Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Articol S.brînza, V.stati Pag.96
Articol S.brînza, V.stati Pag.96
AND TRENDS
ISSUE 2(36)
Part 2
FEBRUARY 2021
WARSAW, POLAND
Wydawnictwo Naukowe "iScience"
28th February 2021
«MODERN SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES AND TRENDS»
SCIENCECENTRUM.PL ISSUE 2(36) ISBN 978-83-949403-3-1
ISBN 978-83-949403-3-1
Editorial board:
Bakhtiyor Amonov, Doctor of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of Tashkent University of Information
Technologies
Bugajewski K. A., doktor nauk medycznych, profesor nadzwyczajny
Czarnomorski Państwowy Uniwersytet imienia Piotra Mohyły
Tahirjon Z. Sultanov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, docent
Shavkat J. Imomov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor
Sayipzhan Bakizhanovich Tilabaev, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Tashkent State
Pedagogical University named after Nizami
Marina Berdina, PhD
Hurshida Ustadjalilova, PhD
Dilnoza Kamalova, PhD (arch) Associate Professor, Samarkand State Institute of Architecture and Civil
Engineering
Oleh Vodianyi, PhD
Conference proceedings are recomanded for scientits and teachers in higher education
esteblishments. They can be used in education, including the process of post - graduate
teaching, preparation for obtain bachelors' and masters' degrees.
The review of all articles was accomplished by experts, materials are according to authors
copyright. The authors are responsible for content, researches results and errors.
ISBN 978-83-949403-3-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION: ECONOMICS
Mustakimova Dilshoda (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
ENTERPRISE ECONOMIC SECURITY MANAGEMENT MECHANISM ..................... 6
Takhirov Madjid Khamidovich (Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
COMPREHENSIVE EXPERTISE OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS .................................. 9
Бердин Александр Эдуардович,
Бердина Марина Юрьевна (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
ФАКТОРЫ МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СТРАНЫ ДЛЯ
УСПЕШНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ОСОБЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗОН ............................ 13
Долгова Ирина (Ташкент, Узбекистан)
ОПЫТ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТРАН В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ
«ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКОЙ КОРЗИНЫ» НАСЕЛЕНИЯ................................................. 19
Мартиросян Геворг Овикович,
Бодоян Виген Овсепович (Ереван, Армения)
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕНЕВОГО СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИКИ ......................................... 25
SECTION: PHILOSOPHY
Aбдуллаев Муроджон Махсуджон ўғли (Ташкент, Узбекистан)
МУСАЙЛАМА КАЗЗОБ - ИСЛОМ ТАРИХИДАГИ ИЛК МУТАНАББИЙ 50
Пирназаров Ғуломжон Нурбобоевич (Ташкент, Узбекистан)
ЁШЛAР ҲУҚУҚИЙ МAДAНИЯТИНИ OШИРИШДА БУЮК АЛЛОМАЛАРИМИЗ
ИЛМИЙ МЕРОСИНИНГ ЎРНИ .............................................................................. 54
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SECTION: ECONOMICS
Mustakimova Dilshoda
Joint international educational program
Tashkent State University of Economics and
National Research Nuclear University,
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Master
(Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
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In foreign and domestic practice, there is still no universal methodology for assessing
the economic security of enterprises in the field of intellectual property. This explains the
importance of the scientific task of studying various approaches of Russian and foreign
economists in order to generalize domestic and international experience in this area and
develop such an assessment method that will allow to fairly and objectively assess the level of
economic security of enterprises, taking into account all internal and external factors of
influence.
Thus, the mechanism for increasing the economic security of an enterprise involves the
achievement of effective parameters of functioning, the preservation of production and
personnel potential, the creation of a market-type enterprise that combines entrepreneurial
activity with state regulation, the formation of prerequisites and conditions for their reliable
functioning.
The presentation of a mechanism for increasing the economic security of an enterprise,
formed on the basis of scientific approaches and principles using basic and applied theories, in
a broad and narrow sense states the multiplicity of its elements, which proves the complexity
of the process of ensuring security. In this regard, it is necessary to select specific instruments
of the mechanism, depending on the conditions of the enterprise, the stage of development of
its financial and economic activities, and, as a consequence, on the present level of economic
security of the enterprise.
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1
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https://ru.wikipedia.org/
2
What is an investment project? https://finswin.com/projects/osnovnye/investicionnyj-proekt.html
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- the need to change the structure, preserving the integrity and vitality;
- the need to formulate behavior options;
- the need to adapt to changing conditions (external and internal governing drives);
- the need and desire for purposefulness.
There are the following types of investment projects:
the type of the project - by the spheres of activity (technical, organizational, social,
mixed);
project class - according to the composition of the project (monoproject is a separate
project, regardless of its type, scale, subject area and other characteristics; multiproject is a
complex project consisting of a number of monoprojects and requiring certain approaches to
management and assessment of their integrated effectiveness; megaproject - targeted
programs development of regions, industries, which include a number of mono - and
multiprojects - educational, environmental, social, organizational and other projects, united by
the regional development program);
scale of the project - by the size of the project, the number of participants and the
degree of influence on the environment (small, medium and large);
the duration of the project - by the terms of implementation (short, medium and long-
term);
type of project (increasing efficiency, expanding production, creating new industries,
entering new markets, innovations, solving social problems, meeting legal requirements).
Preparation and implementation of a large investment project is a lengthy and, as a
rule, very expensive process, consisting of a number of stages and stages. In international
practice, it is customary to distinguish four main stages of this process.
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mathematical models, in which the amount of investment, the return on investment, the return
index and the payback period of investment projects are analyzed.
In accordance with the regulation "On the procedure for the development, conduct of
a comprehensive examination and approval of pre-design and project documentation for
investment and infrastructure projects" approved by the decree of the President of the Republic
of Uzbekistan dated 20.02.2018 No. 3550 "On measures to improve the procedure for
conducting an examination of pre-design, design, tender documentation and contracts "State
Unitary Enterprise" Center for Comprehensive Expertise of Projects and Import Contracts under
the Ministry of Economy and Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan conducts a comprehensive
examination of:
- technical specifications for the development of pre-design documentation;
- pre-design documentation for investment and infrastructure projects;
- project documentation3.
According to the requirement of the above resolution, the documents developed for
projects are subject to a comprehensive examination:
a) financed from the budgets of the budgetary system, the Fund for Reconstruction
and Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan:
for infrastructure projects with the use of standard and reusable projects (construction
of social facilities and housing stock) - in terms of the examination of a standard project;
for individual and other investment and infrastructure projects - with a cost of 10 billion
soums or more;
b) implemented on the basis of separate decisions of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, providing for the provision of tax benefits and other obligatory payments;
c) implemented by economic management bodies, business entities with a state share
in the authorized capital (capital) of 50 percent or more, and by business entities, in the
authorized capital (capital) of which 50 percent or more belongs to a legal entity with a state
share of 50 percent or more - on projects with an equivalent value of more than 5 million US
dollars;
d) providing for the extraction and/or processing of strategic minerals, regardless of
funding sources.
The main criteria for evaluating investment projects during a comprehensive
examination are: the relevance of the investment project and its compliance with the industry
development strategy; the financial condition of the investor organization; technical,
technological, financial ability and feasibility of implementing an investment project in the
planned conditions for carrying out investment activities; the validity of investment costs for
an investment project and state participation in this project; scientific and technical level of
the attracted and (or) created technologies; the competitiveness of products (works, services)
and the prospects of sales markets, the effectiveness of the marketing strategy of the investor
organization; comparative indicators of the efficiency and sustainability of the investment
project.
3
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. "On measures to improve the procedure for the
examination of pre-project, project, tender documentation and contracts." No. 3550 02/20/2018.
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REFERENCES:
1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https://ru.wikipedia.org/
2. What is an investment project? https://finswin.com/projects/
3. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. "On measures to improve the
procedure for the examination of pre-project, project, tender documentation and
contracts." No. 3550 02/20/2018. https://lex.uz/docs/
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УДК 336.994
Бердин Александр Эдуардович
Старший преподаватель кафедры экономики
высокотехнологичных производств ГУАП,
Бердина Марина Юрьевна
Доцент кафедры международного предпринимательства ГУАП
(Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Berdin A.E.
Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation,
Senior Lecturer of the economy of high-tech industries department,
Berdina M. Yu.
Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation,
Associate professor of international business department,
candidate of economic sciences, docent
(Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Abstract. The article is devoted to the definition of the main factors affecting the
effective operation of special economic zones (SEZ). The priority advantages of the SEZ have
been determined, which should be paid attention to by state authorities in the development of
macroeconomic policy, incl. in relation to the creation of SEZs and attracting investors to them.
Recommendations are proposed regarding the main measures for the creation and effective
operation of the SEZ.
Keywords: special economic zones (SEZ), SEZ competition, strategic focus of SEZ,
regulatory framework and management of SEZ, value proposition of SEZ.
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Долгова Ирина
кандидат экономических наук, доцент,
Военно-технический институт
(Ташкент, Узбекистан)
Abstract. This article discusses the concept and composition of the «consumer
basket», the need for its development in the republic, as well as the experience of using the
consumer basket and the size of the subsistence minimum in a number of foreign countries.
Keywords: The standard of living of the population, the subsistence minimum, the
consumer basket, food, non-food products and services, the price level.
4
Ш.М. Мирзиёев «Послание Президента Республики Узбекистан ОлийМажлису», 24.01.2020,
http://www.press-service.uz.
5
Станишевская С.П., Губанов Д.А. К вопросу о российской потребительской корзине // Вестник ПГУ.
Серия: Экономика. – 2012. – №2.
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Закон РФ «О потребительской корзине в целом по Российской Федерации» от 2012 года.
7
Приказ Минтруда России от 28.08.2020 № 542.
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Постановление Правительства Московской области от 16 декабря 2020 года, N 972/41
9
Закон Республики Казахстан «О республиканском бюджете на 2020-2022 годы».
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для детей в возрасте от трех до шести лет – 232 рубля 93 копейки, и для детей в возрасте
от шести до восемнадцати лет прожиточный минимум составляет 283 рубля 65 копеек.10
Для наглядности и возможности проведения сравнительного анализа представим
выше приведенные статистические данные в табличной форме.
В таблице №1 указан прожиточный минимум в государствах СНГ, таких как
Российская Федерация, Республика Казахстан, Республика Беларусь и Республика
Узбекистан в долларовом эквиваленте США по официальному курсу валют этих стран на
сегодняшний день. В Республике Узбекистан, в связи с отсутствием такого понятия как
«потребительская корзина» и «прожиточный минимум» для сравнительного анализа
взят минимальный размер оплаты труда.
Как видно из таблицы и рисунка наибольшая величина «прожиточного
минимума» в долларовом эквиваленте имеет место для Российской Федерации и
Республики Беларусь, затем идут Республика Казахстан и Республика Узбекистан.
10
Постановление Министерства труда и социальной защиты Республики Беларусь от 22 января 2021
г. № 5
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Աղյուսակ 1
Կոռուպցիայի ընկալման ցուցանիշը 2012-2019թթ․
201 201 201 201
Երկիր 2019 2018 2017 2012
6 5 4 3
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Գնահատական
Դիրք
Դիրք
Դիրք
Նոր Զելանդիա 87 1 87 2 89 1 90 91 91 91 90
Վրաստան 56 44 58 41 56 46 57 52 52 49 52
10 10
Հայաստան 42 77 35 5 35 7 33 35 37 36 34
13 13 13
ՌԴ 28 7 28 8 29 5 29 29 27 28 28
Ավստրալիա 77 12 77 13 77 13 79 79 80 81 85
Ճապոնիա 73 20 73 18 73 20 72 75 76 74 74
ԱՄՆ 69 23 71 22 75 16 74 76 74 73 73
Ֆրանսիա 69 23 72 21 70 23 69 70 69 71 71
Իտալիա 53 51 52 53 50 54 47 44 43 43 42
Չինաստան 41 80 39 87 41 77 40 37 36 40 39
Թուրքիա 39 91 41 78 40 81 41 42 45 50 49
16 16 16
Իրաք 20 2 18 8 18 9 17 16 16 16 18
14 13 13
Իրան 26 6 28 8 30 0 29 27 27 25 28
10 10 11
Եգիպտոս 35 6 35 5 32 7 34 36 37 32 32
Հունաստան 48 60 45 67 48 59 44 46 43 40 36
Լիտվիա 60 35 59 38 59 38 59 59 58 57 54
Հոլանդիա 58 41 60 36 60 36 62 63 61 60 58
Լատվիա 56 44 58 41 58 40 57 56 55 53 49
Չեխիա 56 44 59 38 57 42 55 56 51 48 49
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“The literary and historical works of Munis and Ogahis, no matter how many
shortcomings they may have, are more perfect than the works that have reached us in terms
of the statement of historical events as well as the accuracy of the materials given in them.”
V. V. Bartald.
Annotation. This article is devoted to the issues of the socio-political life of the Khiva
Khanate, the historical works written by Muhammad Riza Ogahiy, one of the most prominent
representatives of Uzbek literature, Alisher Navoi, who was one of the writers of “most and
most khop poems” after Alisher Navoi. It is also revealed the role of Russian scientists who
studied the works of Ogahy and the information provided by them in covering the history of
the peoples of the region.
Keywords. Danilevsky, A.L. Kun, S.V. Zhukovsky, Nikiforov, “social life “ "Turkestansky
vedemosti". N.I. Veselovsky.
The Central Asian region is a region where a large number of great people have grown
up, and Uzbekistan, which is an integral part of it, also has a number of poets, historians and
scientists. In our country appoint ashno hearts to poetry should not be less, of course. Because
this land is the ground that has rocked the cradle of Navoi, Ogahy, Babur, Berdakh, Mukhimiy,
Jargat. The territory inhabited by the Uzbeks was considered the cradle of civilizations from
ancient times, and the inhabitants of this territory, thanks to their diligence, flourished the
country and accelerated the development of the country. In particular, the Land of Khorezm is
one of the most ancient developed and popular cities. The first information about Khorezm is
widely and in detail in the sources “Avesto”, which appeared in this region. Sources about the
history of Khorezm are also revealed through the works of many historian scientists who were
born and operated in this region. Born in Khorezm in 1809, the son of Muhammad Riza
Erniyazbi Ogahi wrote five historical works describing his native land from the history. Each of
these works is dedicated to Khiva Khans, the history of Khiva under their rule is revealed. It is
known from history that Agahiy lived and worked in a difficult time, where 8 Khan reigned. Of
course, many exchanges of Khans appoint internal shelters in the Khanate, the violation of the
rules of procedure. It was during this period that there was a tradition of writing in revenge for
every Khan who ascended the throne. Ogahi's works also begin with praise, na't and Khans in
accordance with the tradition of eastern historians. Then they begin to write directly the history
of the Khanate, talking about the birth of this or that Khan. In five of his historical works, such
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as “Riyaz ud-davla”, “Zubdat ut-tavorix”, “the Sultan of the Jome-ul event”, “Gulshani state”,
“Shahidi Iqbal”, ogahi also praises the work of Khon and the officials surrounding him. These
works were written in accordance with the interests of the Khan and palace officials. As a result
of this lit one aspect of the events in the works of the Ministry. In general, all historical works
of the historical period were written at their will, in accordance with the interests of palace
officials. For example, in the works of Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy “Zafarnomai Temuri”, Mirkhond
“Ravzat usSafa”, Khondamir “Habib us-siyar”, Hofiz Tanish Buhari “Abdullanoma” and a number
of others, the same thing is evident. On the other hand, historians could not serve in the palace
even if they did not use this method and could not write historical works either. The Khiva
Khanate is fully described in the works of agahiy. Also, the history of the Khorezm peoples was
studied by scientists, historians, Orientalists and other specialist scientists. Many foreign
scientists were also interested in the history of Khiva Khanate in the XIX century and wrote
works about the history of Khanate. Many of them used the works of Ogahiy and Munis in the
writing of their works. In the description of the history of Khiva, Russian scientists say that s.
V. Zhukovsky ("Snosheniya Rossii s Bucharest I xivoy za poslednee trexsotiletie, Petrograd,
1915.”), G. I. Danilevsky, Baziner wrote his works on the history of Khiva.According to professor
Ne'matov about these works: “In the study of diplomatic and trade relations between the Khiva
Khanate and Russia in the middle and early 30-ies of the 40-ies of the XIX century, articles and
references written on the occasion of the March and March of general-adyutant Perovsky to
the Khiva Khanate, documents captain Captain Nikiforov and podpolkovnik Danilevsky
missions, sources written by some it has great scientific significance in the study of their
relationship.” Also Ogahy describes Danilevsky's coming to Khiva as follows: “in 1258 (1842-
1843) year, it became known that the king of the urus region, Danilevsky, was a cavalry
ambassador who came to Khiva for the fortification of the oshnolig and yakzhih building.
Rahimkuli sent Muhammed Amin Centurion to urus country on Thursday, panjshab, on 11 of
the month of zulhijja, adding...”.
Another of the Russian scientists interested in the history of the Khiva Khanate is
N.I. Veselovsky is considered. His works were of great importance in the study of the history of
Khiva. For example, “ ocher istoriko-geograficheskix svedeniy O Xivanskom xanstve” was
written in 1877-th year. But he did not use the handwritten historical works of Agahi in writing
his works. About this eastshunos P. Ivanov writes so.: "N.I. Although it is known to veselevsky
that there are works of Khiva historians, his only perfect and complete work on the history of
Khiva Khanate was written without using the information given in the works of Munis and
Ogahi.
Russian singer A.L. Kun wrote several articles on the history of the Khiva Khanate,
especially in Central Asia. It should also be noted that the works of Agahi, which we have
mentioned, are 1-th time from the Russian Orientalists A.L. Day fell into the hands. These
handcrafts of Agahi were found by 1-th time Kun from the Khiva Khan Palace, which was
abandoned to the throne in 1873-th year. About these manuscripts initially give information in
the 40-th issue of the newspaper “Turkestanskie Vedemosti” in 1873-th year, as well as in the
complex of the Russian Geographical Society.
Ogahy was indeed a prominent scientist, poet and historian of his time. Ogahiy's works
are watered with high ideas of humanism and explain the suffering of the people. Today, by
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analyzing the works of Ogahi, we will restore the Khiva Khanate of the time when Ogahi lived.
At this time, we can get information about the social, economic, cultural and political life of the
Khanate, and also get acquainted with the Foreign Economic Relations of the Khanate. When
managing Khiva, he begins the right path, showing the Khans different paths. Justice calls on
the Khan to glorify and follow in their footsteps. The role of works created by Ogahi in the
spiritual perfection of youth is incomparable.
REFERENCES:
1. Munirav. "Historical works of Ogahy, Munis and Bayoni”
2. T. Ne`matov " the relationship between Russia and Khiva”.
3. ”Turkestansky bedemosti" 40-th issue.
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Annotation. This article provides information on the history of the arrival of the Jewish
population in Central Asia, their location by region and economic activity.
11
«Победа Советской власти в Средней Азии и Казахстане» Т, 1967. стр. 640.
12
Гафуров Б.Г.«Избраиный труды» М, «Наука» 1985, стр.462.
13
БартольдВ.В.«История культурной жизни Туркестана» Л, 1927. стр. 47-48.
33
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19
БартольдВ.В.«История культурной жизни Туркестана» Л, 1927. стр. 47-48.
20
Волков А.«Еврейи в арабском халифате» (Азия и Африка, 2000, №4).
21
Сухарева О.А. «Бухара в ХIХ – начале ХХ века » М. «Наука», 1966, стр 166.
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22
Гинзбург А.И. «Узбекистон : Этнополитическая панорама Бухарские (Средеазиатские) евреи» М.
1995, стр 83.
23.
Сухарева О.А. «Бухара в ХIХ – начале ХХ века » М. «Наука», 1966, стр 169-170.
24
Гафуров Б.Г. «О связах Средней Азии и Ирана в Ахменидский период (VI – IV в.в.до.н.э.)»
«Избраиный труды» М, «Наука» 1985, стр. 86.
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Ҳамидов Закиржан
доцент, АДУ
(Андижан, Узбекистан)
In the article, the author tries to analyze the qualities, manners and qualities of
Muhammad in the work of Imam al-Termizi "Shamoili Muhammadiyya".
Keywords: hadith (Hadith is an Arabic word, which literally means statement, talk,
story, conversation or communication.), shamail, narration, prayer, benefit, morality,
recitation, girya (lament).
20
“Халқ сўзи” газетаси, 2017 йил 13 февраль.
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21
Имом ат-Термизий. Шамоили Муҳаммадийя. – Т.: Меҳнат, 1991, 78-бет.
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(277-ҳадис) [7], эрта куни учун ҳеч бир нарсани заҳира қилиб олиб қўймас эканлар(278-
ҳадис) [8]. Унинг тановвул қиладиган таомлари ҳам содда ва камхарж, борига қаноат ва
барака тилаб, ўртада баҳам кўриш экан: “на анда такаллуф бор ва на анда йўқни
йўндириш бор” эди. Ҳозирда ким ўзарга тўйлар қилаётган, “ҳотамтой”лигини кўз-кўз
қилаётган ўзини мўмин мусулмонман деб ҳисоблайдиган юртдошларимиз
Пайғамбаримизнинг бу борадаги амаллари, тутмишларидан ибрат олсалар ҳаётимиз
янада тўкинлашармиди?!
Ҳайратки, сафар чоғида (агар хоҳиш бўлганда ҳар қандай сафардаги тўй базми
жамшид бўлиши мумкин эди- Ҳ.З.) Расулуллоҳ ҳазрат Сафийани ўз никоҳларига
олганларида тўйларини хурмодан ва талқондан қилиб берган экан (132-ҳадис) [9].
Саййиди оламнинг дунё маишатига ниҳоятда эҳтимомларининг кам бўлганлиги ва
тавозеъ ҳокисорликларининг бамисол эканлигини қуйидаги ҳадисдан ҳам билиш
мумкин: “Ҳазрат Анас Розиёллоҳу анҳу дебдурлар: Жаноби Расули акрам саллоллоҳу
алайҳи васалламға қозон тагида ё товоқ тагида қолган таом ниҳоятда марғуб эрди”(139-
ҳадис) [10]. 144-ҳадисда таомни БИСМИЛЛОни айтиб, ўнг қўл билан ўз олдидан ейиш
одоблари суннат эканлигига эътибор қаратилади [11]. Расули акрам таомда ниҳоятда
бетакаллуф бўлсалар ҳам совуқ ва ширин сувни кўп яхши кўрар эканлар.
Ҳазрат Оишанинг айтишларича, Пайғамбаримизнинг сўзлари... пайдар-пай ва тез
бўлмай, балки соф-соф, ҳар жумлалари бир-биридан алоҳида ва равшан бўлар,
мажлисларида бор одам сўзларини тушуниб, ёд ҳам қилиб олар эканлар (168-ҳадис) [12].
Ҳазрат Анас Розиёллоҳу анҳо дебдурлар: “...баъзи вақтларда уч бор бир сўзни такрор
қилур эрдилар. Яъни мазмуни мушкул бўлган сўзни халқ яхши тушунсин деб, уч марта
қайтариб айтар эрдилар(169-ҳадис) [13]. 170-ҳадисда айтилишича, “...доим охират ғамиға
машғул эрдилар. Ҳамиша уммат фикрида бўлур эрдилар… Ҳожати йўқ сўзларни қилмас
эрдилар. Ва сўзларини худо номи ила бошлаб, худо номи ила тамом қилур эрдилар. Ва
сўз қилсалар, бутун оғизлари ила қилур эрдилар... Сўзларин лафзлари оз, маънолари кўп
бўлур эрди. Сўзлари бир-биридан ажралган бўлур эрди. На анда ҳожатдан зиёда алфоз
ва на камчилик бўлур эрди. Ўзлари тез мижоз ва бошқани хор қиладурган зот эмас
эрдилар...Дунё ё дунёвий нарсалар учун ҳаргиз ғазаблари келмас эрди... Ўз жонлари учун
бир кишидан хафа ҳам бўлмас эрдилар... Ва қачон бир нарсадин таажжуб қилсалар,
кафтларининг орқасини кўрсатур эрдилар. Ва қачон сўз қилсалар, гоҳо-гоҳо кафтларини
қимирлатур эрдилар... Ва қачон хуш бўлсалар, ҳаёдан муборак кўзларини юмган каби
кўринур эрдилар ва қачон ғазаблари келса, юзларини ўгирур ва беилтифотлик кўрсатур
эрдилар ё афв этур эрдилар. Аксари, кулишлари беовоз, табассум эрди” [14]. 172-ҳадисда
мазкур фикр янада далиллашади: “... кулишларидан табассумлари зиёда эрди. Ёки ўзлари
нақадар ғамда бўлсалар ҳам, саҳобаларға табассум ила мулоқат этур эрдилар”.
Ҳазрати имом Ҳасан ибн Али Розиёллоҳу анҳумодан келтирилган ҳадисда,
жумладан, қуйидаги сифатлар баён қилинади: “... ўз мажлислариға ҳозир бўлғонлардин
ҳеч бир нарсани аямас эрдилар. Диний ва дунёвий манфаатларни алардин дариғ тутмас
эрдилар... Келгувчиларға дилбарлик қилиб, ўзлариға ром қилур эрдилар. Ва аларни
ўзларидан қочирмас эрдилар...халқни лутфу марҳаматларидан яхши мижоз ё яхши
хулқларидан маҳрум этмас эрдилар. Ва ёронларнинг аҳволидан бохабар қилур эрдилар.
Ва одамлар ораларида нима ҳоллар бор, одамлардан сўраб турар эрдилар... Тамоми
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ишлари муътадил бўлиб, ҳар бирига мухолиф бўлмас эрди. Ҳамиша сўзлари феъллариға
ва феъллари сўзлариға мувофиқ бўлур эрди. Ёронларнинг насиҳат ва иршодларидан
бепарво бўлмас эрдилар... Ҳар бир ҳолат учун етарли тайёргарликлари бўлур
эрди...Суҳбатларига яқин бўлгувчилар саҳобаларнинг ниҳоятда мумтоз ҳазратлари
бўлур эрдилар. Жаноб қошларинда аларнинг афзалликлари омма, халқ учун зиёда
хайрихоҳлари бўлур эрдилар... Ҳамма қошларида ҳақда баробар эрди. Мажлислари
ҳамиша ҳилм, ҳаё, имонат ва сабр мажлиси бўлур эрди. Мажлисларда овозлар баланд
кўтарилмас эрди. Ва ҳурматлар поймол этилмас эрди. Ва анда бўлиб ўтган хатолар
ташқариға тарқатилмас эрди”(262-ҳадис) [16].
Имом ат-Термизий Ҳазрати имом Ҳусайн Розиёллоҳу анҳудан ривоят қилишича:
“...Жаноби Расули Акрам саллоллоху алайҳи васаллам ҳамиша чехралари кулиб турган
хушмижоз бир зот эрдилар. На қаттиқ сўзлик, на тошдиллик, на ҳаёсизлик, на айблагувчи,
на манман, на адоватлик бир зот эрдилар... Уч нарсадан ўзларини алоҳида қилиб олган
эрдилар. Биринчиси, ношаръий жанжалдан. Иккинчиси, ўзларини улуғлашдан ёки сўзни
кўп қилишдан. Учинчиси, бекор сўз, бекор ишдан. Ва уч нарсадан хулқини ҳам алоҳида
қилиб қўйган эрдилар. Биринчи, юзига ёмонламас эрдилар. Иккинчи, ҳеч кимни
орқасидан ҳам айбламас эрдилар. Учинчи, ҳеч кимнинг айбини топмак учун тажассуз
(жосуслик) этмас эрдилар” (275-ҳадис).
Хуллас, Жаноби Пайғамбаримизнинг уммондан томчи сифатида баён қилинган
ахлоқий сифатлари унинг буюк фазилатлар соҳибилигидан далолатдир. Унинг шамоили
барчамиз учун абадул-абад дастуриламал, айни пайтда кундалик ҳаёт тарзимизнинг
ажралмас фазилати бўлмоғи жоиздир.
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Ҳамидов Закиржан
доцент, АДУ
(Андижан, Узбекистан)
The article discusses the socio-political views of the great scholar Yusuf Khas Hajib,
who made an invaluable contribution to the spiritual heritage of mankind.
Keywords: Karakhanid state, socio-political life, social class structure, class, social
stratum, righteous king, virtue, just society.
Юсуф Хос Ҳожиб умумбашарият маънавий меросига бебаҳо ҳисса қўшган, ўрта
асрлар туркий халқлари фалсафий тафаккури тарихи ривожида муҳим рол ўйнаган
йирик мутафаккирдир. У ўз даврининг етук файласуфи, атоқли адиби, нуфузли давлат
арбоби, фан ва маданият ҳомийси, баркамол шахсидир.
Юсуф Хос Ҳожибнинг ҳаёти ва ижоди ҳақида маълумот берувчи бирор тарихий
манба ҳанузгача топилмаган. Муаллифнинг ўзи асарида берган хабарига кўра, исми
Юсуф, Баласоғун (Қуз ўрда) (ҳозирги Қирғизистон Республикасининг Тўқмоқ шаҳри
яқинида) таҳминан 1016-1019 йилларда туғилган. Китоб ҳижрий 462 йилда (мелодий 1069
йилда) - 18 ойда ёзиб тугалланган (Кошғар-Ўрдукентда) ва Кошғар ҳокимига туҳфа
этилган. Хон уни тақдирлаб хос ҳожиблик лавозимини берган. Адиб бу пайтда 50 ёшлар
чамасида бўлган.
Мутафаккир бизгача етиб келган яккаю ягона асари “Қутадғу билиг” (“Саодатга
йўлловчи билим”) билан машҳур, битик эса ҳозиргача биз билган туркий фалсафий -
бадиий адабиётнинг энг кўҳна намунаси сифатида эъзозлидир.
Атоқли рус шарқшунос олими, академик А.Н. Кононов мазкур асарга юксак баҳо
бериб: “Бу – жамиятдаги инсон ҳаётининг мазмуни ва аҳамиятини таҳлил қилиб берувчи
фалсафий асардир”22, деб ёзган эди.
Юсуф Хос Ҳожиб ўз ижтимоий – сиёсий қарашларида етук аллома, доно сиёсатчи,
моҳир тарбиячи, эл-юрт фидойиси сифатида намоён бўлади. Унинг бу соҳадаги фикр-
мулоҳазалари кенг қамровли ва чуқур, юксак амалий ҳаёт тажрибасига эга бўлган, теран
мушоҳадали арбобнинг кўрган-кечирганлари, ўй-хаёллари, эзгу орзу-истаклари - ўша
давр ҳаётининг инъикоси. У ўзи яшаётган ва гувоҳи бўлган Қорахонийлар давлати(XI
аср)нинг ижтимоий- сиёсий ҳаётини, социал - синфий тузилишини таҳлил қилади. Турли
22
Кононов А.Н. Поэма Ю.Баласагунского “Благодатное знание” \\ Юсуф Баласагунский.
Благодатное знание. М., “Наука”, 1983, С. 507
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Юсуф Хос Ҳожибнинг одил подшо, одил жамият ғояси Форобийнинг қарашлари
билан ҳамоҳанг. У Форобий сингари ҳокимнинг маънавияти, ахлоқий сифатларида
қонунларни амалга оширишнинг кафолатини ва адолатнинг тантанасини кўради.23
Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президенти Шавкат Мирзиёев 2017 йил 7 январда
Прокуратура органлари ходимлари билан учрашувда адолат, адолатлилик масалалари
бизнинг кунларда ҳам ўта долзарб вазифалардан бўлиб қолаётганлигини алоҳида
таъкидлаб, одамлар ҳамма нарсага чидаши мумкин, адолатсизликка чидай олмайди.
Жамиятда адолат барқарор бўлишида прокуратура органларининг ўрни катта бўлмоғи
керак, деб уқтиргани бежиз эмас.24 [1]
Юсуф Хос Ҳожиб асарида худо ва инсон бирлигига алоҳида эътибор қаратади.
Унингча, худо инсонни мукаррам зот килиб яратган. У- худонинг ердаги ҳалифаси. Инсон
ўзининг барча табиий ва ижтимоий эҳтиёж ва истакларини қондиришда эркин. У
ҳаётининг мазмун-моҳиятини ўз хоҳиш ва имкониятлари, қизиқиш ва мақсадлари
доираси ва даражасида ўзи белгилайди. У Оллоҳ, йўлида, унинг марҳамати йўлида
яшайди, меҳнат килади, уни қалбига жо килиб, унга муттасил интилади. Инсон худога
фаол ҳаётдан узлатга чекиниш, заминий ҳаётий муаммолардан юз ўгириш ҳисобига
яқинлашмайди. Аксинча, асл ҳаёт мазмуни ўзини кўзлаб тоат-ибодат қилишда, ўзини
гуноҳлардан сақлашда, фориғлантиришда эмас, балки халқ манфаатларини ўйлашида,
эл дарди, ғам - ташвишларини енгиллаштиришга ўзини бағишлашида: ”Билимсизнинг
тоат ибодатидан кўра, ухловчи билимлининг манфаати юқоридир... Худо сенинг тоат–
ибодатингга муҳтож эмас, ўз бандалигингни қил, эзгу ном иста. Мусулмонлар ишини эт,
мунгига яра. Худо руҳингга жаннат тўридан жой беради. Тоат–ибодат қиламан деб
ўзингни одамлардан четлатма, одамлар орасида одамлардан ажралиб яшама. Агар
халқнинг барчаси тоат- ибодат билангина шуғулланса, олам бузилади, барча ер бўшаб
қолади. Одам боласи зурриёдини барбод беради”.
Зоҳид вазирга панд бериб дейди: сенинг давлат ишида бўлишинг эл учун
осойишталик ва фароғатдир. Сен бу ишдан воз кечсанг, ўрнингга ярамас келса, халқни
кақшатса, худо бунинг ҳисобини сендан сўрайди. Бу барчаси сенга худонинг фазли, сенга
барча эзгуликларни ато этди, юзингни ёруғ килди; шунга лойиқ бўлиш керак.
Мутафаккир инсон муаммолари, инсонийлик масалаларини муҳокама қилар
экан, ҳаёт мазмунини инсоннинг ўлими ва мангулиги билан боғлиқ ҳолда таҳлил қилади,
назарий умумлашмалар чиқаришга ҳаракат қилади. Унинг уқтиришича, айрим олинган
одам ҳаёти қисқа, чекли ва табиийки, у – ўлимга маҳкум; ўлим учун ёшу қари, шоҳу гадо,
соғу касал, доною жоҳил, пайғамбару оддий мусулмон бари бир, суриштирмайди, олиб
кетади. Ўлим – ҳақ. Умуман ҳаёт эса - чексиз, чегарасиз, мангу. Инсоннинг шу чекли
ҳаётдаги мақсади ўз номини абадийлаштиришдир. Бу эса унинг эзгу фазилатлари,
амаллари орқали рўёбга чиқади: кимнинг номи мангу бўлса, унинг ўзи мангудир.
23
Қаранг: Абу Наср Форобий. Фозил одамлар шаҳри. Тошк: Халқ мероси, 1993, 159-161-бетлар.
24
Ш. Мирзиёев. Қонун устуворлиги – инсон манфаатларини таъминлашнинг муҳим омилидир. –
“Халқ сўзи” газ-си, 2017 йил 10 январь.
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Abstract. This article is based on the analysis of rare documents that have long been
classified as "top secret" in the archives of the Russian Federation and have not yet been put
into scientific circulation. In it, the author describes the fate of migrants who crossed from
Eastern Bukhara to Afghanistan in the early years of Soviet rule, the reasons for emigration,
the past of migrants in Afghanistan and their future.
Index Terms: Bukhara emirate, the red army, Soviet power, emigrants, Uzbek tribes,
laborer, hired labor, oppression, lawlessness, asylum, refugees, Sharia, way of life, deprivation,
exile.
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Другой причиной эмиграции можно считать также то, что население, жившее на
протяжении веков по законам шариата, не приняло новых советских законов и нового
уклада жизни, а советская власть начала проводить активную политику по разрушению
традиционного уклада жизни.
Вначале большинство населения смотрело на новые порядки как на преходящие
события в надежде, что очень скоро всё это закончится и эмир вновь придёт к власти.
Хотя народ и жил в постоянном угнетении, бесправии под гнётом власти эмира, с его
точки зрения прежняя власть была более приемлема, нежели новая и незнакомая, во
многих отношениях чуждая советская власть. Бывший эмир Саид Алимхан в это время
нашел убежище в Афганистане. Кровавые столкновения, начавшиеся между Красной
армией и сторонниками эмира, полностью разорили народ, ибо он снабжал провизией и
едой как сторонников эмира, так и солдат Красной армии. Все вышеприведенные
обстоятельства и стали причиной массовой эмиграции народа в Афганистан.
Опираясь на архивные материалы, мы рассмотрим эти события на примере
населения приграничных с Афганистаном районов Таджикистана.
Массовое переселение населения в Афганистан приходится на 1922-1924 годы. За
этот период с территории современного Таджикистана в Афганистан бежало около 200
тысяч человек, это составляло 40 тысяч хозяйств. Что касается социального состава
беженцев, то 70 % из них были дехкане, остальные 30 % – представители духовенства,
чиновничества и зажиточной части населения. Приведённые цифровые данные
свидетельствуют о том, что относительное большинство беженцев, 2/3 их части,
составляли обычные труженики – дехкане, которые не поняли и не приняли политику
советского государства, что, фактически, означает дискредитацию советского правления.
Основная часть беженцев беспорядочно расселилась в Северном Афганистане,
что свидетельствует о притоке огромной массы рабочей силы в города и кишлаки.
Соответственно, увеличение дешевой рабочей силы в приграничных районах вызвало
нарушение привычного образа жизни и уклада коренного населения и усилило его
недовольство. Бывший эмир Саид Алимхан, не потерявший надежду на реставрацию
своей власти, пополнял ряды своего войска за счёт беженцев. Может быть поэтому он не
хотел возвращения беженцев на Родину. Учитывая это правительство Афганистана,
возглавляемое Амануллаханом, предприняло меры по переселению беженцев вглубь
страны.
В те годы никто не проводил регистрацию и точный учёт беженцев, поэтому в
официальных документах присутствует много предположений. В середине 20-х годов ХХ
века определенная часть беженцев вернулась на родину. К концу 20-х годов,
количественный и этнический состав беженцев из Кулябского вилоята, живших в
Афганистане, выглядел так:
Лакайи Балджувана − около 250 хозяйств; Карлуки − 70 хозяйств; Лакайи Гиссара
− 600 хозяйств; Таджики, узбеки, представители племени катаган и др. − 400 хозяйств.
Экономически состоятельная часть беженцев смогла приобрести в Афганистане
землю, скот и начать вести своё самостоятельное хозяйство. Несостоятельная же часть,
вынуждена была арендовать земли у своих же состоятельных земляков-беженцев или у
местных богатых афганцев на условиях 1/10 части урожая. Беженцы, не имевшие землю
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Предводителем всех беженцев из Бухары был сын известного Тагай Бека, его
настоящее имя нигде не упоминается, известно лишь, что беженцы называли его
Бекжан*. Амлякдар из Файзабада Мирза Садриддин, перебежавший в Афганистан в 1924
году, считался помощником (секретарём) Бекжана. С помощью избранных
представителей различных родов, Бекжан имел возможность контролировать жизнь
бухарских беженцев и постоянно информировать правительство Афганистана о
положении дел. Все вопросы, связанные с внутренними проблемами самих беженцев,
решались им единолично. Впоследствии правительство Афганистана ввело для беженцев
специальные налоги и платежи. В частности, каждая семья платила налог в размере 8
рупий, хозяйства, имеющие свои земли платили налог в размере 1/10 части урожая. С
каждого осла налог составлял 1 крон (пол рупии), с одной коровы 1 крон, с лошади (коня)
1 рупий, с одного верблюда 2 рупия, со 100 голов овец 25 рупий.
В конце 20-х годов советское правительство вынуждено было предпринимать
меры по возвращению беженцев на родину, пообещав им целый ряд привилегий.
Впоследствии, после отделения Таджикистана от Узбекистана и присоединения
последнего к Советскому Союзу в качестве самостоятельной республики, этот вопрос
стал самым актуальным в повестке дня. Ибо перед правительством Таджикистана были
поставлены очень большие задачи по ускорению развития хлопководства, усилению
темпов индустриализации с учётом использования природных ресурсов, развитию
перерабатывающей промышленности в сфере сельского хозяйства. К 1932 году было
запланировано увеличить посевные площади под хлопчатник до 250 тыс. га. Все эти
планы требовали большого количество рабочей силы, и массовое возвращение беженцев
на Родину должно было служить интересам и повышению авторитета Советского
правительства перед народами Афганистана и всего Востока.
Учитывая вышеприведённые обстоятельства, Советское правительство объявило
о следующих привилегиях беженцам, вернувшимся на родину:
- всем беженцам, возвратившимся до октября 1927 года, либо изъявившим
желание вернуться, были сохранены все политические и собственнические права
гражданина Советов;
- всем вернувшимся беженцам возвращались их собственные прежние земли и
имущество, если таковое было невозможно, беженцам безвозмездно предоставлялась
земля и имущество в той местности, где он желал;
- беженцам, не имеющим рабочий скот, орудия труда и продукты питания,
государство предоставляло на длительный срок кредит;
- освободить от сельскохозяйственных налогов всех беженцев, вернувшихся на
родину в период с 15 марта 1925 года по ноябрь 1927 года и др. В свою очередь
правительство Афганистана всячески препятствовало возвращению на Родину беженцев.
В частности, был издан приказ о конфискации всего имущества и даже расстрела лиц,
пытавшихся перейти границу, чтобы вернуться на Родину. Выше было сказано о том, что
были предприняты меры по переселению беженцев вглубь страны.
Определенной части беженцев были поставлены ограничения и со стороны
Советского правительства. Визы для возвращения предоставлялись только
представителям трудового населения, категорически запрещался въезд представителям
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духовенства, богачам и чиновникам. И тем не менее, с марта 1925 года до марта 1927 года
вернулось 881 хозяйство, с марта 1927 года до января 1928 года – 92 хозяйства, до
сентября 1928 года ещё 61 хозяйство, всего 1035 семей вновь обрели свою родину. 70%
вернувшихся составили узбеки (лакайи Балджувана и Гиссара), 25 % таджики,
оставшуюся часть – киргизы и кочевые узбеки. До июня 1929 года 15 тысяч семей
беженцев вернулись к себе на Родину.
У нас нет точной информации об оставшейся части беженцев. Но вернувшихся
обратно на Родину беженцев не обошли стороной репрессивная политика 30-х годов, а
также процессы раскулачивания и коллективизации сельского хозяйства. Эта часть
беженцев прошла через лишения, ссылки, голод и болезни. Узнав об этом, беженцы в
Афганистане добровольно продолжали оставаться в статусе беженцев и навсегда
лишились своей Родины.
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SECTION: PHILOSOPHY
Ўзини пайғамбар деб эьлон қилган шахслар ҳақида гапирилар экан, уларнинг
биринчиси ва энг таниқлиси Мусайлама каззоб ҳисобланади.
Мусайлама (арабча: )مسيلمةёки Маслама ибн Ҳабиб ( )مسلمة بن حبيبVII асрда ҳали
Пайғамбар Муҳаммад тириклик чоғидаёқ биринчилардан бўлиб ўзини пайғамбар деб
эьлон қилган мутанаббий. У мусулмон уммати томонидан “сохта пайғамбар” деб
қаралади ва ҳар доим унинг номига “ёлғончи( ”)الكذّابсўзи қўшиб айтилади.25
Мусайлиманинг исми Масламаҳ ибн Ҳабиб эди, уни мусулмонлар Мусайлимага,
яъни [араб тилидаги кичрайтириш қолипига туширилиб] кичик Масламани англатади.
Мусулмонларга қарши курашгани учун кейинги давр диний адабиётида уни камситиш
мақсадида Мусайлама деб аталган.26 Буни Арабистоннинг энг катта қабилаларидан бири
бўлган Нажд вилоятида яшаган Бану Ҳаниф қабиласидан Ҳабибнинг ўғли эканлигини
кўрсатиб берaди. Бану Ҳаниф, Бану Бакрнинг насронийлик бўлими бўлиб, исломдан
олдин мустақил равишда мавжуд бўлган.
Мусайламанинг исми ҳақида ҳам тарихчилар турли хил маьлумотлар
келтиришади. Мусайлима ибн Ҳумама ёки Мусайлима ибн Ҳабиб, Пайғамбар Муҳаммад
Араб яриморолидаги фаолияти давомида Ямама шаҳрида пайдо бўлган “ёлғончи
пайғамбар” эди.27 Илк тарихчи Ҳишом ибн Муҳаммад ибн Саъиб ал-Каибий (146 ҳижрий
/ 763 милодий), Мусайлиманинг шажаравий занжирини қуйидагича ёзган: Мусайлима
ал-каззоб ибн Ҳумама ибн Кабл ибн Ҳабиб ибн ал-Ҳарис ибн Абд ал-Ҳарис.28 Ибн Ҳазм
25
Сафи Абдурраҳман Муборакфурий. Ал-мисбаҳ ал-мунир фи таҳзиб тафсир ибн Касир. –Рийод:
Доруссалам, 2000. Ж.1, -Б.68.
26
Зуҳриддин Ҳусниддинов. Ислом Энциклопедияси. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон миллий
энтциклопедияси, 2004. –Б.203.
27
M.J. Kister. The struggle against Musaylima and the concquest of Yamama. See the different versions of
his name in Mughaltay b. Qilij's al-Zahr al-basim it srrat abfl-qasim, MS. Leiden Or. 370, fol. 335a.
Musaylima b. Thumama is recorded in Suhayll's al-Rau4u l-unul; Ibn Isl,Iaq has his name as Musaylima b.
l;IabIb. This name appears also in the compilations of al- TabarI, Abu 'Ubayda, Ibn Durayd and others. See
both the traditions in Salama b. Muslim al-'AutabI al-~ul,IarI, al-Ansab, vol. 1, p. 157; cf. al-MaqrIzI, Imta'u
l-asma', Mal,Imud Mul,Iammad ShakIr, ed. Cairo, 1941, vol. 1, p. 506.
28
Абу ал-Мунзир Ҳишом ибн Муҳаммад ас-Саиб ал-Калбий. Жамҳарат ан-насаб. –Байрут: Алам ал-
кутуб, 1986. Ж.1, - Б. 543.
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унинг наслини Мусайлима ибн Ҳумама ибн Касир ибн Ҳабиб ва унинг кунясини Абу
Ҳумама деб ёзиб қўйган.29
Кейинги манбалар Мусайлиманинг номи билан боғлиқ ҳар хил тафсилотларни
ёзганлар. Унинг лақаби Мусайлима ва унинг куняси Абу Ҳумама ва унинг исми Ҳорун
эди.30 Унинг исми ал-Хафажи томонидан ҳам қайд этилган.31 Аҳмад ибн Муҳаммад ал-
Қуртубий ўзининг “Ат-таьриф фин-насаб” асарида унинг исмини ал-Маҳабба деб
келтириб ўтади.32
Мусайлама ҳақидаги дастлабки қайдлар 9-ҳижрий йил яъни “Делегациялар
йилида”, ўз қабиласи билан Мадинага борганидан бошланади. Делегацияда яна 2 та
бошқа машҳур қабилалар ҳам бор эди. Кейинчалик улар Мусайлимага ҳокимият
тепасига келишига ёрдам беришди ва унинг қабиласини йўқ қилишдан қутқаришди. Бу
кишилар Нахр Ражжол ибн Унфува (ёки Раҳал) ва Мужара ибн Марара эди. Делегация
Мадина шаҳрида Бану Нажжор қабиласидан бўлган Ансорнинг аёллари бўлган
Ҳориснинг қизиникида бўлди. Делегация Мадинага этиб келганида, туяларни
саёҳатчилар лагерига боғлашди. Мусайлима бошқа делегатлар кириб келганида туяларга
қараш учун қолган эди. Улар Пайғамбар Муҳаммад билан суҳбатлашдилар. Ташрифдан
олдин делегация исломни қабул қилади ва насронийликни тарк этди. Унинг одатига кўра,
пайғамбар Муҳаммад делегатларга ҳадялар бериб, уларнинг совғаларини олганларидан
сўнг улардан бири: “Биз уловларимизга қараш учун қароргоҳдаги бир дўстимизни
қолдирдик”, - деди. Пайғамбар Муҳаммад унга ҳам ҳадялар беради. Улар Бану Ҳаниф
қабиласини исломга қайтаришди. Ямамада масжид қуриб, мунтазам ибодат
қилишди. Шундай қилиб, Мусайлима нутқига дуч келган Ямам қавми ҳам пайғамбар
Муҳаммаднинг таълимоти билан танишиб, Қуръонни ўрганиш имкониятига эга бўлди.
Мусайлама Бану Ҳанифага фақат Аллоҳ томонидан юборилганлигини ва
Пайғамбар Муҳаммад (сав) буни ҳолатни қабул қилишини маълум қилади. У пайғамбар
Муҳаммад (сав)ни Макка ва Мадина пайғамбари бўлишга ва Ямома пайғамбари билан
бирга бўлишига чақиради. Ярим оролни бир-бирлари билан бирга яшаган ва ўз
халқларини Аллоҳ йўлида ҳидоят қилган икки пайғамбар ўртасида бўлишишни назарда
тутади. Иккала ҳудуд ҳам Худонинг ерлари деб ҳисобланиши керак эди. Уларнинг
даромади иккала пайғамбар ўртасида тенг тақсимланиши керак эди33.
29
Ibn Hazm, Jamharat ansabi l-'arab, p. 310. Ibn al AthIr, al-MuraHa', p. 113: "Abu Thumama was the kunya
of Musaylima the liar, who claimed that he was granted prophethood. Abu Thumama is the kunya of the
wolf; it is the kunya of the hoopoe (hudhud) as well."
30
Ҳусайн ибн Муҳаммад Диёрбакр. Тариҳ ҳамис. –Миср: Байрут, 1390 ҳижрий. Ж.2, -Б.157.
31
Шаҳобиддин ал-Хафажи. Насиму ли-рияд фи шарҳи шифаи ли-қадаияҳ. –Миср: Байрут, 1327
ҳижрий, Ж.2, -Б.486.
32
AI-Mubarrad, al-Kiimil , vol. 3, p. 26: wa-qola 'Umaratu bnu 'Aqilin: bal ayyuhii l-rokibu: l-madi li-tiyyatihi:
balligь hanifata wa-nshur fihimu l-khabarii a-kana maslamatu l-kadhdhabu qola lakum: Ian tudrikii I-
majda hatta tugьribii mudara.
33
M.J.Kister. The struggle against Musaylima and the concquest of Yamama. p.3.
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Мусайлима ҳам Арабистонни Муҳаммад билан бирга бўлишни таклиф қилди. 10-
ҳижрий йилнинг охирида Муҳаммадга мактуб ёзади34. Мактубда қуйидагилар айтилган
эди:
“Аллоҳнинг Расули Мусайлимадан Аллоҳнинг Расули Муҳаммадга.
Аммо баъд: Мен бу ишда сенга шерик бўлдим. Бу ишнинг ярми бизгадир. Унинг ярми
Қурайшгадир. Қурайш адолат қиладиган қавм эмаслар”. Шунда пайғамбар Муҳаммад
унга қуйидаги жавобни ёзади: “Бисмиллаҳир роҳманир роҳийм. Аллоҳнинг Расули
Муҳаммаддан Мусайлимага. Ҳидоятга эргашганларга саломлар бўлсин. Аммо баъд:
Албатта ер Аллоҳнинг мулкидир. Уни Ўз бандаларидан кимга хоҳласа, ўшанга мерос
қилур. Оқибат тақводорларникидир”35.
Маълумотларга кўра, Ямома аҳолиси Мусайлимага алдандилар, чунки у
(олдиндан) сиркада ва парранда қаноти билан боғлиқ кўзбўямачилик ҳамда хурофотлар
кўрсатди. То Абу Бакр Сиддиқ халифаликка тайинланган йили Холид ибн Валид
Мусайламани ўлдиргунича, Бани Ҳанифа (қабиласи) Ямомада унга бўйсундилар36.
Халқни ўзига илоҳий инъом келганига ишонтиришга ҳаракат қилади. Мусайлама
Аллоҳдан бўлган ваҳийларни баён қиладиган оят-аломатларни келтирганини даъво
қилиб, пайғамбар Муҳаммадга шерик бўлганини оммага эълон қилади. Кейинчалик
ўзини хатто “Раҳмон” деб атайди. Шундан сўнг, баъзи одамлар уни пайғамбар Муҳаммад
билан бирга пайғамбар сифатида қабул қилишади. Мусайлиманинг таъсири ва қуввати
аста-секин ўз қабиласи одамлари билан кучаяди. Шунингдек, у пайғамбар Муҳаммад
каби элчилик йиғилишларида муҳокама қилиб, Қуръон оятларига ўхшатмоқчи бўлиб
“оятлар” яратиб, уларни таклиф қиларди.
Манбаларда, унинг Қуръон оятларига ўхшаш “оятлар” келтиргани айтилади.
Унинг кўпгина “оятлари”да Қурайш қабиласидан Бани Ҳанифа қабиласи устунлиги
таъкидланган. У ўзнинг “Қуръон”ида сиёсий позицияларини ёритган. Баьзи бир
ўринларда Қуръонга тақлид қиламан деб шарманда бўлган жойлари ҳам бор. Фил сураси
нозил бўлганида ёлғончи Мусайлама “менга ҳам шундай нарса тушди: Ал-фил, мал-фил,
ва маа адрокама фил, лаҳу ҳуртумум товилун…” деб кўрди. Одиёт сураси нозил бўлганда
эса, ўзича: “Вал-аажинати ажнаа, вал-ҳобизаати ҳобзаа, вал-лаақимати лақмаа” деб
уруниб кўргани маълум37.
Унинг таълимоти деярли йўқолиб кетган, аммо уларнинг бир қисми Дабестан-э
Мозайбда мавжуд. У чўчқалар ва шаробни тақиқлаб, Аллоҳга уч кун намоз ўқирди, ҳар
томонга қараб ўқийверган, кечалари Рамазон рўзасини тутган ва унинг суннати деярли
йўқ эди38.
Мусайламага қарши олиб борилган уруш ҳақида тўхталинса, Холид унинг
лашкари билан тўқнашди. Икки томон қаттиқ жанг қилади. Дастлаб мусулмонларнинг
иши юришмайди. Муртадлар Холиднинг чодиригача етиб келадилар ва унинг хотинини
34
The History of Al Tabari By Ṭabarī, Ismail K. Poonawala, pg. 107.
35
Шайх Муҳаммад Содиқ Муҳаммад Юсуф. Ислом тарихи. –Тошкент: Ҳилол-нашр, 2017. Ж.1, -Б.393.
36
Абу Райхон Беруний. Қадимги халқлардан қолган ёдгорликлар. –Тошкент: Фан, 1968. Ж.1, -Б.235.
37
Зиёвуддин Раҳим. Қурьон қалблар шифоси. –Самарқанр: Имом Бухорий халқаро маркази, 2017. –
Б.8; The translation is by R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge1956, p.183.
38
The Dabistán, Or School Of Manners. Translated from the original persian by David Shea. –London. 1843.
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39
Шайх Муҳаммад Содиқ Муҳаммад Юсуф. Ҳадис ва ҳаёт. –Тошкент: Ҳилол-нашр, 2016. Ж.21, -Б.155.
40
Al-Ya'qubt, Ta'rikh , vol. 2, p. 120. It is likely that the letter was written in 9 A. H., according to the report
by the early scholar 'Abd Allah b. AbI Zayd al-Qayrawanl. See his ai-Jami': p. 295.
41
Абу Райхон Беруний. Қадимги халқлардан қолган ёдгорликлар. –Тошкент: Фан, 1968. Ж.1, -Б.237.
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кадрларини, янги сармоядорлар синфини тайёрлаш ўта муҳим аҳамиятга эга. Бунинг
учун Ўзбекистонни технологик ривожлантириш ва ички бозорни модернизация қилиш
бўйича кучли миллий ғоя, миллий дастур керак. Ушбу дастур Ўзбекистонни жаҳондаги
тараққий топган мамлакатлар қаторига тезроқ олиб чиқишга имкон яратиши лозим” [6].
Мустақилликнинг дастлабки йилларида миллий истиқлол ғоясининг ишлаб
чиқилиши Ўзбекистонда мустақилликни асраш, мамлакат хавфсизлигини сақлаш,
мафкуравий таҳдидларга қарши курашда халқни бирлаштиришга хизмат қилди [7]. Бугун
халқ интилаётган миллий тараққиётнинг янги босқичига хос асосий хусусиятлар, мақсад
ва вазифалар Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президенти Шавкат Миромонович Мирзиёев
бошчилигида ишлаб чиқилган ва изчил амалга оширилаётган Ҳаракатлар стратегияси ва
бошқа муҳим ижтимоий-иқтисодий, сиёсий ҳужжатларда аниқ белгилаб берилди.
Уларда жаҳондаги, Марказий Осиё минтақасидаги вазият, ривожланиш тенденциялари,
истиқболдаги тараққиёт йўллари чуқур таҳлил этилган.
Президент Шавкат Мирзиёев Ўзбекистон Республикаси давлат мустақиллигининг
йигирма етти йиллигига бағишланган тантанали маросимдаги нутқида таъкидлаганидек:
“Истиқлол йилларида эришган ютуқларимизга таяниб, миллий тикланишдан – миллий
юксалиш сари дадил қадам қўймоқдамиз. Мамлакатимиз тараққиётини янада юксак
босқичга кўтариш мақсадида Ҳаракатлар стратегиясини қабул қилдик. Бу ноёб ҳужжатда
белгиланган улуғвор вазифаларни рўёбга чиқаришга қатъий киришганимиз биз учун янги
уфқ ва имкониятлар очиб бермоқда” [8].
Ўзбеқистон тараққиётининг бугунги янги босқичида кўп миллатли халқнинг ягона
миллий ғояси дунё ижобий тажрибасининг нафақат маънавий-маърифий, тарбиявий-
ахлоқий жиҳатларини, балки ижтимоий-сиёсий ва иқтисодий соҳалардаги, жумладан
шахснинг интеллектуал салоҳиятини ошириш ва инсон капиталини ривожлантириш
билан боғлиқ муҳим ютуқларини ҳам ўзида мужассам этади.
Ўзбекистонда айни шу асосда инсон ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини таъминлаш,
жамият ҳаётининг барча соҳаларини янада либераллаштириш борасида кенг кўламли
ислоҳотлар амалга оширилмоқда. Халқ давлат ҳокимиятининг бирдан-бир манбаи экани
ҳақидаги Конституциявий тамойил асосида халқ билан мулоқот давлат сиёсати
даражасига кўтарилди. Ўзбекистон тараққиётининг янги босқичида амалга
оширилаётган кенг қамровли ислоҳотлар ва янгиланишлар жараёнида миллий ғояни
ривожлантириш кун тартибидаги долзарб вазифалардан бирига айланмоқда.
Дунёда кечаётган глобаллашув жараёнларининг салбий оқибатлари, янги
мафкуравий хавф ва таҳдидлар кўламининг кенгайиб бораётгани, пандемия ва техноген
офатлар мазкур масаланинг аҳамиятини янада оширмоқда. Бу жараёнда қуйидагиларга
алоҳида аҳамият бериш талаб этилмоқда:
биринчидан, мамлакатни бугунги тез тараққий этиб бораётган дунёга мос
равишда ривожлантириш, жамият аъзоларини миллий юксалиш йўлида янада
бирлаштириш ва сафарбар этиш масаласига алоҳида эътибор қаратиш;
иккинчидан, мамлакат тинчлиги, халқнинг асрлар давомида шаклланган
маънавий қадриятларига асосланган ҳаёт тарзини барбод қилишга йўналтирилган
ғоявий-мафкуравий тахдидларга қарши курашда синовдан ўтган миллий ва жаҳон
тажрибасининг самарали усулларидан кенг фойдаланиш;
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FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1. Krutetskiy V. A. Pedagogik psixologiya asoslari. T.: 1979.
2. Goziev E. Psixologiya. T.: 1994.
3. M. Xolnazarova. Yosh va pedagogik psixologiyadan praktikum. T. 1991.
4. Kazakov V. G. Psixologiya. M. 1989.
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Jurayev B.
PhD, Karshi State university
Docent of the department psychology
(Karshi, Uzbekistan)
the necessity to legal knowledge in all levels of person’s maturity serves to carry out person’s
spiritual and moral action. That signs with individual’s preparation to reclaim legal concepts. In
some places to develop scientific concepts in the field of science is marked with person’s
preparation to understanding and his/her perfections. Legal literacy is means of providing legal
awareness of young people. One of the most important components legal propaganda this is a
special type of activity for the dissemination of legal knowledge.
So, In the lecture that “Providing rule of law and human interests are guarantee of the
country’s development and the people’s well-being” of President of Republic of Uzbekistan
Sh.M.Mirziyoyev emphasized that “It is expedient for our Parliament to take the lead in creating
a new national program to improve the legal culture in society in ceremonies dedicated to the
24th anniversary of the Constitution of Republic of Uzbekistan and these minds are relevant.
Legal knowledge and imaginations,legal theories go into all aspects of social life, take
place in citizens consciousness effect psychological and ideological people’s behavior and
practical activities legal consciousness encourages people to control themselves, to operate
within the framework of accepted laws. Ergo, we can say that all activities to provide for
reaching legal literacy are finding their expression in all levels of educational system. But for
make efficiency this process acquisition of legal knowledge in the educational environment, the
need to rely on pedagogical and psychological laws that serve to provide the level of literacy.
To mature legally literate, cultured and spiritual, law abiding citizen, to being honest
and truthful in daily life; legal knowledge and culture to every citizen to know their laws, to
follow them, to feel by heart rule of law; to understand that legal knowledge and culture are
important indicators of the maturity of a people and a nation; people and a nation with legal
knowledge and culture will develop self-awareness, sense of confidence in their strengths and
capabilities.
In psychology person’s self-awareness, self-respect, to control behavior, to develop
traditions, following social principles, regulating interpersonal relationships and providing its
enriching are payed attention particularly.
We may consider following social are as one of components of the legal norms were
signed by legal documents, that’s way following them is depending on maturity of person,
arranging their feelings and controlling their behavior and movements. Thus, the legal literacy
of the person, the formation of legal concepts in accordance with the pedagogical and
psychological laws from the first years of Independence, the main focus was on educational
reforms. New level of country and society’s development of our country demands a
comprehensive increase in the legal literacy and legal culture of all participants in legal
relations. Legal culture, legal knowledge, legal faiths and as asset of consistent practical
activities provide successfully solving tasks of country and society. It can be said that all efforts
to ensure legal literacy are reflected in all levels of the education system. However, in order to
make this process more effective, the acquisition of legal knowledge in the educational
environment requires the reliance on pedagogical and psychological laws that serve to provide
the level of literacy.
That’s known, rule of law, to understand its essence and to follow It are very essential
process. To feel that, every person must have enough legal literacy.
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Thus, the issue depends on again improving legal culture of teachers. To do this, it is
necessary to focus on the educational community, which is a place of education, as well as a
team of teachers who improve the its educational environment. That’s known, at present time
in the condition of making civil society reforms, creating conditions for enriching youth’s views
with theories about making civil society and their active participation in these conditions should
enter civil society, because legal attitudes are a real feature only in this society.
In conclusion, the main task of our country today is to raise the legal awareness of the
society, to make society more legal educated, to further develop legal awareness, to further
respect the law and to prevent violations of human rights and freedoms to achieve a high legal
culture by regularly informing about the content of legislation.
Legal concepts form features of intellectual potential and features of behavior in
youth’s activity and increase the effectiveness to acquire knowledge in educational process.
The law merges people and those who disregard the law are excluded from the law by
legislation.
Law abiding, intellect, conscience are product of inner faith, they educate human’s
noble qualities. Person’s legal consciousness sign his/her culture, social-legal activity degree.
REFERENCES:
1. Mirziyoyev Sh.M the lecture “Providing rule of law and human interests are guarantee of
the country’s development and the people’s well-being” of President of Republic of
Uzbekistan, in ceremonies dedicated to the 24th anniversary of the Constitution of
Republic of Uzbekistan. Word of demos 2016, 8th December.
2. Jurayev B Psychological basis of developing legal concepts among the pupils. PhD
dissertation in psychological subjects.Tashkent 2017.
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Zamonaviy inson o’zi hohlamagan holda kuchli stress rejimida yashaydi va unda
muntazam ravishda asab zo’riqishi to’planib boradi. Ba’zi kishilar atrofdagilarga baqirib bu
holatdan oson chiqib ketadilar. Shunday kishilar borki, o’zlarining tarbiyasi kuchliligi va
madaniyatliligi bilan hammasini ichlariga yutadilar va bu bilan salomatliklariga zarar qiladilar.
Tibbiy nuqtai nazardan bunday vaziyatlarda janjal ko’tarish mumkin va kerak, etika nuqtai
nazaridan esa teskarisi. Bundan kelib chiqadiki, inson o’zi vaziyatga qarab to’g’ri qaror qabul
qilishi lozim.
His-tuyg’ularni tiyish odatda turli kasalliklarning kelib chiqishiga sabab bo’ladi. G’azab,
hasadgo’ylik ovqat hazm qilish a’zolarini jarohatlaydi, g’am-alam esa qandli diabet kasalligini
keltirib chiqaradi. Agar inson biron narsadan doimo qo’rquvda yashasa uning qalqonsimon
bezlari zahmat chekadi. Shifokorlarning fikricha asabiy zo’riqish, salbiy hayajonlar
gipertoniyaga, yurak faoliyatining buzilishi va infarktga olib kelar ekan.
Bugungi kunda o’z hayajonlarini, alamlarini ichida saqlab yuradigan odamlarning
salomatligi, o’z g’azabini darrov chiqarib yuboradiganlarga nisbatan yomonroq, ya’ni ular yurak
hurujlaridan o’z his-tuyg’ularini ushlab turmaydiganlarga nisbatan ikki baravar ko’proq bezovta
bo’ladilar.
Bunday hissiy zo’riqish vaziyatlaridan chiqib ketishning boshqa yo’llari mavjudmi?
Albatta!
Birinchidan, organizmdagi hissiy zo’riqishni faqatgina baqirish bilan emas, balki turli
jismoniy mashqlar bilan ham bartaraf qilish mumkin. Masalan, katta tezlikda yuqori qavatga
ko’tarilish, velosipedda uchish, o’tin yorish, yugurish, sayr qilish va hok.
Ikkinchidan, salbiy kechinmalarni ijobiy his –tuyg’ular bilan almashtirish. Eng osoni
nevrologlarning maslahatiga ko’ra vaziyatni jiddiy qabul qilmaslik va bu holatdan kulgili biror
sababni topib qah-qah otib kulish kerak. Bu usul ham organizmdagi tanglikni engib o’tishga
yordam beradi.
Uchinchidan sovuq suvda yuzni yuvish, muz bo’lagi bilan yuzni artish va shu bilan birga
sovuq suv ichish juda yaxshi choradir.
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To’rtinchidan, agar imkon bo’lsa yoqtirgan kuyingizni eshitish. Bu usul tezda agressiyani
bostirishga va kayfiyatni ko’tarishga yordam beradi. Oz vaqtdan so’ng o’zingizni yaxshi his
qilishingiz va bo’lib o’tgan voqeani esdan chiqarishingiz mumkin.
Shunday qilib stress – bu organizmning zo’riqish holati bo’lib, organizmning unga
qo’yiladigan talablariga javob reaktsiyasidir.
Stress zo’riqishning belgilari: - biror-bir narsada diqqatni jamlay olmaslik; ishda
xatoliklarga yo’l qo’yish; hotiraning yomonlashishi; charchash hollari ko’p kuzatiladi; tez-tez
gapirish; fikrni jamlay olmaslik; og’riqlarning tez-tez paydo bo’lishi (boshda, oshqozonda,
gavdaning orqa tomonida), yuqori ta’sirchanlik; shug’ullanayotgan ishi quvonch baxsh etmaydi;
ishtahaning yo’qolishi
Agar biz o’zimizda zo’riqishni his qilsak uning sabablarini aniqlashimiz kerak.
Stress fiziologik, psixologik, shaxsiy va tibbiy ko’rinishlarga ega. Bundan tashqari har
qanday stress odamni yuqori darajali emotsional tanqislikka olib keladi.
Fiziologik ko’rinishlari: nafas olishning tezlanishi, yurak urishining tezlashishi, yuzdagi
oqarish yoki qizarishlar, qondagi adrenalinning ko’payishi, terlash.
Psixologik ko’rinishlar: psixologik funktsiyalar dinamikasining o’zgarishi, ko’p holatlarda
fikrlash qobiliyatining sekinlashishi, fikrni bir joyga to’play olmaslik, xotiraning kuchsizlanishi,
sezish funktsiyalarining kamayishi, qaror qabul qilishning sekinlashishi.
Shaxsiy ko’rinishlar: ishonchsizlik hosil bo’lishi o’z-o’zini kuzatishni kamayishi barcha
harakatlarda holatsizlik ijodiy hol qilish borasidagi passivlik, hovliqishi, qo’rquv hayajonlanish
kabilarning ko’payishi.
Tibbiy ko’rinishlar: asabiylashishining kuchayishi, baqirg’chaqirlar, hushdan ketish,
kuchsizlanish, bosh og’rigi, uyqusizlik
Inson ekstremal holatga tushganda emotsional holati birdan ko’tariladi. U bu holatdan
chiqib keta olmasligidan qo’rqadi. Natijada odam o’zini qo’yarga joy topa olmaydi. Bunday holat
o’sishi natijasida u o’z vazifasini kerakligicha bajarara olmaydigan holatga tushadi; xatolar
ko’payadi, topshiriqlarni o’z vaqtida bajara olmaydi. Rejalashtirish va o’z ishiga to’g’ri baho
berish holati buziladi. Bu voqealarning barchasi salbiy emotsiyalarni keltirib chiqarib, unda o’z
kuchiga ishonmaslik, o’ziga to’g’ri baho berish protsessii kamayadi. Buninig natijasida u ko’proq
xatolarga yo’l qo’yadi va stress holatiga yaqinlashtiradi.
Bizning hayotimiz bitmas-tuganmas hayajonli davrlardan iborat: inson idroki qandaydir
muammolar bilan to’qnashadi va idrok bu muammolarni hal qilish uchun kurashadi.
Agar biz bu muammoni hal qila olmasak, yoki ko’ngildagidek hal qila olmasak tushkunlik
holatiga tushamiz. Biz bu to’sqinlikdan o’tish uchun ko’plab xatolarga yo’l qo’yamiz. Bu
xatolarning eng ko’p tarqalganlaridan biri shundan iboratki, biz kichkini muammoni hal etish
uchun juda katta kuch sarflaymz va natijada ishlab chiqarishda emotsional tanqislikni hosil
qiladi. Muvaffaqiyatsizlikka e’tiborni kuchaytirishi, xato qilishdan qo’rqishi ikkinchi tez
uchraydigan xatodir. O’z muvaffaqiyatlarni eslab qolish, muvaffaqiyatsizlikni eslamaslik esa
inson psixologiyasiga rohat bag’ishlaydi. Ko’plab o’spirinlar xatolarga yo’l qo’yilishi natijasida
ishonchsizsizlik holatiga tushib qoladi. Shuning uchun odamlar maqtanish kabi holatlarni o’zida
rivojlantirib fikrni o’zinin muvaffaqiyatli ishlariga qaratsa, yashash va mehnat qilish
osonlashadi.
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Абдукаримов Ҳабибулло
Гулистон давлат университети п.ф.н., доценти,
Эшанкулова Иродахон Авазхановна
2 босқич магистри
(Гулистан, Узбекистан)
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она-Ватан, киндик қони томган юрт, таълим берган маскан, устозлар ўгити унитилмайди.
Инсон эътиқоди, амал қиладиган қоидалари, ғоя ва мафкураси оила тарбияси ҳамда
унинг соғлом муҳитини ифодалайди. Шундан келиб чиқиб, барча саъй -ҳаракатлар, азиз
тилаклар, мақсадларни бирлаштирадиган макон-оила ҳисобланади. Оила фаровон
бўлса, Ватан мустаҳкам бўлади. Оиланинг тарбиявий ва таълимий салоҳияти бардавом
бўлади.
Бугунги кунда оила ва маҳаллага берилаётган этибордан келиб чиқиб, оилани
биринчи тарбиявий институт сифатида тулақонли намоён бўлишида қуйидаги омилларга
эътибор қаратиш лозим. Булар:
1. Оилада меҳр-оқибат, ишонч ва ўзаро ҳурмат, эр-хотиннинг ҳамфикр бўлиши,
муаммоли вазиятларда бир-бирини қўллаш, бир-бирига содиқ, елкадош, дарддош ва
вафодор бўлиши, оила ризқини поклаш.
2. Оиланинг иқтисодий эҳтиёжини белгилаш, шундан келиб чиқиб, иқтисодий
фаровонлигини таъмин этиш, тадбиркорлик, ишбилармонлик ва тежамкорлик асосида
оила даромадини оқилона тақсимлаш. Оила парокандалигига йўл қўймаслик. Уни
жамиятда тутган ўрнини ҳис этиш.
3. Оилавий қадриятлар, анъана ва урф- одатларга доимо амал қилиб яшаш;
ялқовликдан мутлақо чекиниш; жисмонан ва ақлан соғом ҳамда етук фарзандларни
тарбиялаб вояга етказиш; фарзандларни ўқимишли, ватанни севувчи, иймон-эътиқодли
бўлишларига эришиш.
4. Маданий дам олиш; яқин қариндош-уруғлар ҳолидан хабар олиб туриш;
кечиримли ва кенг феълли бўлиш; намунали оила бўлишга эришиш.
Хулоса ўрнида шуни айтиш мумкинки, оила аҳил, тинч-тотув бўлса, эр-хотин ўз
масъулиятини дилдан ҳис қилса, бундай оила албатта фаровон бўлади. Жамиятда
тинчлик ва ҳамжихатликка эришилади, давлатда осойишталик ҳамда барқарорлик ҳукм
суради. Оила институтини мустаҳкамлаш концепцияси ўзининг амалий ифодасини
топади.
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шлепнуть своего ребенка или нет? Должны ли они ставить хоть какие-то ограничения
ребенку?
Семейная жизнь становится все демократичнее; дети всех возрастов получают
свой голос и авторитет в вопросах об их собственном воспитании.
Семья вынуждена давать своим каждому члену семьи привязанность и близость,
сглаживая тревогу и стресс, возникшие из-за неудавшейся попытки найти свое место во
внешнем мире. В подобных случаях люди снова поворачиваются к своим семьям, ожидая
от родных уверений в том, что они ценны и достойны любви. Эта давящая необходимость
компенсировать членов семьи, давая им особую безопасность и привязанность,
обременяет семью дополнительной психической нагрузкой. Достаточно ли современная
семья подготовлена, чтобы выдержать дополнительную нагрузку? Нет, не очень-то
хорошо! Семья старается исполнить это, но достигает в лучшем случае частичного успеха;
часто она терпит неудачу Воспитание детей стало важным делом, которому уделяется
чрезмерное внимание, как мужчиной так и женщиной. Сделать детей счастливыми стало
главной задачей. Дать детям то, чего никогда не удалось получить родителям, стало
необходимостью. Рост, развитие и достижение ребенка стало для родителей главным
способом оценивать свою личую ценность. Отношение ребенка к родителям стало
оказывать сильное влияние на их самооценку, могло дать чувство своей ценности или
отнять его.
В заключении надо отметить, что ответственность и обязанность перед ребёнком,
должны восполнятся ещё национальными и духовными ценностями того государства, к
которому относится семья.
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О.А. Бондаренко «Психолингвистический взгляд на проблему соотношения языка»: г. Брянск, 2016
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находящиеся в неразрывной связи друг с другом, но при этом разные по своей природе
и обладающие разными признаками.
Бондаренко полагает, что теоретическая основа вопроса о связи языка
и мышления в современной психолингвистике была заложена В. Гумбольдтом. С его
точки зрения, язык оказывает определенное воздействие на мышление: человек
запечатлевает свой ежедневный опыт в сущностных аспектах языка, тем самым
развивает мышление, мировоззрение и языковые картины мира. Своеобразие
языка определяется народным духом, представленным его внутренней формой [4,
В. Гумбольдт].
Многие труды отечественных ученых Л. С. Выготского и Н. И. Жинкина были
посвящены изучению речевой деятельности. В своем труде «Мышление и речь»
Л. С. Выготский дает объяснение тому, на чем основываются мысли и слова, подробно
изучая два понятия: значение и смысл [2]. Значение — это итоговый продукт
речепорождения, реализующийся в акте говорения. Переход мысли в слово происходит
во внутренней речи.
По теории Н. И. Жинкина, главная составляющая мышления — неповторимый
язык разума. Этот язык в сущности невербальный и является системой знаков,
отображающей чувственный образ в сознании человека. Ученый выделяет следующие
виды мышления: практически-действенное, наглядно-образное, словесно-логическое
и абстрактное. Все они по-своему реализуются в языке [7, с. 142].
Другой же русский языковед А. А. Потебня допускает возможность свершения
мышления и без языка. Если говорить о творческом мышлении художника, музыканта,
скульптора, шахматиста, оно абсолютно не реализуется в языке [11, c. 113].
В психолингвистике закрепилось два основных подхода к соотношению «язык —
мышление»: 1) язык и мышление неразрывно связаны друг с другом, мышление
выражается посредством языка; 2) язык и мышление — самостоятельные системы,
поскольку мышление может функционировать без участия языка [3, с. 288].
Бондаренко О.А.43 в своей статье считает, что сторонники второй гипотезы
А. А. Потебня, Л. С. Выготский, Ж. Пиаже, Н. И. Жинкин, Ж. Вандриес,
Б. А. Серебренников, Б. Рассел, Л. Блумфилд, Х. Джексон, У. Л. Чейф, Л. В. Сахарный
и другие высказывают идею о возможности свершения мысли без участия языка,
о полной независимости одного от другого. Прежде всего, стоит упомянуть, что
речепроизводство и речевосприятие характеризуются двумя процессами: процессом
создания знаков языка и их пониманием и процессом управления запасом знаний в виде
образов сознания [12, с. 18], из чего можно заключить, что в процессе реализации
речевой деятельности человека принимают участие два автономных процесса: языковой
и мыслительной.
Также О.А. Бондаренко относит, к логическим доказательствам
самостоятельности языка и мышления можно отнести различную форму
их существования. Язык существует в знаках, мышление же в перцептивных образах,
образах-представлениях, понятиях и их отношениях — суждениях и выводах. В образах
43
О.А. Бондаренко - тот же источник.
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Нина Сворак «Невербальная коммуникация»: 2017 https://skyteach.ru/2017/12/11/neverbalnaya-
kommunikatsiya-kak-zhestyi-i-mimika-mogut-pomoch-v-obuchenii-angliyskomu-yazyiku/
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Крючкова С. «Структура невербального общения». Журнал Аналитика культурологии. 2010,
выпуск 16. 257-259 http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/struktura-neverbalnogo-obscheniya
46
Кирил Ногалес «Язык тела» 2016
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(être actif), беспокойная (être troublé), нервная (être nerveux), спокойная (être tranquille)
или расслабленная походка (être posé = sef âcher).
- Если человек идёт медленно (aller lentement) и ярко выражено широко
расставляет ноги (élonger très grand ses pieds), скорее всего, он пытается показать себя (se
montrer).
- Тяжесть и сила в походке говорит о том, что человек считает себя
превосходящим (se porter sévère), много значимым и сильным. Однако зачастую это лишь
видимость (envisager).
- Расслабленно идущий человек (sebaisser), вероятнее всего, не проявляет в
данный момент ни к чему особого интереса (perdrel’intérêt), или же является плохо
дисциплинированным (être sans discipline).
- «Деревянная походка», угловатая, с неестественно напряжёнными ногами – это
отражение робости (êtrerobot и недостатка контактов с другими людьми
(êtresanscontact).
- Порывистые шаги и размахивание в разные стороны руками является
признаком активности (être actif), и наличия каких-то желаний в данный момент
времени.
- Человек, широко шагающий – это целеустремлённый человек (êtrecourageux),
деловой (être laborieux), предприимчивый (avoir un décision) и желающий чего-то достичь
(avoir le succès). Вероятно, что его действия направлены на достижение конкретного
результата (avoir un résultat concret).
- Короткие и небольшие шаги у женщины считаются отражением осторожности
(êtreattention), расчётливости (être ponctuel), сдержанности (êtreagissant),
приспособляемости (être affairé), быстрого мышления (être sage) и хорошей реакции (être
réactant).
- Если человек идёт быстро (marcher vite) и часто шагает (marchersansstoppant),
нарушая ритм, он боится (avoir peur) или взволнован (avoir une émotion).
- Походка с чётким ритмом (marcher en rythme) и раскачивающимися из стороны
в сторону (marcher comme ivrogne) бёдрами присуща самоуверенным людям (se sentir très
sage).
- Ленивые (être paresseux), вялые (être moule) и медлительные (être souple) люди
ходят, шаркая ногами.
- Несколько театральная, гордая и грузная ходьба – признак высокомерия и
самовлюблённости (être égoïste).
Осанка: Прямая и хорошая осанка является признаком открытости (être ouvert) и
восприимчивости личности (être poli), а также отражает ощущение безопасности (être
attention) и доверие (être confirmé).
Другие жесты:
- Если человек стучит ногой по полу, щёлкает ручкой, что-то рисует «на автомате»
или имеет отсутствующий взгляд, значит ему скучно (être triste).
- Человек, расхаживающий из стороны в сторону (marcher à gaucheet à droite),
пытается решить какую-то проблему или задачу (se résoudre). Об этом же говорит
пощипывание переносицы при сомкнутых глазах (fermer les yeux).
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Annotation. This article examines the causes and conditions of crime prevention,
taking into account the social danger of the crime under Article 223 of the Criminal Code of the
Republic of Uzbekistan. Today, due to the deepening of reforms aimed at migration processes,
preventive measures of an organizational and managerial nature have been developed in this
regard.
Keywords: going abroad, entering the Republic of Uzbekistan, state border, crossing
the border, crime prevention, prevention.
47
Kabulov R., Sottiev I. Anti-crime policy and its implementation in the activities of law enforcement
agencies. Lecture course. - Tashkent: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 2012. - B. 119.
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Ismailova I., Abdurasulova Q., Fazilov I. Formation and development of criminology
and current status: Textbook. - Tashkent: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 2012. - B. 3.
49
Nikitenko I.V. Kriminologicheskogo characteristic migratsionnoy prestupnosti v prigranichnyx territoriyax
dalnevostochnogo Federalnogo okruga Rossii. // Bulletin of the Moscow University MVD Rossii. - №5. -
2009. - p. 136.
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Predybaylo V.A. Illegal migration as an object of prophylactic action. // Rossiyskaya justice. - 2009. -
№ 12. - p. 29-30.
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One of the most important areas in the fight against crime in the field of illegal travel
abroad or entry into the Republic of Uzbekistan are organizational and managerial measures.
The organizational and managerial direction of prevention allows us to achieve
maximum results in the short term, because the impact is usually carried out in the context of
the crime and the set of immediate causes, which identifies the main factors causing crime
outside the scope of prevention.
The relative ease of identifying the organizational and managerial factors of crime
ensures a clear impact on them within the framework of special crime prevention.
At the same time, it is difficult to disagree with A.Kh. Mindagulov's51 opinion that special
criminological measures are the main link in the system of prevention of crimes in the field of
illegal departure or entry into the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In addition, in our opinion, special criminological prevention is more relevant in the
context of combating negative organizational and managerial factors.
It should be noted that various studies on crime prevention are aimed at preventing
negative organizational and managerial factors. The analysis of the proposed measures allowed
to systematize them according to the topic of prevention, but does not exclude the distribution
of the disputed proposals among them.
In general, the following organizational and management preventive measures can be
distinguished:
1) Execution of entry and exit documents to Uzbekistan and improving the system for
issuing the necessary permits, avoiding excessive bureaucratic delays, unreasonable time,
resource and material costs;
2) creation of a single state automated information system on migrants arriving in the
territory of Uzbekistan and foreign citizens (stateless persons) with restrictions and
prohibitions on entry to Uzbekistan;
3) Development of infrastructure for administrative expulsion, deportation, as well as
readmission from the territory of Uzbekistan;
4) improving relations with governmental and non-governmental bodies in the
implementation of migration policy;
5) creation of an automated information system containing information on crimes
related to illegal departure abroad or entry into the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as citizens,
foreign citizens and stateless persons who have committed offenses;
REFERENCES:
1. Kabulov R., Sottiev I. Anti-crime policy and its implementation in the activities of law
enforcement agencies. Lecture course. - Tashkent: Academy of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2012. - B. 119.
2. Ismailova I., Abdurasulova Q., Fazilov I. Formation and development of criminology and
current status: Textbook. - Tashkent: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, 2012. - B. 3.
51
Mindagulov A.X. Sources of legislation on protivodeystvii prestupnosti. // Journal of Russian law. - 2013.
- № 1. - p. 133-135
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Adnotare. Alin. (4) art. 243 „Spălarea banilor” din Codul penal al Republicii Moldova
consacră ipoteza extrateritorialității săvârșirii infracțiunii principlale / predicat care constituie
premisa comiterii uneia dintre infracțiunile prevăzute la art. 243 din Codul penal al Republicii
Moldova: „Acţiuni ilicite constituie şi faptele comise în afara teritoriului ţării dacă acestea
conţin elementele constitutive ale unei infracţiuni în statul în care au fost comise şi pot
constitui elementele constitutive ale unei infracţiuni comise pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova”.
Ca infracţiune distinctă sau ca parte a unei infracţiuni (ca modalitate normativă sau ca
modalitate faptică), fapta generatoare de bunuri infracționale, prevăzută de legea penală a
unui stat străin, trebuie să se regăsească în una dintre dispoziţiile incriminatoare din Codul
penal al Republicii Moldova. În caz contrar, dacă Codul penal al Republicii Moldova nu
cunoaşte sub nicio formă o asemenea faptă, lipseşte temeiul aplicării art. 243 din Codul penal
al Republicii Moldova.
Cuvinte-cheie: spălarea banilor; infracțiune principală / predicat; bunuri
infracționale; extrateritorialitate; parte a unei infracţiuni.
Abstraction. Alin. (4) art. 243 “Money laundering” of the Criminal Code of the Republic
of Moldova enshrines the hypothesis of extraterritoriality of committing the main / predicate
offense which is the premise of committing one of the offenses provided in art. 243 of the
Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova: “Illegal actions shall also be acts committed outside
the territory of the country provided that such acts include the constitutive elements of an
offense in the state where they were committed and may be the constitutive elements of an
offense committed in the territory of the Republic of Moldova”. As a distinct offense or as part
of an offense (as a normative modality or as a factual modality), the act generating criminal
property, provided by the criminal law of a foreign state, must be found in one of the
incriminating provisions of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova. Otherwise, if the
Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova does not know in any form such an act, the basis
for applying art. 243 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova is missing.
Keywords: money laundering; main / predicate offense; criminal property;
extraterritoriality; part of an offense.
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lit. c) pct. 2 art. 6 al Convenţiei ONU împotriva criminalităţii transnaţionale organizate (în
continuare – Convenției ONU), prevede: „În scopurile lit. b)52, infracţiunile principale includ
infracţiunile săvârşite în interiorul şi în exteriorul teritoriului ce ţine de competenţa Statului
Parte în cauză. Totuşi, o infracţiune săvârşită în exteriorul teritoriului ce ţine de competenţa
unui Stat Parte nu constituie o infracţiune principală decât atunci când actul corespondent este
o infracţiune în baza dreptului intern al statului în care el a fost săvârşit şi ar constitui o
infracţiune în baza dreptului intern al Statului Parte care aplică prezentul articol, dacă el a fost
săvârşit pe teritoriul său [4]. De asemenea, în teza 1 alin. 7 art. 9 al Convenţiei Consiliului
Europei privind spălarea, descoperirea, sechestrarea şi confiscarea produselor infracţiunii şi
finanţarea terorismului (în continuare – Convenției de la Varșovia) se statuează: „Fiecare parte
se va asigura că infracţiunile predicat de spălare de bani acoperă şi activităţile desfăşurate într-
un alt stat şi care constituie o infracţiune în statul respectiv şi ar fi constituit o infracţiune
predicat dacă ar fi avut loc pe teritoriul statului respectiv” [5].
Din analiza lit. c) pct. 2 art. 6 al Convenţiei ONU și a tezei 1 alin. 7 art. 9 al Convenţiei
de la Varșovia, putem deduce că o faptă generatoare de bunuri infracționale poate fi săvârșită
fie în statul în care se comite spălarea banilor, fie într-un alt stat. Dacă fapta generatoare de
bunuri infracționale este săvârșită în afara statului în care se comite spălarea banilor, ea poate
fi considerată infracțiune principală / predicat numai dacă se respectă următoarea condiție:
fapta în cauză constituie infracțiune în conformitate cu legislația statului în care este săvârșită
și ar constitui infracțiune în crespundere cu legislația statului în care se comite spălarea banilor.
Această condiție reprezintă o extindere a concepției de „dublă incriminare”, potrivit căreia o
faptă comisă într-un stat ar trebui considerată infracțiune într-un alt stat53.
O asemenea condiție este consacrată nu doar în alin. (4) în art. 243 CP RM. De exemplu,
lit. d) alin. 4 art. 287 din Codul penal al Republicii Albania prevede: „Dispozițiile prezentului
articol se aplică în cazul în care [...] infracțiunea, al cărei venit este spălat, a fost comisă de o
persoană, indiferent de cetățenia sa, în afara teritoriului Republicii Albania și este, de
asemenea, pedepsită atât în acea țară străină, cât și în Republica Albania” [6]. În alin. (6) art.
265 din Codul penal al Republicii Croaţia se menționează: „În cazul în care foloasele
patrimoniale de la alineatele 1-5 sunt realizate printr-o infracţiune comisă într-o ţară străină,
făptuitorul se pedepseşte dacă este vorba despre o infracţiune şi în conformitate cu legea
statului în care a fost comisă” [7]. Alin. (8) § 261 din Codul penal al Republicii Federale Germania
prevede: „Bunurilor prevăzute la alin. 1, 2 şi 5 le sunt asimilate bunurile care provin din
52
La lit. c) pct. 2 art. 6 al Convenției ONU se menționează: „Fiecare stat parte include în infracţiunile
principale toate infracţiunile grave, cum sunt cele prevăzute la art. 2 al prezentei convenţii şi infracţiunile
prevăzute la art. 5, 8 şi 23. Fiind vorba de statele părţi a căror legislaţie conţine o listă de infracţiuni
principale specifice, ele includ în această listă minimum o categorie completă de infracţiuni legate de
grupurile infracţionale organizate”.
53
O abordare apropiată rezultă, de exemplu, din alin. 1 art. 2 al Convenţiei europene de extrădare: „Vor da
loc la extrădare faptele pedepsite de legile părţii solicitante şi ale părţii solicitate [...]”*.
* European Convention on Extradition. Disponibil:
https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168
0064587
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săvârşirea unei fapte în străinătate, dacă fapta se pedepseşte cu pedeapsă şi la locul săvârşirii
faptei” [8].
O condiție întrucâtva diferită de cea consacrată în alin. (4) art. 243 CP RM se stabilește
în alin. 4 art. 368-A din Codul penal al Republicii Portugheze (în continuare – CP RP): „Pedeapsa
pentru infracţiunile prevăzute la alineatele 2 şi 354 se aplică şi atunci când nu se cunoaşte locul
săvârşirii faptei sau identitatea făptuitorilor sau când faptele care integrează infracţiunea de
fond au fost săvârşite în afara teritoriului naţional, cu excepţia faptelor ilicite conform legii din
locul în care au fost săvârşite, cărora nu li se aplică legea portugheză, în conformitate cu
articolul 5” [9].55
În contrast, în unele acte cu vocație internațională în domeniul prevenirii și combaterii
spălării banilor, nu este stabiltă o condiție de genul celei consemnate în dispozițiile de la lit. c)
pct. 2 art. 6 al Convenţiei ONU și de la teza 1 alin. 7 art. 9 al Convenţiei de la Varșovia. Astfel,
lit. a) alin. 2) art. 6 al Convenţiei privind spălarea banilor, depistarea, sechestrarea şi
confiscarea veniturilor provenite din activitatea infracţională (în continuare – Convenției de la
Strasbourg) prevede: „În vederea implementării sau aplicării alineatului 1 56 al prezentului articol
[...] faptul că, infracţiunea principală ţine sau nu de competenţa jurisdicţiei penale a Părţii, nu
se ia în considerare” [10]. De asemenea, în alin. (4) art. 1 al Directivei (UE) 2015/849 a
Parlamentului European și a Consiliului Uniunii Europene din 20.05.2015 privind prevenirea
utilizării sistemului financiar în scopul spălării banilor sau finanțării terorismului, de modificare
a Regulamentului (UE) nr. 648/2012 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului Uniunii
54
Se au în vedere infracțiunile de spălare a banilor.
55
Art. 5 CP RP stabilește: „1. Dacă nu se stipulează altfel prin tratat sau convenţie internaţională, legea
penală portugheză se aplică şi faptelor comise în afara teritoriului naţional: a) când constituie infracţiunile
prevăzute la articolele 221, de la 262 la 271, 308 la 321 şi de la 325 la 345; b) contra portughezilor, de către
portughezi care locuiesc în mod obişnuit în Portugalia la momentul săvârşirii faptei şi care se află pe
teritoriul portughez; c) atunci când constituie infracţiunile prevăzute la articolele 144-A, 154-B şi 154-C, de
la 159 la 161, 171, 172, 175, 176 şi de la 278 la 280, cu condiţia ca făptuitorul să se afle în Portugalia şi să nu
poată fi extrădat sau predat ca urmare a punerii în executare a mandatului european de arestare sau a
altui instrument de cooperare internaţională care impune obligaţii Statului Portughez; d) atunci când
constituie infracţiunile prevăzute la articolele 144, 163 şi 164, victima fiind minoră, cu condiţia ca făptuitorul
să se afle în Portugalia şi să nu poată fi extrădat sau predat ca urmare a punerii în executare a mandatului
european de arestare sau a altui instrument de cooperare internaţională care impune obligaţii Statului
Portughez; e) de către portughezi sau străini contra portughezilor ori de câte ori: i) făptuitorii se află în
Portugalia; ii) sunt, de asemenea, pasibili de pedeapsă conform legii în vigoare în locul în care s-a săvârşit
fapta, cu excepţia cazului în care, în acest loc nu se exercită puterea punitivă; şi iii) constituie infracţiuni
care admit extrădarea, dar aceasta nu poate fi acordată sau se decide nepredarea făptuitorului ca urmare
a punerii în executare a mandatului european de arestare sau a altui instrument de cooperare
internaţională care impune obligaţii Statului Portughez; f) de către străini care se află în Portugalia şi a
căror extrădare a fost solicitată, atunci când constituie infracţiuni care admit extrădarea, iar aceasta nu
poate fi acordată sau se decide nepredarea făptuitorului ca urmare a punerii în executare a mandatului
european de arestare sau a altui instrument de cooperare internaţională care impune obligaţii Statului
Portughez; g) de către persoana juridică sau contra persoanei juridice care are sediul pe teritoriu portughez.
2. Legea penală portugheză se aplică şi faptelor comise în afară teritoriului naţional pe care Statul
Portughez şi-a asumat obligaţia de a le judeca prin tratat sau convenţie internaţională”.
56
În acest alineat este descrisă infracțiunea de spălare a banilor.
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În aceste alineate este descrisă infracțiunea de spălare a banilor.
58
În acest alineat este incriminată fapta persoanei „care, din culpă, ascunde sau transferă către sine sau
altă persoană un bun cu valoare considerabilă obţinut prin săvârşirea unei infracţiuni de către o altă
persoană”.
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art. 9 al Convenției de la Varșovia, permite urmărirea penală a spălării banilor în cazurile în care
bunurile infracționale au fost obținute din fapte care nu sunt considerate infracțiuni în statul
în care au fost săvârșite, dar care reprezintă o infracțiune în statul în care, în privința acelorași
bunuri, se comite spălarea banilor. O astfel de concepție de „incriminare singulară”, nu este
consacrată în alin. (4) art. 243 CP RM.
În acord cu alin. (4) art. 243 CP RM, dacă fapta generatoare de bunuri infracționale se
comite în afara teritoriului Republicii Moldova, ea trebuie să conţină elementele constitutive
ale unei infracţiuni în statul în care a fost comisă şi să poată conţine elementele constitutive
ale unei infracţiuni comise pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova. „Să poată conţine elementele
constitutive ale unei infracţiuni comise pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova” înseamnă că pot să nu
coincidă într-o măsură mai mult sau mai puţin pronunţată: denumirile componenţelor de
infracţiuni; structura tehnico-legislativă a normelor de incriminare; alte asemenea circums-
tanţe. Cu toate acestea, ca infracţiune distinctă sau ca parte a unei infracţiuni (ca modalitate
normativă sau ca modalitate faptică), fapta generatoare de bunuri infracționale, prevăzută de
legea penală a unui stat străin, trebuie să se regăsească în una dintre dispoziţiile incriminatoare
din Codul penal al Republicii Moldova. Per a contrario, dacă legea penală autohtonă nu
cunoaşte sub nicio formă o asemenea faptă, atunci lipseşte temeiul aplicării art. 243 CP RM.
Astfel, se poate susține că alin. (4) art. 243 CP RM îngăduie aplicarea prin analogie a
legii penale străine. Accentuăm că se are în vedere o analogie permisă a legii penale, nu una
interzisă conform alin. (2) art. 3 CP RM.
Care efecte rezultă din prezența alineatului (4) în art. 243 CP RM? Încercând să
răspundem la această întrebare, îi vom cita pe doi autori. Astfel, I.S. Borlini afirmă: „Exigențele
cu privire la dubla incriminare a infracțiunii principale / predicat reprezintă practici obișnuite
în multe țări. În consecință, o infracțiune legată de droguri, săvârșită în afara jurisdicției statului
în care a avut loc spălarea banilor, constituie infracțiune principală / predicat doar atunci când
acea infracțiune legată de droguri constituie infracțiune conform legislației acestui stat și ar
constitui o infracțiune în conformitate cu legislația statului în care a fost săvârșită respectiva
infracțiune legată de droguri” [19]. După M.M. Lapunin, „dacă o persoană, în rezultatul
comerțului legal cu droguri sau cu arme (care este interzis în Federația Rusă), de exemplu, în
Olanda, obține capital și apoi îl folosește în activități de întreprinzător în Federația Rusă, atunci
ea nu va fi supusă răspunderii pentru spălarea banilor. Aceasta reiese în mod clar din lege,
nefiind necesare clarificări din partea oamenilor de știință sau a Curții Supreme de Justiție. În
mod similar, dacă o persoană își asigură subzistența din jocurile de noroc care nu sunt permise
prin dispoziții speciale (art. 203 din Codul penal al Regatului Danemarcei), investind în
Federația Rusă banii astfel obținuți, atunci răspunderea pentru spălarea banilor este, de
asemenea, exclusă. Or, Codul penal al Federației Ruse nu prevede răspunderea pentru o
asemenea infracțiune principală / predicat” [20, p. 17]. În comparație cu opinia lui I.S. Borlini,
punctul de vedere al lui M.M. Lapunin reușește să ilustreze mai deplin concepția de „dublă
incriminare”.
În acord cu această concepție, alin. (4) art. 243 CP RM nu poate fi aplicat în oricare din
următoarele trei ipoteze:
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Este de precizat că bunurile pierdute nu formează obiectul material al infracţiunilor prevăzute în Capitolul
VI al părții speciale a Codului penal al Republicii Moldova. Ele trebuie deosebite de bunurile asupra cărora
posesia efectivă s-a întrerupt în mod trecător, acestea rămânând în sfera de supraveghere şi de
disponibilitate a proprietarului sau a posesorului precedent (deci, pot constitui obiectul material, de
exemplu, al infracţiunilor de furt, prevăzute la art. 186 CP RM).
60
A nu se confunda codoșia cu proxenetismul. Ultima faptă este incriminată la art. 303 CPU.
61
A nu se confunda această faptă cu pornografia infantilă care este incriminată la art. 242.1 CP FR.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
1. Stessens G. Money laundering. A new international law enforcement model. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2000. 450 p.
2. Legea nr. 243 din 16.11.2007 pentru modificarea şi completarea unor acte legislative. În:
Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, 2007, nr. 194-197.
3. Nota informativă la Proiectul de Lege pentru modificarea si completarea unor acte
legislative (Codul cu privire la contraventiile administrative – art. 16215, 2101; Legea cu
privire la antreprenoriat si intreprinderi – art. 7, 34 s.a.). Disponibil:
old.parlament.md/lawprocess/laws/november2007/243-XV-I16.11.2007/
4. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Disponibil:
https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/T
OCebook-e.pdf
5. Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the
Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism. Disponibil:
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https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documen
tId=090000168008371f
6. Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania. Disponibil:
https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/8235/file/Albania_CC_1995_am2017_en.p
df
7. Codul penal al Republicii Croaţia. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-Penal-Croatia-
RO.html
8. Codul penal al Republicii Federale Germania. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-
Penal-Germania-RO.html
9. Codul penal al Republicii Portugheze. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-Penal-
Portugalia-RO.html
10. Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime.
Disponibil:
https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documen
tId=090000168007bd23
11. Directiva (UE) 2015/849 a Parlamentului European și a Consiliului Uniunii Europene din
20.05.2015 privind prevenirea utilizării sistemului financiar în scopul spălării banilor sau
finanțării terorismului, de modificare a Regulamentului (UE) nr. 648/2012 al Parlamentului
European și al Consiliului Uniunii Europene și de abrogare a Directivei 2005/60/CE a
Parlamentului European și a Consiliului Uniunii Europene și a Directivei 2006/70/CE a
Comisiei Europene. Disponibil: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32015L0849&from=RO
12. Legea României nr. 129 din 11.07.2019 pentru prevenirea și combaterea spălării banilor și
finanțării terorismului, precum și pentru modificarea și completarea unor acte normative.
În: Monitorul Oficial al României, 2019, nr. 589.
13. Codul penal al Republicii Bulgaria. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/codex.html
14. Codul penal al Republicii Cehe. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-Penal-Cehia-
RO.html
15. Codul penal al Marelui Ducat de Luxemburg. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-
Penal-Luxemburg-RO.html
16. Codul penal al Regatului Spaniei. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-Penal-Spania-
RO.html
17. Codul penal al Republicii Slovace. Disponibil: codexpenal.just.ro/laws/Cod-Penal-Slovacia-
RO.html
18. FATF 40 Recommendations. Disponibil: https://www.fatf-
gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/FATF%20Standards%20-
%2040%20Recommendations%20rc.pdf
19. Borlini I.S. Issues of the International Criminal Regulation of Money Laundering in the
Context of Economic Globalization.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1296636
20. Лапунин М.М. Вторичная преступная деятельность – понятие, виды, проблемы
квалификации. Москва: Волтерс Клувер, 2006. 223 p.
21. Codul penal al României. În Monitorul Oficial al României, 2009, nr. 510.
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liberalized, the main purpose of which is to put into practice the principles of justice
and humanity, to reduce the repressive functions of punishment.
It is known that every year the type and number of vehicles in our country, as well as
the scope of their ownership is expanding. This, in itself, leads to an increase in the number of
crimes in this area.
The crime of hijacking a vehicle is one of the crimes committed by vehicles, for which
Article 267 of the Criminal Code62 of the Republic of Uzbekistan provides criminal liability. In
order to characterize this crime, first of all, it is necessary to determine the importance of traffic
crime and the crime of hijacking a vehicle, the level of social danger..
If the issue is a traffic crime, it does not matter from a criminal point of view whether
the vehicle belongs to a citizen or a state or public organization.63 This fact shows that the fact
that it was committed by a vehicle is crucial in determining liability for traffic offenses.
All criminal law norms that define liability for traffic-related crimes represent a single
system and interdependence.
Chapter XVIII of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan: violation of the rules
of traffic or safety of rail, sea, river or air transport, driving under the influence of alcohol,
violation of the rules of repair or commissioning of transport, rail, sea, river, air transport
liability for damage to a vehicle or communication line, hijacking or seizure of railway rolling
stock, air, sea or river vessels, violation of the rules of safety of movement or use of vehicles,
hijacking of vehicles, violation of the rules of ensuring the safe operation of vehicles, the rules
of use and protection of roads violation of international flight rules
The type of vehicle also plays an important role in the qualification of traffic crimes. In
this case, the responsibility for violation of traffic safety rules in the use of air, water and rail
transport is established.
Among the crimes listed above, the crime of hijacking a vehicle has a special character,
in which we can see that the victim is violating the social relations that ensure the safety of the
vehicle. At the same time, the hijacker damages the social relations that ensure the safety of
traffic in the field of traffic rules of mechanical vehicles.
The criminal legal literature cites several forms of vehicle hijacking. Some authors refer
to the illegal hijacking of a vehicle for a short period of time, while others point out that there
is also an element of illegal possession of a vehicle.
We consider that the act of hijacking a vehicle by a person who does not have any
property or material rights to the vehicle is one of the necessary conditions for qualification
under Article 267 of the Criminal Code.
Also, the "Rules of the Road" approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of
the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 11, 2000 No 472 defines the concept64 of vehicle
owner, according to which the owner of the vehicle is a legal or natural person who owns the
vehicle. is a person.65
In the crime of hijacking a vehicle, first of all, we must focus on the object of that crime.
Only then will we be able to know the nature of the crime, its level of social danger and other
features. For example, in practice, it is widely believed that the crime of hijacking a vehicle ends
with the hijacking of a vehicle. Is that really so? To answer this question, we must first focus on
the object of the action, not the objective side of the action. Objectively, the crime of hijacking
a vehicle is similar to the above idea, and the crime is considered to have been committed by
moving the vehicle from its standing position. Moving a vehicle from a standing position is an
action, but, of course, even the actions expressed when moving a vehicle from one place to
another are not considered to be a vehicle hijacking.
According to MH Rustambaev, kidnapping is the illegal seizure of a vehicle, ie the
seizure and transfer of a vehicle without intent to steal 66.
According to other authors, kidnapping is defined as the unlawful and unlawful taking
of a vehicle that does not belong to a person. At the same time, driving a hijacked vehicle
requires the use of the vehicle’s own mechanical power or other force to move from one place
to another, and the mechanical control of the vehicle. That is, the crime is considered to have
been completed regardless of the time of excitation of the vehicle occupied for the purpose of
moving from one place to another, that is, regardless of the length or distance of the driving
period. Criminals also use hijacked vehicles to commit other crimes. In addition, criminals
violate traffic rules, as a result of which these actions lead to unintended consequences
(damage to vehicles, fatalities, etc.). Often, vehicle hijacking is committed by minors, who can
commit other crimes if no strict action is taken against them67.
The illegality of the hijacking of a vehicle indicates that the person has no authority to
use, possess or dispose of the vehicle. Kidnapping is characterized by unlawful possession of
a vehicle, which can be used by irresponsible entities.
64
Collection of Resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2000, No. 12, Article 75;
Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2006, No. 46-47, Article 459; 2007, No. 9-10, Article
86; No. 41-42, Article 419; 2011, No. 7-8, Article 59, No. 45-46, Article 470; 2013, No. 41, Article 550.
65
Йўл ҳаракати қоидалари. http://lex.uz/pages/getpage.aspx?lact_id=393128
66
M.H. Rustambaev Course of Criminal Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan Vol. Special section. Crimes
against public safety and public order. Crimes against the order of military service. Textbook. «Ilm Ziyo»
Tashkent - 2011. p.116.
67
Sh.T. Ikramov, D.M. Mirazov, A. D. Husanov, R. N. Rahimkhojaev and b. The practice of investigating
vehicle hijacking crimes: A textbook. - T .: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 2012. - 32 p.
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Occupation, in turn, can be covert or overt. In the qualification of a crime, the method
of seizure does not matter. The concept of abduction, regardless of the nature and source of
energy, includes transportation, moving it from one place to another.
The hijacking of a vehicle is also recognized as a completed crime from the moment the
vehicle is started in any way (by direct driving, pushing, pulling, etc.). In this case, the time
taken to move the car from one place to another and the distance the culprit has already moved
the vehicle are not relevant to qualify the crime.68
According to AF Zelinsky, vehicle hijacking is the illegal use of a vehicle. In committing
this crime, a person intends to use a vehicle, but the purpose of taking possession of the vehicle
does not exist. In addition, the crime of hijacking a vehicle is an attack on public safety, more
specifically a violation of traffic safety rules when using a vehicle. The norm regulating the crime
of hijacking a vehicle is 1) subjects of movement (participants); 2) the vehicle; 3) rules of
conduct (rules of conduct, rules of operation)69.
Resolution No. 37 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan
"On Judicial Practice in the Case of Vehicle Hijacking" also explains the act of hijacking a vehicle,
according to which courts they must understand how to escape from where they stand.
This offense is deemed to have been committed from the time the offender fled the
scene of the vehicle70.
Illegal seizure of a vehicle is carried out secretly, openly or by deception. Objectively,
the crime of hijacking a vehicle is characterized by the illegal hijacking of a vehicle by a person
who does not have the right to drive. Attempts to seize the vehicle will also take various forms.
For example: by demolishing a garage, refueling a fuel tank, starting an engine, starting a vehicle
from a standing position, and other actions.
According to VI Kasynyuk, kidnapping involves the simultaneous movement and driving
of a vehicle. Driving a vehicle means performing the functions of a driver (this aspect is very
important in determining the subject of the crime). In other words, the person who hijacks the
vehicle is the driver, not the passenger or the driver's companion71.
If the stolen vehicle is found intact, uninjured, and the crime has been reported in
accordance with the criminal procedure legislation, the report itself serves as a basis for
instituting criminal proceedings72.
If the vehicle is reported to have been hijacked, the act is considered theft if the vehicle
is not found anywhere and is not abandoned. In addition, if the hijacker took the vehicle to a
farther, more sheltered place in order to obtain an object, in order to create a more comfortable
68
M.H Rustambaev Course of Criminal Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan Vol. Special section. Crimes
against public safety and public order. Crimes against the order of military service. Textbook. «Ilm Ziyo»
Tashkent - 2011. 116 p.
69
Зелинский А.Ф. Квалификация угона автомототранспортных средств //. Сов. юстиция. — 1971. — №
16. ст. 56.
70
Collection of Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 1991-2006
First volume. –T .: «Adolat» 2006. p.72
71
Касынюк В.И. Уголовная ответственность за транспортные преступления.— Киев. 1977. ст. 97.
72
Кульмашев Ф.Х. Расследование угонов транспортных средств. – М., 1987. cт. 56
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environment for him, and if he left the vehicle unharmed after reaching his destination, such
an act is a robbery. should be assessed as a robbery. This issue is definitely problematic.
Because in this case, the act can be classified as a total of crimes such as hijacking a
vehicle and theft. At the same time, the main focus should be on the subjective side of the
crime. If he tried to hijack a vehicle and take any object from inside it, then the nature of the
act is important. In this case, if the act was committed openly, it is expedient to classify it as a
crime of robbery, if it was committed secretly, as theft, if it was committed through deception,
trust abuse, as a crime of fraud.
A person shall not be liable under Article 267 of the Criminal Code if he uses the vehicle
attached to him arbitrarily73. In order to assess the act as a vehicle hijacking, the stolen vehicle
must not have the purpose of appropriation by the person and the vehicle must not belong to
the person under any ownership or other material rights.
A study of vehicle hijacking cases shows that 5.7% of vehicle hijacking crimes are
committed in a hooliganistic manner. When the perpetrators of this crime were asked the
reason for the crime, they were told “I wanted to turn around without any purpose” and so on.
Many of these individuals show that they try to show their superiority over those around them.
One of the hijackers said he intended to commit the crime to commit suicide, but his actions
violated traffic safety rules, resulting in the deaths of two civilians74.
In order to prevent the commission of such crimes, it would be expedient to carry out
more propaganda work through the mass media, as well as prevention and awareness-raising
activities by law enforcement agencies.
REFERENCES:
1. Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. –T.: Justice. 2014. B. 424.
2. Comments on the traffic rules of the Russian Federation. - M., 1997. Pp. 42.
3. Mamajanov Abrorbek, Foreign experience in solving the problem of limited sanity,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 534-538 (DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.SP3.073)
4. S.S. Niyozova. Prevention of Crime in the Family and the Role of Victimology in the Republic
of Uzbekistan. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3,
(2020), pp. 3962.
5. NOSIRJON KOMILOVICH HOJIYEV. Liability For Aggression Against Human Health.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Jan - Mar 2020 | Vol 12 Issue 2530-
2535. 1 http://www.ijpronline.com/ViewArticleDetail.aspx?ID=19039
6. Шухрат Джумаевич Хайдаров МЕРЫ ПО ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЮ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ ПО
НЕСООТВЕТСТВУЮЩЕМУ ИСПОЛНЕНИЮ СВОИХ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ
ОБЯЗАННОСТЕЙ https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=44385309
73
Sh.T. Ikramov, D.M. Mirazov, A. D. Husanov, R. N. Rakhimkhodjaev et al. The practice of investigating the
crime of hijacking a vehicle: Textbook. - T .: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of
Uzbekistan, 2012. - 29 p.
74
Комментарии к правилам дорожного движения. – М., 1997. стр. 58.
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Khojiyev Nosirjon
Instructor of the Department of Criminal Law,
criminology and fight against corruption,
Tashkent State Law University
(Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
In Finland, too, the relationship with the issue under study is regulated by the law “on
the provision of legal assistance in criminal cases”. According to Article 12 of this law, legal
assistance is not provided if it harms Finland's interests, independence or security, or is against
human rights and interests. Of this law
Article 13 provides for another 6 Optional grounds on which the requirement to provide
legal assistance is not fulfilled: if the request for legal assistance is subject to political or military
crimes, if the term of execution of the sentence has passed, or if there is an act of Amnesty.
Even if the case is taken in court or the person has passed the sentence or is justified by Finnish
law, the request can be rejected. It should be noted that in the laws of most countries, non-
retention for political crimes is strengthened as a strict rule.
In addition, the law “on Extradition (Extradition) of persons committing crimes”in
Azerbaijan from the CIS countries establishes a number of important rules on extradition of
citizens of Azerbaijan and foreign states.
For example, if, according to Article 1 of the law, there is no agreement between
Azerbaijan and the state requesting detention, the provisions of this law shall be applied in
accordance with the principle of mutual assistance.
In addition to these countries, special legislation on this sphere was adopted in such
countries as Canada, Bulgaria, Vengria, China, Lithuania, Moldova, Sweden, Estonia.
In Uzbekistan, a separate law on this area has not been adopted. Although JPC has a
separate section on the regulation of extradition relations, it can not fully regulate these
relations according to its size and scope. After all, the existing norms in force are not enough
to fully and comprehensively regulate this relationship.
This, in turn, puts the blame on the activities of Uzbekistan in the fight against
international crime. Therefore, today, further improvement of legislation on international
cooperation in criminal cases is required.
Proceeding from the above and the analysis of the legislation of foreign countries on
this issue, as well as the need for normative-legal regulation of legal relations on international
cooperation in criminal cases, we consider it necessary to develop in our country a special law
“on extradition” or “on legal assistance in criminal cases”.
To date, a certain system of international organizations and national bodies of States
has been formed, conducting international cooperation in the field of prevention of crime,
combating it directly and dealing with offenders. All of them include the direction in the single
task in the implementation of the issues in the area under consideration and the achievement
of the goal.
Proceeding from the content of the mentioned cooperation, the system of subjects can
be conditionally divided into two large groups:
1) international organizations;
2) internal organs and institutions of the state.
Each of the subjects has such characteristics as the scope of his competence, his own
system, the peculiarity of his activity and the interdependence between the subjects.
International organizations play an important role in the current international relations
as one of the forms of cooperation of states.
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- assistance to the ECOSOC to coordinate the activities of the UN bodies dealing with
the issues of combating crime, as well as to prepare and present reports, recommendations and
decisions to the secretary-general and other bodies of the United Nations;
- Assistance in the exchange of experiences of UN member states in the field of
Prevention of crime and treatment with offenders;
- discuss complex and important issues that form the basis of international cooperation
in the field of combating crime, including prevention of crime and reduction of crime.
The UN Congress on the Prevention of crime and its treatment with offenders are its
specialized conferences and they are called a marotaba every five years. Since the congresses
are at the same time considered UN bodies of action, their participants, mode of work, function
and legal framework of their decisions are of great importance.
According to the UN Charter, this organization is responsible for carrying out
international cooperation on all pressing issues. On his initiative, every five years, the UN
Congress on the Prevention of crime and its treatment with offenders was called (1955 year in
Geneva;1960 year in London; 1965 year in Stockholm; 1970 year in Kyoto; 1975 year in Geneva;
1980 year in Caracas;
1985 year in Milan; 1990 year in Gavana). The committee on prevention of crime and
criminal justice (Un Congress -1995 Cairo; 2000 Vienna) was established in 1991.
Within the framework of the international cooperation of the States, Congress develops
and adopts programs on prevention and combating crime, as well as leader printouts, makes
recommendations on liquidation of individual types of crime and shares experience in this field.
International cooperation in the field of combating crime is a component of the general
international cooperation of states in the field of combating crime. At present, special attention
is paid to ensuring security in international relations, cooperation in economic, social, scientific,
educational spheres by different countries, these issues occupy a leading position in the state
sphere. These processes are manifested as a result of the process of globalization, which has
become an integral part of the life of every society and state.
As a result of this, the economy of the States has increased, the opportunity of citizens
to enter foreign countries for Labor, Education, Tourism and a number of other purposes has
expanded. But the process of globalization can not be denied even the presence of negative
sides. In particular, under the influence of globalization, one can observe an increase in the
number of organized transnational crimes, such as trafficking in people, drug trafficking,
terrorism. These crimes are characterized by a profession of complex characteristics, so the
struggle against them, the power of one state to end them, is powerless, that is, in order to end
organized crime, states are required to cooperate among themselves.
The Fourteenth section of the criminal-prosessual code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
is called "international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings":
- sending a request for the execution of prosessual actions on the territory of a foreign
state;
- the content and form of the request for the execution of prosessual actions on the
territory of a foreign state;
- legal power of evidence obtained on the territory of a foreign state
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- execution of the request for the execution of prosessual actions on the territory of
the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- To call a witness, victim, expert, Civil Plaintiff, civil defendant, their representatives
who are outside the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- sending the materials of the criminal case to the authorized body of a foreign state;
- execution of the request for prosecution of jinoi on the territory of the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
- to send a request for the seizure of a person who is on the territory of a foreign state;
- The scope of the criminal liability of the person detained in the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- Execution of the request for the seizure of a person who is on the territory of the
Republic of Uzbekistan;
- Complaint on the decision to detain a person who is on the territory of the Republic
of Uzbekistan;
- Refusal to hold a person in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a foreign
state;
- Delay and temporary detention of a person on the territory of the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
- Arrest and detention of a person in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan for
detention;
- Release of a person detained or imprisoned in the territory of the Republic of
Uzbekistan;
- Find a person who is on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan.;
- transfer of the detained person in transit;
- topshirish issues of ingredients regulated.
In our opinion, the issues of this regulation, which exist in our legislation, can not fully
cover the relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan with other countries in the field of combating
crime.
Below we will analyze the topshirish order Field for the punishment of convicts not
provided for in the CPC.
The transfer of prisoners from one state to another, where he is considered a citizen, is
carried out with the aim of creating favorable conditions for the social adaptation of prisoners,
in accordance with the principles of humanism and respect for Human Rights.
However, despite this, the actual issue has not found its expression in the criminal-
prosessual legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as mentioned above, the basis, conditions
and procedure for accepting convicts from the topshirish or other state for the continuation of
the punishment of their citizens.
Currently, the topshirish or admission of prisoners to continue their punishment is
carried out in the Republic of Uzbekistan only on the basis of an international agreement.
Today, the Republic of Uzbekistan has signed agreements with the United Arab Emirates,
Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Turkey on the transfer of prisoners to
continue the punishment.
Within the framework of these agreements, the citizens of the United Arab Emirates,
Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Turkey will be transferred to Uzbekistan to
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continue their punishment, or on the contrary, citizens of these countries, who are being
punished in Uzbekistan, will be transferred to these countries, where they are considered
citizens, in order to continue their punishment.
This form of international legal cooperation primarily pursues the objectives of full
protection of human rights and freedoms, morally correcting citizens who have entered the
criminal path. After all, even in the policy carried out in our country today, the main emphasis
is not only on punishing criminals, but also on their re-education. In the re-education of such
individuals, the influence shown by their close relatives is of great importance. Also, according
to their request, these persons can be motivated by the acceptance of the state in which they
are a citizen, the manifestation of humanism and compassion, the transition to their strict path
of recovery.
However, despite these advantages, the treaties on the topshirish of prisoners were not
signed with a number of CIS countries, including the Russian Federation, the Republic of
Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and others. However, many citizens of Uzbekistan have gone
out to these countries for work and for various reasons have committed crimes and are subject
to punishment within the time limits. It also excludes the possibility of concluding agreements
on the finding of prisoners with these states, the non-regulation of these issues in national
legislation, the implementation of such cooperation on the basis of the principle of autonomy.
And this in the end not only commits a crime, hinders the social adaptation of those who are
being punished, but also suffers immeasurable spiritual suffering as a result of the fact that
close relatives of these persons are not aware of their condition, and such persons can not go
to the territory of the state where they are performing the punishment, because
In this place, we think that it is worthwhile to interpret both the reasons for the non-
establishment of such contracts and to develop proposals on the circumstances through which
they are hindering this.
The first factor in the absence of agreements on finding convicts in the CIS countries
and other countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Korea, etc.), which constitute the majority in the
institutions of punishment of our citizens, is the economic factor. Because in the case of
concluding agreements on finding prisoners, bringing these citizens from a number of close and
distant countries to their territory in the Republic of Uzbekistan (road expenses), their
organization of punishment in the territory of Uzbekistan (costs associated with maintaining
prisoners, creating the minimum necessary conditions for their residence) requires very large
funds, and the possibility and possibility of paying these In this case, it is possible to eliminate
the costs associated with finding and keeping prisoners by introducing the possibility of
compensation by close relatives of this prisoner or the norm that determines that the funds
spent are levied from the post-convict maxbus in the regres order. Ultimately, in our republic,
human dignity, rights and freedoms prevail over economic factors.
In addition, another factor that affects the structure of mutual agreements between
states is the legal factor. That is, persons who are handed over to continue serving the sentence,
having passed the term of the sentence and not on the path to recovery, that is, freedom
without re-education in the spirit of obedience to the law, this in a certain sense can lead to a
sharp increase in the level of crime in the country. On the other hand, these persons are
deported to the state in which they are a citizen after they have fully passed the punishment,
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having committed a crime even in the territory of another state. This means that the structure
of the treaties on the finding of prisoners does not have the opportunity to influence the crime
situation as much as it does.
Another factor in the absence of contracts for finding convicts is the social factor. That
is, it will be necessary to ensure their adaptation to social life, to conduct medical examinations,
to pass professional training, to ensure employment, to provide the necessary social protection,
to provide a place of residence for persons who have been handed over for the continuation of
punishment, during the period of serving the term of punishment, as well as after passing the
punishment. However, in the process of large-scale reforms carried out in AML in our country,
the creation of additional jobs, in particular the development of entrepreneurshiptirishga is of
great importance. Therefore, the employment of persons who have passed the punishment
does not constitute such a difficult matter.
Below, we will analyze the norms of the treaty with the United Arab Emirates on the
topshirish of prisoners and consider the issues of its implementation into national legislation.
In particular, according to Article 2 of the agreement between the United Arab Emirates
and the Republic of Uzbekistan on the finding of prisoners, the convict may be transferred from
the territory of the state of execution of the sentence to the territory of the state of execution
of the sentence or the rest of it.
In Article 6 of this agreement, the terms of the topshirish are defined, according to
which the conviction can be transferred under the following conditions:
a) if the convicted person is a citizen of the state of execution;
b) if the court decision is final and can be executed;
C) if the punishment period is not less than six (6) months at the time of receipt of the
request for topshirish, if it has not been examined in an unusual way;
g) if the act or omission, which is the basis for the issuance of a judgment, is committed
on the territory of the state of execution of the judgment, is considered a crime in accordance
with its legislation;
D) if the convict agrees in writing to submit. Taking into account the age or physical or
mental condition of the convict, consent may be granted by the following::
- For citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan-by the legal representative of the convict;
- For citizens of the United Arab Emirates - by the legal representative of the convict or
one of his relatives;
e) if both the issuing state of the judgment and the execution state of the judgment
agree to the assignment.
In consideration of the request for the convicts topshirish, the convict is of particular
importance to the fact that the consent of his legal representative in relation to his transfer is
given voluntarily. In particular, according to Article 8 of the treaty between the United Arab
Emirates and the Republic of Uzbekistan on the finding of prisoners, the state of conviction
must verify in accordance with its national legislation that the consent of the person to the
finding is voluntary and that he fully understands the legal consequences of such consent in
accordance with paragraph 6 of
It is worth noting that not all requests for prisoners on topshirish are also not satisfied.
The basis for the rejection of these requests will be strictly defined in the contracts. In
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particular, according to Article 7 of the agreement between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the
United Arab Emirates on topshirish of prisoners "refusal of the request on topshirish", the
request on topshirish is rejected in the following cases:
a) if the topshirish judgment may concern the sovereignty, security, public order or any
other important interests of the state;
b) if the Act, which is the basis for requesting the transfer of the prisoner, is a military
offense and is not considered a crime under the general criminal law;
C) if the execution of the sentence differs from each other in the extent to which it
affects the execution in both states, if the person is not satisfied with the different procedures
and conditions under which the request can be executed;
D) if the state of execution of the sentence does not undertake the obligation to pardon
the convicted person provided for in paragraph 5 of Article 2, Paragraph B, in accordance with
the subparagraph "B."
2. Request on topshirish can be rejected in the following cases:
a) if the convicted person has not made fines, court costs, contributions and other
financial charges in the state of conviction;
b) if in the courts of the state of conviction a lawsuit is filed against the convict on the
demand of any other rights related to monetary compensation.
The state of execution of the sentence is limited by the legal nature and duration of the
sentence. In accordance with the legislation of the state of execution of the sentence, the
sentence is executed and it has the right to take appropriate decisions only by agreement, or
by mutual agreement of both parties, which is carried out on the basis of reciprocity.
The competent authorities of the state of execution of the sentence shall continue to
carry out the execution of the sentence in accordance with their legislation.
Bunda said that the powers of the judicial authorities of the state of execution of the
judgment to reconsider the execution judgment would be limited, according to the existing
agreement, by the agreement of the competent authorities of the parties acting on the principle
of autonomy, if such an agreement were not available. That is, only the state of conviction has
the right to reconsider the legality and justification of the judgment issued in relation to the
convict to whom the sum was transferred. In the event that the judgment is revised, the central
authority of the issuing state will immediately send a certified copy of the court decision on the
annulment or amendment of the judgment to the state of execution of the judgment.
The use of amnesty and pardon acts in relation to the convict filed to continue serving
the sentence also has a distinctive feature. In particular, according to Article 12 of the
agreement on finding convicts between the United Arab Emirates and the Republic of
Uzbekistan, amnesty declared in the state of conviction or execution of sentence against the
convict shall be applied. In relation to the convict, the pardon declared by the state of the
convict will be applied. The convict may not be pardoned or conditionally released or otherwise
pardoned by the state of execution of the sentence without the consent of the convict state of
Health.
Further guarantees and benefits are also established for the persons who are
transferred to continue serving the sentence, the conviction for the execution of the sentence
can not be taken into custody, given to court or convicted in the state of execution of the
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sentence for the same crime that was committed in the state of execution of the sentence, the
person
The execution of the judgment shall immediately end the execution of the judgment as
soon as the state is notified of any decisions and measures that would invalidate the execution
of the judgment.
According to Article 12 of the agreement between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the
United Arab Emirates on the finding of prisoners, the state of execution of the sentence should
inform the state of conviction in the following circle:
a) the end of the sentence;
b) the escape of the convict before the end of his sentence. In this case, the state of
execution of the judgment must, in accordance with its legislation, take appropriate measures
to arrest it and find it for judicial proceedings.
2. In accordance with the request of the judgment State, the execution state of the
judgment will inform about its execution in each particular case taking into account the rest of
the sentence.
According to the above-mentioned, in order to facilitate their adaptation in the society
by giving the opportunity to pass the punishment in their own state to prisoners who are being
punished in other countries, based on the ideas of the principle of humanism, the priority of
human rights and freedoms, the CPSU of the Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed to receive
We will make the following suggestions on international legal cooperation in the field
of combating crime.
1. It is proposed to supplement Part 1 of Article 84 of the Criminal Procedure Code,
entitled "grounds for termination of a criminal case without resolving the issue of guilt" with
paragraph 9 of the following content:
9) the request for detention is partially satisfied by the authorized body of a foreign
state, in the part of bringing it to responsibility or refusing to execute the punishment.
2. The Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed to supplement the JPC with article 5931 of
the following edition:
"Article 59311. The basis of refusal of legal assistance.
The Requesting Party may refuse assistance in the following cases:
a) the request is connected with a military crime, unless it is considered a crime under
the general criminal law;
b) if the execution of the request can undermine the sovereignty, security, public order
or other important interests of the Requesting Party;
C) if the survey is concerned with crimes with political nature;
g) if the request is contrary to the provisions of the legislation of the Requesting Party;
D) if the request is only related to financial crimes;
e) if the criminal case is terminated on any grounds established by the legislation of
one of the parties;
j) if legal assistance requires the implementation of measures of majburlov, which may
be contrary to the legislation of the Requesting Party;
z) if the request is not filed in accordance with the provisions of this code;
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i) if an investigation or judicial proceedings are carried out within the territory of the
Requested Party in connection with the crime in connection with the request, or an interrupted
decision is made.
Before refusing to provide assistance in accordance with the provisions of this article,
the requesting party should consult with the requesting party in order to determine whether it
is possible to provide assistance under conditions that it considers necessary. If the Requesting
Party agrees to provide assistance on such terms, these terms will be governed by.
If the Requesting Party refuses to provide assistance in accordance with the provisions
of this article, it will inform the requesting party about the reasons for this.
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Abstract. This article illustrates that the objective side of the corpus delicti, including
the theoretical and practical problems of the signs objective side of crime. As well as in this
article are given relevant conclusions, suggestions and recommendations by the analysis of the
criminal law of developed foreign countries.
In addition, proposals and recommendations for further improvement of the criminal
legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Key words: act (action or omission), consequences, causal relationship between the
act and the consequences, time, place, the way (method) and setting of the crime, tools and
means of committing a crime.
1. Introduction
The composition of the crime includes the totality of all the signs that characterize a
socially dangerous act as a crime. The objective side of the corpus delicti is a set of those legally
defined features that characterize a socially dangerous act as a crime only from the outside,
this is an external manifestation of the crime, expressed in the behavior of the guilty person,
namely, in causing harm or in the threat of harm to objects protected by criminal law in certain
conditions, in a certain place and at a certain time.
In the criminal law literature, attention is correctly drawn to the fact that the separation
of the objective and subjective in human behavior is conditional and is done only for scientific
and educational purposes for a deeper knowledge of the phenomenon under study.
It seems that the objective side of the crime and the objective side of the crime are two
sides of the same phenomenon, but in different planes of legal reality. The concept of "signs of
crime" is associated by law, it refers to the description of the crime in Criminal the code of
Uzbekistan (criminal code). The concept of "signs of a crime" is associated with a specific act
committed in reality. However, the act committed in reality must have all the signs of the
indictable offense provided for by law. In other words, the concepts of "the objective side of
the crime" and "the objective side of the crime" do not exist without each other.
2. Methodology
This study is based on a sample of 77 cases of solved the objective side of the corpus
delicti that were committed in Uzbekistan between 2014 and 2020. These data were obtained
from the Supreme Court database that includes information on the geographic and crime scene
behavior of these events, as well as the individuals involved in these crimes. Information about
each the objective side of the corpus delicti was collected by investigators and judges during
the investigation, judge trials and was subsequently entered into the Supreme Court database
by crime analysts who are experts in extrafamilial sexual crimes.
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3. Discussion
The concept of "the objective side of the corpus delicti" in the General part of criminal
law is used to characterize the external side of the crime in general, which is not specifically
defined. It includes objective features that are characteristic of all the elements of crimes or a
significant part of them, allocated according to some criterion, for example, the legislative
definition of the moment of the end of the crime
They are related as a phenomenon of reality and its legislative description. A person
commits a crime if and only if his behavior, act, act, is provided for in the law as any part of the
crime
There is no legal definition of the concept of "objective side", it is found only in scientific
and educational literature. In the doctrine of criminal law, as well as in the educational
literature, there are two similar concepts: 1) the objective side of the crime and 2) the objective
side of the crime. These concepts are either identified or contrasted. However, neither one nor
the other can be done [1, P. 3].
In the theory of criminal law, like elements of the composition of a crime, the signs of
each of them are clearly distinguished. Even if this separation is carried out, they form a whole
system, which is called the composition of the crime in the connection with each other in
internal interaction. In the composition of the crime, the object and the subject are united by
signs, and also the object and the element signs serve to identify individual
subspecies [2, P. 32].
When talking about the composition of the crime it will be necessary to distinguish its
elements and specific signs. In the literature, they are equated to each other, in fact, these are
different concepts. Elements are separated, divided parts of the composition of the crime,
which distinguish the sides of the object and the subject in four cases of its originality, that is,
characterize. They are the object of the crime, the subject, the object, the side of the subject,
the side of the subject. These signs in turn give a description of the elements of the composition
of the crime. They are connected with the elements as part of the composition of the predicate.
Intentional homicide in connection with rape or unnatural satisfaction of sexual need
by force is objective side expressed in the deprivation of life of the victim in the process of
committing crimes against sexual freedom [3, P. 59].
The way (method) used in the crime of fraud is committed for the purpose of material
gain, and this crime is classified as robbery without the use of another's property [4, P. 15-16].
Any crime consists of four elements, one of which is the objective side of the crime,
which is committed by a particular act or omission.
Intentional homicide acts with the correct intentional intent (wishing death to arise),
exactly in relation to his death, the subject who struck a knife in the heart of the victim. The
direction of the Act (action), which is a necessary sign of the object of the composition of the
crime, determines the correct intentional act that enters the subject. For example, a knife that
hit the part of the heart is an indication that the victim tried to want to die. Also, it is believed
that the correct intentional act, which constitutes a spiritual attitude towards the action and
deed aimed at the murder of a person, is inextricably linked with each other.
The composition of the crime depends on the structure of the crime with material and
formal content, the object of the act may be reflected only in the composition of the act, or in
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itself, the cause of the action, as well as the causal link between the act and the outcome, may
also be implied. Therefore, in the theory of criminal law, the composition of the crime is
considered to be a necessary element of the object of the object, while the causal and causal
link – is an optional sign, such as the time, place, method and status of committing a crime.
Only the consequence and causal linkage in crimes with material content is recognized as a
necessary sign of the object of the crime.
The content of the objective side of the crime consists of the signs that characterize
the external side of the crime. These include:
act (action or omission);
consequences;
causal relationship between the act and the consequences;
time, place, method, and setting of the crime;
tools and means of committing a crime.
The list of these features of the objective side is generally recognized in the scientific
and educational literature. However, their classification on the basis of whether they are
mandatory or optional is controversial. Mandatory to include those characteristics that they
are inherent in all elements of the crime and only those that are characteristic of some elements
are optional. Several points of view were expressed.
The content of the object of the crime is formed by signs that characterize the external
side of the crime. These include: Act (Act or inaction); consequence; causal link between act
and consequence; time, place, method, condition (situation) of committing a crime; weapons
and means of committing a crime.
4. Results
The concept of "objective side" depending on the context, can mean:
a scientific abstraction that characterizes the external side of human behavior as a
crime. In this case, it is correct to use the concept of " the objective side of the crime”;
a legislative structure that describes the objective features of a specific crime under a
certain article of the Criminal Code of the Uzbekistan. This case corresponds to the concept,
for example, "the objective side of the composition of the murder";
the external side of the crime committed by the subject. In this case, it is fair to use the
concept of “objective side of the crime”
Based on the legislative structure of the objective side of the crime, the following types
of crimes can be distinguished:
1) the composition of the action (for example, abuse of official authority can only be
committed by performing actions);
2) the composition of inaction (for example, failure to provide assistance to the patient
is possible only in the form of inaction of the doctor);
3) the composition of an action or omission (for example, a murder can be committed
by both an action and an omission);
4) the composition, the mandatory feature of which is the occurrence of consequences
(for example, almost all thefts);
5) the composition that does not imply the occurrence of consequences (for example,
we punish the very fact of receiving or giving a bribe);
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6) the composition of placing in danger (criminal liability set for committing acts that
threaten the occurrence of the said legislator of socially dangerous consequences, such as the
criminalization);
7) the composition of a continuing crime (act or omission, associated with the
subsequent long-term failure to perform the duties assigned to the person by law or a court
decision. For example, tax evasion, possession of weapons or drugs, etc.);
8) the composition of the ongoing crime (a number of identical actions that encroach
on one object, committed with a single purpose. For example, repeated theft of building
materials from an object by stealing for your own dacha forms one crime);
9) the composition of the crime with alternative actions (any of the actions mentioned
in the law forms the composition of the crime, however, the commission of several of the actions
mentioned in the law does not constitute a set of crimes. For example, crimes related to drug
trafficking — illegal acquisition, transportation, manufacture, processing of drugs);
The objective side is the most important legislative characteristic of a crime. The
objective side is most fully represented, in contrast to other elements of the corpus delicti, in
the dispositions of the articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Uzbekistan.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, almost all decisions of a criminal law nature are based on the correct
understanding and establishment of the objective side and its features within the framework
of a particular crime:
1) the signs of the objective party are the basis for establishing criminal liability, on the
basis of the signs of the objective party, the dispositions of the norms of the Special Part of the
Criminal Code of the Uzbekistan are formulated;
2) the absence in a particular case of mandatory signs of an objective party means the
absence of the corpus delicti as a whole;
3) the establishment of signs of the objective side of any the composition of the crime
is the initial stage of the qualification of the crime. For example, the discovery of a corpse with
gunshot wounds;
4) through the understanding of the signs of the objective side of the corpus delicti,
other elements and signs of the corpus delicti are recognized. For example, the presence of stab
wounds may indicate the intentional nature of the crime committed, and the loss of property
may mean that an encroachment on such an object of criminal legal protection as property has
been committed;
5) the presence of certain signs of the objective side of the crime may affect the nature
and degree of public danger committed by the perpetrator and be taken into account when
distinguishing related crimes. Thus, the method of stealing someone else's property (secretly,
openly, with or without the use of violence, violence, dangerous or not dangerous to life or
health) affects the qualification of the act as
theft, robbery or robbery, since these crimes differ only in the legally defined method
of committing the crime;
6) the signs of the objective side define the moment the crime that is most important
criminal legal value. For example, theft deemed completed when the property seized and the
perpetrator has the ability to use or dispose of stolen property at its discretion and robbery in
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REFERENCES:
1. Popov, A. N.Objective side of corpus delicti: educational allowance / A. N. Popov,
L. A. Zimireva, P. V. Fedyshina; [under total. ed. A. N. Popov]. - St. Petersburg: St.
Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the Academy Of the Prosecutor General's Office of the
Russian Federation, 2015. – P 3.
2. Malinin V. B., Parfenov A. F. The objective side of the crime. - St. Petersburg: Publishing
House of the Law Institute(St. Petersburg), 2004. - P. 32.
3. Rustambayev M.X. Course of criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Volume 3. Special
Section. Crimes against the person. Crimes against peace and security. Textbook. 2nd
edition, supplemented and revised - T.: Military-Technical Institute of the National Guard
of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2018. - P. 59. (Rustambayev M.X. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi
jinoyat huquqi kursi. Tom 3. Maxsus qism. Shaxsga qarshi jinoyatlar.Tinchlik va
xavfsizligiga qarshi jinoyatlar. Darslik. 2-nashr, toʻldirilgan va qayta ishlangan – T.:
Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Milliy gvardiyasi Harbiy-texnik instituti, 2018. – B. 59).
4. Sally Ramage. Serious Fraud and Current Issues // iUniverse. New York. 2005. – P. 15-16.
5. Khudaykulov F.Kh. Force and threat of violence are as the ways of commission of rape //
Review of law sciences // ООО «Grand Inter Media». – Тashkent, 2020 й. – № 4. –
P. 85–89.
6. M.Kh.Rustambaev. The course of criminal law of the Republic of Uzbekistan. T.3. Tashkent,
ed. Shark, 2009. - P. 44. // See also: Blinder B.A., Zakutsky S.G. Criminal law of the Uzbek
SSR. The special part. - T.: "Teacher", 1985. - P.8.М.Х.Рустамбаев. (Курс уголовного права
Республики Узбекистан. Т.3. Ташкент, изд. Шарк, 2009. С.44. // См.также: Блиндер
Б.А., Закутский С.Г. Уголовное право Узбекской ССР. Особенная часть. – Т.:
«Ўқитувчи», 1985. – С.8.)
7. F.Kh.Khudaykulov. Force And threat of violence are as the ways of commission of rape:
national and foreign experience // PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 1123-1132
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Annotation. This article deals with corruption, the sharp and uncompromising fight
against it, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Combating Corruption", the Decree "On
further improving the system of combating corruption in Uzbekistan" and its essence.
Keywords: corruption, fight against corruption, public policy, measures.
Corruption is the unlawful use of one's position or position for personal gain or material
or intangible gain for the benefit of others, as well as the unlawful presentation of such gain.
Simply put, corruption is the use of one's own interests by public officials to put
personal interests above all else, to be sold or bought for bribes, and to increase illegal material
or intangible wealth.
On January 4, 2017, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Combating Corruption"
came into force.
In today's globalized world, where integration between regions and nations is
accelerating, corruption poses a number of problems in all countries, threatening to tear society
apart and disintegrate. Today, no country, large or small, rich or poor, powerful or weak, can
be said to be free of corruption.
That is why our country is waging a fierce and uncompromising fight against corruption.
In particular, the adoption of the Law "On Combating Corruption", as well as the establishment
of the Republican Interdepartmental Commission on Combating Corruption and the approval
of the State Program on Combating Corruption. For example, in a short period of time, five
normative and legal documents on improving the legal mechanisms for combating corruption,
including "On the dissemination and use of legal information", "On Administrative Procedures",
"On" Laws on public procurement have been adopted.
The Presidential Decree "On Further Improving the Anti-Corruption System in
Uzbekistan" is a logical continuation of the consistent efforts in this direction. aimed at
enhancing and strengthening the positive image.
The decree adopted a state program to combat corruption in 2019-2020 and approved
the updated composition of the Republican Interdepartmental Commission on Combating
Corruption.
The decree also outlines the priorities of state policy in the fight against corruption. In
particular, further strengthening the independence of the judiciary, eliminating the conditions
for any unlawful influence on judges, selection of civil servants on a competitive basis,
appointment and promotion to higher positions, transparency of the public service, and
transparency of the public service. Introduce effective organizational and legal mechanisms to
protect those who report corruption-related offenses; These include ensuring their freedom
and involving them in the preparation, conduct and monitoring of anti-corruption
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REFERENCES:
1. https://strategy.uz
2. https://tdi.uz
3. https://www.gazeta.uz
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Ruzmetov Botirjon
Senior Lecturer at the Department of Criminal Law,
Criminology and Anti-Corruption of
the Tashkent State University of Law,
Candidate of Juridical Sciences (PhD)
(Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
After gaining independence the Republic of Uzbekistan entered upon the path of
formation of a democratic state governed by the rule of law and a market-economy country. To
achieve these goals Sh.Mirziyaev, the President of the Uzbekistan Republic worked out the five
guidelines for the development of the republic, one of them was designated as “Supremacy of
Law”, which shows respectful attitude of Uzbekistan people to the law, justice and law and
order.75
It is performed in practice that the transition period of the economic growth is
characterized by positive results along with manifestations of crime in different countries as
well as in our republic. Crime varies not only in quantity but also in quality using more and more
sophisticated techniques of commission and cover-up of the socially dangerous acts.
75
«Conception of priority directions of reform realization in the sphere of reformation and further
liberalization of judicial and law system», adopted as appendix №3 to the ruling of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated from March 10, 2005 № RP-24 on “The program of goals and tasks realization
of the democratization, society renewal, reformation and state modernization” // “Fuqarolik jamiyati” - T.,
“Maxsus son” - p.13-15. The following directly relates to the judicial and law reform: The program of further
development of the judicial reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan // “Imenem zakona”. Bulletin of the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 1996. №3-4. – p.92-93; Ordinance of the Oliy Majlis of the
Republic of Uzbekistan “of national program on improvement of social legal culture” dated from August
29, 1997 // Vedomosty of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1997., №9. – p.227; the decree of
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 14, 2000. “on the improvement of judicial
system of the Republic of Uzbekistan” // “Imenem zakona”, 2000, №4 – p.1; “Conception of further
development of the judicial and legal reform” dated from November 8, 2002., passed at the session of the
Commissions of the Oliy Majlis on the issues of further development of the democratic transformations
and formation of the civil society bases in Uzbekistan; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
“on abolition of capital punishment in the Republic of Uzbekistan” dated from August 1, 2005. №DP-3641
// Collection of Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan. – 2005. №30-31. – p.223; Decree of the President of
the Republic of Uzbekistan “on delegation of rights of giving sanction for taking into custody to the courts”
dated from August 8, 2005. №DP-3644 // Collection of Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan. – 2005. №32-
33. – p.242; Instruction of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «on follow-up actions of legislative
and normative legal acts development subject to approval in connection with the abolition of capital
punishment in the Republic of Uzbekistan» dated June 29, 2006. №I-2529 // “Vedomosty Palat Oliy
Majlisa” of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 2006. №6(1362). – P.355; Ordinance of the session of the Supreme
Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan №12 dated September 24, 2004. «Some issues of applying norms of
criminal-procedural law on admissibility of evidence» // Bulletin of the session of the Supreme Court of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, 2004, №3. – P.22-24. at alias.
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and along with it, constitutional rights and interests of the citizens will be infringed. In this
connection it is appropriate to remember the words of the Uzbekistan Republic President, who
said “the state, all branches of the government justify only if their activity follow protection and
safeguarding human rights. This thesis must be recognized as fundamental, and everybody
must follow it.”76
It is expedient to revise international criminal procedure legislation for comprehensive
research of execution of the seizure and conducting the search during the pretrial inquest. The
analysis of juridical legislation of foreign countries’ shows the existence of the definitions to
the investigative actions including search and seizure. Particularly in the Article 139 of the
Austrian criminal procedure legislation, the definition of the search means “investigative actions
where flat or other premises are searched and where hiding and wanted person or documents
and the articles relating to the criminal case might be supposedly found.” In the next section of
the Article - body search is defined as investigative action which includes search the articles
and documents relating to the case in the body and clothes of the suspected person.77
The Switzerland legislation also contains definitions to “personal search” and “body
search.” According to the Article 250 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of Switzerland, the
term “body search” is defined as physical and psychological search of the body. Meanwhile it
is noted in the Article 249 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Switzerland that personal search
contains the search in the clothes, luggage, and vehicles as well as on the body without any
devices – for the articles and documents relating to the case.78
It is noteworthy that in many countries – the vehicle search does not relate to the
premises search but to the personal search as it is fixed in the Article 56 of the CPC of France.79
It should be noted that functions and tasks of the search coincide in almost all
countries. It is indicated in the Article 247 of the CPC of Italy that the search is conducted for
retrieval and seizure of the articles which have probative value to the investigation case, and
the search is conducted for seeking and arrest of the wanted individuals that is fixed in the
Article 103 section 1 paragraph “b”.80 In item 245 CCP of Switzerland it is fixed, that the search
is carried out for search of subjects or the documents important for criminal case, and in item
208 is specified, that the search also is spent for capture of the searched person which presence
it is necessary to provide on criminal case.81 On the analogy of the previous countries, it is fixed
in the Article 94 and the Article 102 of the CPC of Germany that the search is necessary to
detect and seize any articles and documents which are significant to the investigative case and
76
“Basic principles of socio-political and economic development of Uzbekistan”// “Motherland is sacred for
every citizen” V. 3. –Т.:Uzbekistan, 1996. – P.15.
77
Code of criminal procedure of Austria www.strafverteidiger-friis.at/Strafprozessordnung-
StPO/Strafprozessordnung-StPO.pdf
78
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
79
Code de Procededure penale. Trentieme Edition. Jurisprudence Generale dalloz 11. Rue soufflot – 75240
Paris cedex 05. – 1988-1989. – Art.56. – P. 94.
80
Code of criminal procedure of Italy
www.studioaterno.it/documenti/Codice%20Procedura%20Penale.pdf
81
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
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also to seek hiding individuals from investigation.82 According to the Article 182 of the CPC of
the Russian Federation, the search purposes consist in the search and seize of the articles and
documents as well as in finding the wanted individuals.83
Along with general features between legislation of different countries there is essential
difference in the procedure of conducting a search.
First, there is a difference in the category of individuals who are authorized to conduct
a search. According to the Article 190 of the CPC of Switzerland and the search is conducted
by the court, public prosecutor and police.84 According to the Article 56 of the CPC of France,
the police officer is authorized to conduct a search, and the court judge personally conducts a
search by separate categories of criminal cases which are different from Switzerland practice.85
In accordance with the Article 109 of the CPC of Germany, the judicial police conduct a search
and all procedures, but in case of arrest post and telegraph corresponds in relevance with the
Article 100 of the CPC, this action is conducted only by a judge. Though for urgent reasons,
police is assigned to lead apt investigative actions which without familiarization with the mail,
seal and bring it to the judge, who personally examine it and defines if the mail should be joined
or returned.86
Secondly, there are differences relating to the authority of law enforcement bodies,
which are authorized to give sanction to conduct a search. Particularly it is fixed in the Article
247 of the CPC of Italy; the Article 183 section 3 of the CPC of the Russian Federation, the Article
240 of the CPC of Switzerland that the searches are conducted by the sanctions or warrants of
the court. However in the Article 18 section 2 of the CPC of France there is a reservation that
the court informs the public prosecutor about the forthcoming investigative action before
releasing a sanction for conducting a search.87 In the Article 256 of the CPC of Italy the court
coordinates the settlement with the chief of Ministers Council of Italy while sanctioning the
search relating to the state secrets, the last must provide an answer in 60 days, and in the
absence of the answer, the court settles the question itself.88 In our opinion, the most liberal
requirements are fixed in the Article 98 of the CPC of Germany, where conducting a search with
the court order, and in case of urgency by authority of the public prosecutor.89
Protection guarantees of civil rights in foreign legislation can be foreseen in the
following examples. It is indicated in the Article 244 of the CPC of Switzerland that the search
may not be conducted during night time from 8 p.m. till 6 a.m., as well as on Sundays and
82
Code of criminal procedure of Germany www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/stpo/gesamt.pdf
83
Theoretical and practical commentary to the Code of criminal procedure of Russian Federation / Under
general version by V.M. Lebedev, V.P. Bojyeva – 2nd edition. – М.: Spark, 2004. – P. 372-373.
84
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
85
Code de Procededure penale. Trentieme Edition. Jurisprudence Generale dalloz 11. Rue soufflot – 75240
Paris cedex 05. – 1988-1989. – Art.56. – P. 92-93.
86
Code of criminal procedure of Germany www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/stpo/gesamt.pdf
87
Code de Procededure penale. Trentieme Edition. Jurisprudence Generale dalloz 11. Rue soufflot – 75240
Paris cedex 05. – 1988-1989. – Art.56. – Р. 22.
88
Code of criminal procedure of Italy
www.studioaterno.it/documenti/Codice%20Procedura%20Penale.pdf
89
Code of criminal procedure of Germany www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/stpo/gesamt.pdf
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weekends (holidays). This norm is directed to decrease inconveniences for people, though if
necessary the search may be conducted at indicated time.90
Moreover, it is stated in the Article 56-1 of the CPC of France, that the search at the
defender of the accused can be conducted by the court sanction and with mandatory presence
of the head of the Bar, whose presence directed to protect the rights of the defender himself. 91
Similar norm contains in the Article 103 of the CPC of Italy, where it is stated that the search in
the office or in the house of the defender is conducted only by the judge or by the entrusted
public prosecutor in cases when the defenders themselves are suspected in committing a crime
or hiding the articles, documents or the wanted. The peculiarity of the “search at the defender”
is that if found documents are the evidential for the protection of the defender’s client and they
are not part and target of the crime, they are not to be seized from the defender.92
This foreign experience has not been applied yet in the CIS and it demonstrates
necessity for criminal procedure legislation to be revised in parts relating to the search. Taking
into account above stated circumstances and for ensuring protection of the defenders’
(counselors’) rights themselves while conducting a search against them or their premises, it is
expedient to create a new Article 1611 of the CPC of the Republic of Uzbekistan, stating it in the
following form:
“If there are reasons for assuming that the defender (counselor) has objects or
documents which are parts or target of a crime, as well as incriminating his accompliceship or
for hiding the wanted, by ad sectam of the investigator, the interrogator and the public
prosecutor, the search or the seizure is conducted by the judge himself in the dwelling, the
office or in other premises of the defender (counselor).
Along with other participants stipulated by the present Code, participation is binding
on the head of the Bar by territorial principle when the seizure and the search at the defender
(counselor) are conducted.
The articles and documents which are evidence for the client’s protection in criminal
case where the defender takes part in are not subject to be seized.”
Our proposing of conducting a search or seizure from the defenders by the judge
personally is directed to avoid abuse by the investigators, interrogators or the attorney who
are also public prosecutors, and to prevent from possible firsthand view and seizure of
exculpatory evidence of the defenders client.
In our view, section 1 of the Article 140 of the CPC of Austria is deserved attention, in
compliance with it, the individual who conducts a search has not a right to interrogate at the
same time the individual, who is under search and must be interrogated before the search. This
practice is not in compliance with the criminalistics practiced in Uzbekistan, where questioning
the individual under the search is used to find the articles sought-for.
90
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
91
Code de Procededure penale. Trentieme Edition. Jurisprudence Generale dalloz 11. Rue soufflot – 75240
Paris cedex 05. – 1988-1989. – Art.56. – P. 96.
92
Code of criminal procedure of Italy
www.studioaterno.it/documenti/Codice%20Procedura%20Penale.pdf
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It is also fixed in the Article 141 of the CPC of Austria that in the presence of reasons,
the search is conducted in the house of the judge or the law enforcement official by the officials
of the same body in general terms.93 In our view, Austrian practice complicate ascertainment of
the truth on the case because the colleagues can conceal evidence or do not conduct a search,
or give him/her notice about upcoming search to save prestige or for esprit de corps while
conducting a search or seizure at the colleague. In our opinion, it is expedient to engage officials
of other bodies in such cases.
Seizure and search in the hardware and other computer sources are ordered in the CPC
of foreign countries. In accordance with the Article 97 of the CPC of Germany, computer audio,
video and other files containing direct and indirect relation to the case seized with the court
order are subject to be searched as well as objects and documents. In the Article 98 (b), it is
noted that only data allowing establishing the truth about the case are subject to be attached
to the criminal case, and other information seized during the search is subject to be returned.
Seizure of the correspondence of the computer environment sources is stated in the Article
99.94
Analogic provision is fixed in the Article 243 of the CPC of Switzerland, according to it
the objects, audio, video and other electronic documents or computer data as well as software
for recording information relating to the case are subject to be seized. It is also stated in the
Article 246 that hiring a specialist for finding and seizure of computer data is legal.95
Using the computer data as evidence is reflected in the legislation of Kazakhstan. It is
stated in the Article 236 of the CPC of Kazakhstan that operative services intercept massages
transmitted through computer communication channels, and intercepted information is passed
to the investigator.96 It is obvious from the above given examples that technical innovation is
important to be regulated in the legislation to increase efficiency of crime exposure.
It is obligatory to inform competent authorities when search is conducted without an
order as stated in the CPC of foreign countries so in the legislation of Uzbekistan. Particularly
in the Article 240 section 2 of the CPC of Switzerland reads as follows, when search is
conducted without a court order, judicial body must be informed about undertaken
investigatory action, though time is not fixed in the regulation during which it is necessary to
fulfil the requirement.97 In contrast to that in the Article 98 section 2 of the CPC of Germany, it
is fixed 3 day time for informing the court about the conducted urgent search. In accordance
with the Article 100 of the CPC of FRG analogic procedure is practiced during the seizure of
correspondence.98
93
Code of criminal procedure of Austria www.strafverteidiger-friis.at/Strafprozessordnung-
StPO/Strafprozessordnung-StPO.pdf
94
Code of criminal procedure of Germany www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/stpo/gesamt.pdf
95
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
96
Code of criminal procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan http://base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/nph-
lawyer.exe?uid=;&uid=4B2491A7-6402-411B-9C97-
99B8B3275022&language=rus&doc_id=1008442&language=rus&forprint
97
Code of criminal procedure of Switzerland http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/ff/2006/1373.pdf
98
Code of criminal procedure of Germany www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/stpo/gesamt.pdf
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On the basis of the given examples of foreign experience and ongoing social-economic
reforms, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Uzbekistan Republic needs specific changes which
are directed in the first place to protect civil rights and legal interests. Particularly there appear
to be sufficient reasons to increase powers of the court in connection with delegation of rights
to the courts to give sanctions to conduct a search and other investigatory actions infringing
constitutional civil rights, as now sanctions for conducting of all investigative actions stipulated
by the Article 29 section 3, the Article 36 section 2, the Article 89 section 1, the Article 148, the
Article 382 section 3 paragraph 8 of the CPC of the Republic of Uzbekistan are given by the
public prosecutor. Increasing powers of the attorneys especially while conducting investigative
actions shall allow extending process of liberalization of the criminal law legislation in the
country as well.
In addition, the expected changes can substantially improve evidential functions of the
law enforcement bodies of the Republic of Uzbekistan, detect and conduct investigation more
effectively as well as extend cooperation with other states in this sphere.
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Tadjibaeva Albina
Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Lecturer in the Department of Criminal Law,
Criminology and on combating corruption,
Tashkent State University of Law, editor at tadqiqot.uz
(Tashkent, Uzbekistan)
Annotation. This article analyzes the legal status, essence and content of the judiciary
in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the constitutional legal framework, the relationship between the
functions of the judiciary. It also examines the division of the powers of the judiciary into types
of administration of justice and the transfer of the main powers of the judiciary in democracies
to different categories of courts. The concluding part of the article substantiates the superiority
of judicial oversight over prosecutorial oversight and departmental oversight in a pre-trial
criminal process on a number of grounds.
Keywords. Criminal proceedings, law, defense counsel, court, functions, judiciary.
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At the same time, social and legal research shows that there is a high level of vigilance,
and in many cases, even fear, among the general population [3].
The judiciary ensures the independence of judges based solely on the principle of
obedience to the requirements of the constitution and the law. They are not accountable to
anyone for their actions in administering justice.
The judiciary, established solely on the basis of the Constitution, has the right to
adjudicate or decide on criminal, civil, and other cases, relying on the assistance of the people's
representatives in the administration of justice in accordance with the law.
The court, and only the court, can exert its influence on the people, and thus on society
and the processes that take place in society, within the powers vested in it. There is a single
judicial system based on the social and state system of Uzbekistan, in accordance with the
administrative-territorial division.
The establishment of a single judicial system serves to conduct judicial activity on the
basis of existing laws adopted in accordance with the Constitution and internationally
recognized principles, to ensure the equality of the status of courts and to finance them from
the state budget [4].
According to the theory of separation of powers and Article 11 of the Constitution of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, the judiciary is an independent and free branch of government
(along with the legislature, the executive). It includes:
a) the powers of administration of justice, the sum of the powers to consider criminal,
civil, administrative and constitutional cases in the manner prescribed by procedural law,
sometimes the power to interpret the rule of law, legislative powers and other secondary
powers;
b) integrates the system of state bodies exercising the above-mentioned powers. The
powers of the judiciary are divided into types of administration of justice. In modern
democracies, the exercise of the basic powers of the judiciary is vested in various categories of
courts [5].
Judicial power is the power of courts to hear criminal, civil, economic and administrative
cases on the basis of the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan [6].
The important difference between the judiciary and the legislature and the executive is
that it applies to the entire judicial system in the country, to each court. At the same time, the
legislature and the executive belong to one or two bodies (subjects). For example, the
legislature is the people through the Oliy Majlis and the referendum; executive power belongs
to the President and the Cabinet of Ministers headed by him.
The equal functioning of the judiciary with other authorities is enshrined in the
Constitution. Our Basic Law declares that "judges are independent, subject only to the law."
The inviolability of judges is guaranteed by law, and the documents issued by the judiciary are
binding on all bodies, public associations, enterprises, organizations, officials and citizens.
The above-mentioned rules provide a basis for considering the judiciary as one of the
manifestations of state power. In turn, the concept of the judiciary is somewhat different from
the general concept of power and, in particular, the concept of state power.
It is well known that “power” is a broad category. Parental domination, emotional
domination, crowd or street domination, local domination, domination of evil, etc. show how
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broad the scope of use of the word ‘authority’ is. Therefore, the general concept of power is
also broadly meaningful [7].
The concept of "state power" has a narrower meaning than the concept of "general
power" [8]. Unlike the general concept, it is personalized.
The concept of "judiciary" is even narrower. As noted above, it is one of the branches
of government. No state body can be the subject of its implementation. Only a court that has
the ability and capacity to influence people's behavior, and thus the processes taking place in
society, can be such a subject.
With this in mind, the judiciary could be defined as an authority that has a special place
in the system of public authorities, with the ability and capacity to influence people’s behavior
and social processes.Бу таърифдан суд ҳокимияти тушунчаси камида иккита узвий
таркибий қисмдан иборат эканлигини англаш мумкин:
firstly, such power can be exercised only by specially established state bodies - the
courts;
secondly, these bodies must have the capacity and ability to interact only in their own
way. These characters are interconnected and cannot be contrasted with each other [9].
Judgment is the greatest achievement of the human mind in the entire history of
civilization. "The judiciary is the most refined, the most sophisticated means of ensuring the
rule of law and the rule of law." Real judicial power in Uzbekistan can be achieved as a result
of large-scale, in-depth judicial reform. The main goal of this reform is to ensure the
independence of the judiciary [10].
The judiciary has the following characteristics:
first, judicial activity is carried out on behalf of the state;
second, the trial is conducted by specially organized (elected or appointed) institutions;
thirdly, courts are subject only to the law in their activities and resolve civil,
administrative, criminal and other cases in accordance with the procedure established by law;
fourth, the courts operate independently of other branches of government;
fifth, the judiciary is defined in isolation, i.e., no other agency of the state can assume
judicial functions; only the court exercises coercive powers on behalf of the state;
sixthly, the judiciary is complete and firm, i.e. the legal decision (judgment) of the court
is binding on all [11].
Justice plays a leading role within the broad powers of the judiciary. It can only be done
by a court, not by any other body. This is a jurisdiction unique to the court. As noted above,
the judiciary is not limited to this authority alone. It includes a number of other powers of social
significance, such as justice. These include:
first, constitutional review;
secondly, to control the legality and validity of decisions and actions of state bodies
and officials;
thirdly, to ensure the execution of judgments, other court decisions and decisions of
certain other bodies;
fourth, to consider and resolve cases of administrative offenses within the jurisdiction
of the courts;
fifth, an explanation of the current legislation on judicial practice;
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sixth, participation in the formation of the judiciary and assistance to the Association
of Judges.
The exercise of these powers is closely linked to the administration of justice and
facilitates the proper administration of justice[12].
The judiciary of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a body that is part of a branch of
government and ensures and regulates the rule of law. Article 107 of the Constitution of the
Republic of Uzbekistan stipulates that “the judicial system in the Republic of Uzbekistan,
district, city courts, district, city courts on criminal cases, inter-district, district, city economic
courts and inter-district administrative courts [13].
In each state, the system of justice is organized in administrative-territorial structures
and considers issues arising from the territorial relations between enterprises and
organizations, government agencies and citizens in the development of socio-economic spheres
of society at the level of designated territorial units. Also, the tasks and objectives of the
judiciary [14] are to administer justice and fulfill the requirements set out in the Constitution
of the Republic.
The main goal of territorial reforms in Uzbekistan was to restore the position of the
judiciary as a separate and independent branch of government. New branches of the judiciary
have been created, and the powers of the judiciary have been significantly expanded. The
protection of the legal rights and freedoms of citizens should become a central theme in the
activities of courts and law enforcement agencies.
The judiciary has a strong influence on the legal regulation of economic, social and
political relations of the state, guarantees it on behalf of the state, monitors the implementation
of the rights and freedoms of citizens enshrined in the Constitution and laws on the basis of
equality of nations. Ensures the protection of the rights of citizens [15], regardless of the form
of ownership, in the social life of the country in industrial enterprises, government agencies,
public associations, regardless of the form of ownership.
The main purpose of the judiciary of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the strict observance
of the Constitution and laws by citizens. The law gives large powers to the judiciary to carry out
the above functions.
In the activities of the judiciary [16], justice is not conducted on the basis of different
political views. One of the most important principles in the activity of the judiciary in the
Republic of Uzbekistan is the supremacy of the Constitution and laws, only courts have the
right to take action on behalf of the state in criminal and civil cases in the manner prescribed
by law. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan "On Courts" define the concept of principles of judicial activity as follows:
Judges are independent, subject only to the law. Any interference in the activities of
judges in the administration of justice shall not be permitted and such interference shall be
punishable by law [17]. The judiciary operates independently of the legislature and the
executive, political parties, and public associations [18].
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan stipulates that the judiciary shall deal
with criminal, civil, administrative cases and resolve economic disputes. Paragraph 1 of Article
110 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan states: “The Supreme Court of the
Republic of Uzbekistan is the highest body of judicial power in civil, criminal, economic and
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administrative proceedings, which determines the activities of justice. One of the main
conditions for the administration of justice in the Republic of Uzbekistan is the equality of
citizens before the courts. Cases are heard openly in all courts. Hearings of cases in closed
session shall be allowed only in cases provided by law. Such cases are used in the consideration
of certain crimes. "
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the highest body of the judicial
system and strictly enforces the documents adopted by it, as well as has the right to control
the judicial activity of regional, city and district courts.
The activities of the judiciary are aimed at ensuring social justice, equality and
harmony, strengthening the rule of law by all means. In accordance with the Constitution of
the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan has the right of
legislative initiative in the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The Oliy Majlis of the
Republic of Uzbekistan has the right of legislative initiative of the Supreme Court, the right to
make proposals on amendments to adopted laws, adoption of new laws and other normative
acts. Their proposals and comments will be considered by the Oliy Majlis and referred to the
decision of the deputies at the sessions and meetings.
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УДК 342.417
Айткожина Дарига Галымовна
Евразийская юридическая академия
(Алматы, Казахстан)
Aitkozhina Dariga
(Almaty, Kazakhstan)
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