PHILIPPINE POP CULTURE - British literary scholar
Matthew Arnold took up the study of
What is Popular Culture?
- It is a set of practices, beliefs and objects that embody the
most broadly shared meanings of social system. It includes
media objects, entertainment and leisure, fashion and trends
and linguistic conventions among other things.
Cultural theorist Raymond Williams - a particular way of life.  are categorized as high culture.
- A “way of life” includes a lot of things, including traditions,
values and beliefs, behaviors, everyday activities, rituals,
norms and rules, objects, and much more.
- Culture most prominently with national groups or
racial/ethnic groups. People will refer to American culture,
Japanese culture, Irish culture, African-American culture,
Native American cultures, and so on.
- Gender and sexuality, including male culture, female culture,
gay culture, and so on.
- Age. For example, we might study children’s culture, teenage
culture, or senior culture.
- By Generation at Baby Boomer culture, Generation X culture,
and millennial culture.
- Additional forms of identities, including deaf culture,
working-class culture, Muslim culture…
- Organizations have cultures. Starbucks culture, McDonald’s
culture, and Microsoft culture, among other companies and
organizations.
- Profession to examine the culture of doctors, the culture of
waste management workers, the culture of police officers, and
so on.
- Tastes and interests, meaning we could examine and take
part in cultures such as hip-hop culture, Star Wars culture, and
hockey culture.
 
“Culture.” In his 1869 book Culture and Anarchy, Arnold
defined culture as “the best that has been thought and said in
the world”
- High culture consists of the texts and practices considered
elite or of the highest class. Such activities as opera, classical
music, ballet, works of art that hang in art museums, and so on
- Mass culture is mass produced and mass marketed on a
large societal scale.
- Folk culture is typically individually crafted, and it is produced
and distributed or sold on a local level.
- A subculture is a culture within a culture. So, for instance,
within American culture, cultures based on race/ethnicity such
as African-American culture, Irish-American culture, and so on
can be considered subcultures.
- A counterculture is a culture that defines itself against some
other culture. Often, the word “counterculture”; is most
associated with the 1960s.
- A co-culture can be considered a type of subculture in that it’s
one of a number of cultures that exist alongside one another
within a broader culture. A co-culture is a culture that exists
alongside the mainstream/dominant culture within a society
and thus must interact and negotiate with the dominant
culture.
- Cultural capital, as theorized by French sociologist Pierre
Bourdieu in his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the
Judgment of Taste can be defined as the ability to recognize
and follow the cultural codes used in a cultures texts and
practices.
KOMIKS
- 1st Filipino strip “Kenkoy” in 1929 by Antonio Velasquez
- 1931 – Kulafu, Huapelo, Saryong Albularyo, Goyo and Kikay.
- Then came Dyesebel, Darna, Valentina, Karina and her flying
kariton.
- Martial Law 1972. Komiks used by the government as Green
Revolution.
- 16M regular readers from Apari to Jolo.
- Karina Constantino David’s “The changing images of Heroes
in local comic books.” 1974
FILM
- CInematografo – First film
- 1909 – Yearsley and Gross produced about life of Rizal.
- 1st full length from Jose Nepomuceno “Dalagang Bukid” 1919
- 1st talking picture from Murrer “Ang Aswang” 1932
- 214 – Movie house in the Philippines
- Big 4 – Premier, Sampaguita, Lebran & LVN Studios
- 1976 – Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (MTRCB)
- Nicanor Tiongson & Bienvenido Lumbera
- Dr. Tiongson “From the stage to screen.”
RADIO
- 1922 – 50 watt stations by Henry Hermann in Manila and
Pasay
- 1939 – 4 stations owned by department stores
- Sunrise Club and Listerine Amateur Hour
- Japanese colonization – KZRH to PIAM
- The voice of Juan dela Cruz, The voice of Freedom, The voice
of America
- 1945 – Birth of Phil. Radio
- 1961 – Largest broadcasting chain: Bolinao Electronics
Corporation, Alto Broadcasting System, Chronicle
Broadcasting, Kanlaon Broadcasting System.
- DZBB – Bob Stewart on March 1, 1950
- 1959 – “Transistor Revolution” Pres. Carlos P. Garcia
POPULAR MAGAZINES
- 1905 – Philippine Magazine
- Philippine Free Press stopped in 1972
- Women’s Home Companion, Women’s Journal, Mr. & Mrs.
Mod, Jingle Extra Hot.
- Dr. Soledad Reyes – “Literature for bored housewives.”
POPULAR MUSIC
- 1973 – Joey Smith & Juan dela Cruz (Pinoy Rock)
- Hotdog – Pers Lab
- Rolando Tinio & Celeste Legaspi
- The Broadcast Media Council / Metro Manila Pop Song
Festival
- Fredie Aguilar’s “Anak”
- Phil. Pop Music in Jingle Magazine
TELEVISION
- Father of Television – Philo T. Farnsworth
- TV in the Phil. In Oct. 1953 by ABS-CBN
- DZAQ – TV commercials on Oct. 23, 1953. First licensed.
- 1928 – WRGB (W2XB) 1st TV station in the World. General
Facility in NY known as “WGY Television”
- Father of Phil. Broadcasting – Pioneer Francisco “Koko”
Trinidad in Oct. 1953
TV SHOWS
- Mara Clara – Longest running teleserye
- Bubble Gang – Longest running show
- Chicks to Chicks – ABS-CBN
- Anna Liza – GMA Network
- Iskul Bukol – Comedy. Tito & Vic Sotto & Joey de Leon
- Probe Profiles – Phil. Documentary
- Hapi House – Situational Comedy
- Home Along the Riles – Situational Comedy
- Batibot – Educational show
NEOLIBERALISM
What Is Neoliberalism?
 Neoliberalism is a policy model that encompasses both politics
and economics and seeks to transfer the control of economic
factors from the public sector to the private sector
Many neoliberalism policies enhance the workings of free market
capitalism and attempt to place limits on government spending,
government regulation, and public ownership.
Neoliberalism is often associated with the leadership of Margaret
Thatcher–the prime minister of the U.K. from 1979 to 1990 and
leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990–and Ronald
Reagan, the 40th president of the U.S. (from 1981 to 1989).
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, was a British
stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975
to 1990
Margaret Thatcher Quote on Neoliberalism
 “Pennies don’t fall from heaven, they have to be earned here
on earth.”
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician who served as
the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and
became a highly influential voice of modern conservatism. Prior to his
presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before
serving as the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975.
There are many criticisms of neoliberalism, including its tendency to
endanger democracy, workers’ rights, and sovereign nations’ right to
self-determination
the economy and society than libertarianism. For example, while
neoliberals usually favor progressive taxation, libertarians often
eschew this stance in favor of schemes like a flat tax rate for all
taxpayers.
CRITICISMS OF NEOLIBERALISM
 Free Market Approach to Public Services Is Misguided
 Monopolies skilled workers may be in a position to command
higher wages; low-skilled workers are more likely to see
stagnant wages.
 Increased Financial Instability
 Inequality
 Globalization
Examples of neoliberal regimes of Government
 Social market economy in Germany under Ludwig Erhard.
 Chile under Augusto Pinochet.
 Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher.
 New Zealand under David Lange.

Neoliberalism is related to laissez-faire economics, a school of

thought that prescribes a minimal amount of government interference
into the economic issues of individuals and society. Laissez-faire
economics proposes that continued economic growth will lead to
technological innovation, expansion of the free market, and limited
state interference.

Laissez-faire, a French term that translates as "leave alone"

(literally, "let you do"), is that the less the government is involved in
the economy, the better off business will be—and by extension,
society as a whole. Laissez-faire economics are a key part of free
market capitalism.

An example of laissez faire is the economic policies held by capitalist

countries. An example of laissez faire is when a homeowner is
allowed to plant whatever they want to grow in their front yard without
having to get permission from their city.

Neoliberalism is sometimes confused with libertarianism. However,

neoliberals typically advocate for more government intervention into