As the
shaft rotates, the disks are exposed alternately to air and wastewater, allowing a layer
of bacteria to grow on the disks and to metabolize the organics in the wastewater.

• Tertiary treatment is the final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality
before it is reused, recycled or discharged to the environment. The treatment removes
remaining inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the nitrogen and
phosphorus.