TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PURWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN-8

DESIGN & MODELLING OF SOLENOID ENGINE

SUBMITTED BY:

PRABIN DEVKOTA (074/BME/28)

ROSHAN OLI (074/BME/37)

SAGAR NEUPANE (074/BME/38)

SHUBHAM SARRAF (074/BME/43)

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Er. Sujan Dahal
(Assistant. Professor)

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS, DHARAN-08
Dec, 2021

COPYRIGHT

The author has agreed that the library, Department of Mechanical engineering, Purwanchal
Campus, Institute of engineering may make this report freely available for inspection. Moreover,
the author has agreed that permission more extensive copying of this project for scholarly
purpose may be granted by the professor who supervised the project recorded herein. It is
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Mechanical engineering Purwanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering in any use of the material
of this project report. Copying or publication or the other user of this report for financial gain
without approval of the Department of Mechanical engineering, Purwanchal Campus, Institute of
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Request for permission to copy or to make any other use of the material in this report in whole
or in part should be addressed to:
Head of the Department

Department of Mechanical engineering

Purwanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering

Dharan, Sunsari

Nepal

APPROVAL

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING PURWANCHAL CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommended to the
Institute of Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled DESIGN &
MODELLING OF SOLENOID ENGINE submitted by Prabin Devkota,
Roshan Oli, Sagar Neupane & Shubham Sarraf in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Supervisor, Er. Sujan dahal External Examiner, Er. Lal Babu Prasad

Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

Purwanchal Campus, Dharan-08 Purwanchal Campus, Dharan-08

HOD, Er. Ram Dayal Yadab Campus Chief, Er. Om Prakash Dhakal

Department of Mechanical Engineering Purwanchal Campus, Dharan-08

Purwanchal Campus, Dharan-08

Date of Approval: ……/……/………..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our supervisor Asst. Prof. Er. Sujan Dahal . He, who
took our interest and introduced our innovation new ways to think about advantages along with
importance of SOLENOID ENGINE in mechanical world. We want to thank him for guiding us
through our undergraduate final year project work and for providing critical feedback that
improved our research writing skills, initiating us to safety expertise in SOLENOID ENGINE
experimental techniques.

Our biggest appreciation goes to HOD Er. Ram Dayal Yadab for his enthusiastic support, candid
attitude and willingness to allow us to the research on this project.

Finally, and significantly to the submission of this project research is our regards and
thoughtful respect to the TU, IOE, Purwanchal Campus for their understanding and kind
encouragement while administering the campus policy
 Project members:

PRABIN DEVKOTA (074/BME/28)

ROSHAN OLI (074/BME/37)

SAGAR NEUPANE (074/BME/38)

SHUBHAM SARRAF (074/BME/43)

ABSTRACT
The main objective of the work is to design and construct an electrically operated engine i.e.
solenoid Engine. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine,because of the
inventory advancement in operating principles. In this concept, we changed the operating
principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels.
This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This
electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of themis an Electromagnet and other one
is a Permanent Magnet. Permanent Magnet acts aspiston and Electromagnet is located at the top
of the cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this
engine does not contain any sparkplug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is
energized by a battery source ofsuitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in
such a way that it willrepel the permanent magnet i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will
result in therotary motion of crank shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of
Electromagnet isdiscontinued, the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come
back to itsinitial position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e.
ouroutput work. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the copper lossesof
winding and power required to magnetize the winding

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. 1. Smooth trowel ....................................................................................................... 2

Figure 1. 2. Felt trowel ............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3. 1. Fabricated prototpe of machine ............................................................................ 9
Figure 3. 2. Chain & sprocket ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 3. 3. Conveyor belt ...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3. 4. Pulley .................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 4. 1 Isometric view of prototype ................................................................................. 14
Figure 4. 2 Base and Top ........................................................................................................ 17
Figure 4. 3 Vertical Column ................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 4 Slider .................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4. 5 Pulley ................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4. 6 Conveyor .............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 4. 7 Trowel .................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 4. 8.Sliding box ........................................................................................................... 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Selection of materials and cost ............................................................................... 13

Table 5.1 Result Obtained ...................................................................................................... 22

LIST OF SYMBOLS

A Area to be Plastered d

Diameter ρ Density

of Mortar N Speed of

Rotation T Teeth of

Sprocket σ Stress
V Volume of Mortar

M Mass of Mortar
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

AWPM Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

WPM Wall Plastering Machine

IOE Institute of Engineering

TU Tribhuvan University

DPDT Double Pole Double Throw

MS Mild Steel

CI Cast Iron

Rpm Revolution per minute

C.G. Centre of gravity

SMPS Switched-mode Power Supply

FOS Factor of Safety

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Plasterwork is construction or ornamentation done with plaster, such as a layer of

plaster on an interior or exterior wall structure, or plaster decorative moldings on
ceilings or wall. The process of creating plasterwork, called plastering.

The existing technique for plastering the walls is manual i.e. the labors are used to
plaster the walls with their hand by using some instruments like flat board or
other flat surface object which are made by metal, wood or plastic. In this process
the mortar which is the mixture of cement and sand has been spread on the wall
which is to be plaster with the help of these objects. After dispersal the mortar the
labors need to concentrate to make a skinny film of mortar on the wall, which has
been smooth and having good surface finish. Due to which labor need to work
repeatedly until they get the required surface finish [1].
This process takes long time and consumes additional human power. So due to
this slow process the labor cost has also been increase as the labors are working
on daily basis. If the labor is not a skilled person then there have been a low-
quality work and there has been wastage of material. Ultimately the manual
plastering technique have some downsides like high cost, more time, material
wastage and low-quality work due to unskilled labors.

1.1.1 Types of
plastering method
• Automatic
Plastering is done with help of robots and mobile machines.
• Manual
Plastering is done manually with hands.
1.1.2 Trowel
A trowel is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving
small amounts of viscous or particulate material. Common varieties include the
masonry trowel, garden trowel, and float trowel.
1.1.2.1 Types of trowel
• Smooth Trowel

They are used to apply the plaster on the walls, in circular movements
always in the same direction.
Another practical use is the sealing of the plaster when it is necessary to
perform some drilling or repair; Finally, when it is necessary to repair
cracks in a wall or apply a coating (stucco to the tail), the trowel allows a
neat and uniform application of the material.

• Felt Trowel
These trowels, on the other hand, are used to soften and eliminate the small
imperfections left by the use of the smooth trowel; generally, lines generated by
the edges of the tool. They are also often used to achieve details of relief in
plastering works such as modern stucco and splashing.
1.1.3 Types of Plastering
There are different types of plasters are available such as:
• Lime plaster: -
 • When lime is used as a binding material it is called lime plaster.
• Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of hydrated lime, sand
and water.
• Lime plaster is similar to lime mortar, the main difference is based
on use rather than composition.
• Mortar for lime plaster is usually prepared by mixing sand and lime
in equal proportions, to improve the strength small quantity of
cement is added to it.

• Cement plaster: -
• When cement is used as a binding material it is called cement
plaster.
• It is especially suited for damp condition.
• Cement plaster is usually applied in one coat.
• Thickness of coat can be 12 – 15mm or 20mm depending upon site
conditions and type of building.
• 6mm thickness of plastering of 1:3 or 1:4 Ratio is recommended for
cement plastering of RCC surfaces.

• Mud plaster: -
• The surface to be prepared exactly in the same manner as that of for
lime plaster or cement plaster.
• Mud plaster is generally applied in two coats, the first coat being
18mm thick while the thickness of second coat kept 6mm.

• Stucco plaster: -
• Stucco is the name given to decorative type of plaster which gives
an excellent finish.
• Stucco plaster can be used for interior as well as exterior surfaces.

It is usually laid in three coats making the total thickness of plaster about
25mm. The first coat is called scratch coat, the second coatis called fine
coat, it is also known as brown coat and the third coat is called white coat
or finishing coat.
1.2 Problem statement

In the manual plastering technique, the crucial factor is skilled labor because of
which plastering has been done on the walls, but presently there is lack of skilled
labors due to which it is very inconvenient to complete this process. The labor
requires more time to finish the process which increases their wages and hence
the total plastering or labor cost increases [1].

1.3 Objectives

➢ General Objectives:
• To Model and fabricate Automatic Wall Plastering Machine.
➢ Specific Objectives
• To test the performance automatic wall plastering machine.
• To understand the chain and sprocket mechanism.

1.4 Organization of project

In this project it consists of 6 chapters in which chapter one includes the

introduction of the project, which contains background, statement of problem and
objectives regarding the project. Chapter two contains literature review, which
includes the history and evolution of AWPM in different eras. Chapter three
contains the methodology used in the project. It includes the different mechanism
employed in the project. Chapter four contains the CAD modelling from
SOLIDWORKS software and also the fabrication of the different components of
the project and its testing. Chapter five shows the obtained results. Chapter six
consists of the conclusion and recommendation for the project

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of AWPM

In general, the growth of a country is mainly dependent on the infrastructure,

agriculture, and industry. Hence the constructional sector is of prime economic
significance to many countries. In most countries, 10–20% of the GNP is for the
construction industries, thereby making it one of the largest economic
employment sectors. Plastering is construction or ornamentation work done with
plasters or cement mortar over the walls. Failing to allow the plastering to fully
cure can lead to excess shrinkage and cracking after the walls have been plastered.
The distinct types of surface finish are as follows:
• Smooth finish, which can be obtained by using a wooden float, rather than a
steel trowel;

• Roughcast finish is for rural or coastal areas, and is splashed on to the surface
as a wet mix and left rough. The maximum size of sand and crushed stone or
gravel may vary from 12.5 mm to 6.3 mm;

• Pebbledash finish is the most durable of all finishes and is generally free from
effects. It gives a rough texture to the wall and is obtained by means of small
pebbles or crushed stone, graded from 12.5 mm to 6.3 mm being splashed on to
a fresh coat of and left exposed; and

• Textured finishes of assorted designs are now becoming very popular and can
be obtained in a variety of ways. Special effects can be obtained by scraping the
surface of the rendering with a straight edge hacksaw blade or with the edge of
a steel trowel. Apart from this, commercial wall plastering machines are also
available [6].

But these machines do not have self-alignment capability, which is essential for
flat and smooth plastering of the wall. Also, these types of wall plastering
machines are used to plaster the entire wall and cannot be used to re-plaster
patches and damaged plastered walls.

Although plastering is one of the most physically strenuous jobs in building

construction it was not before the early fifties that machines were developed
which supported this strenuous task. The first machines to be developed were
automated mixers which made the task of manual plaster mixing obsolete [2, 3]. The
introduction of plastering machines such as RUMA 1,
[4] [5, 6]
Putzmeister KS 1 and Putzmeister Gipsomat in the sixties was considered
revolutionary and marked the beginning of a new era in plastering technology.
The development of the AMPA machine was the first attempt to significantly
increase the level of automation but this kind of equipment has never been
accepted in practice. Automated spraying of mortar and paint has recently been
demonstrated by means of the mobile articulated prototype robot TAMIR which
 [7]
had been developed in Israel and a prototype of a cartesian robot which had
been constructed in a Swedish joint venture between Swedish construction
[8]
companies and universities . Unfortunately, these developments have been
unable to provide a breakthrough in the plastering industry. Thus, even today, the
plastering machines developed in the sixties such as are still considered to be
State-of-the Art.

The construction industry is labor-intensive and conducted in dangerous

situations; therefore, the importance of construction robotics has been realized
and is grown rapidly. Applications and activities of robotics and automation in
this construction industry started in the early 90’s aiming to optimize equipment
operations, improve safety, enhance perception of workspace and furthermore,
ensure quality environment for building occupant. After this, the advances in the
robotics and automation in the construction industry has grown rapidly.
• Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine.

The project of Mahesha P.K. and Sree Rajendra includes applying mortar into
the wall and additionally pressuring mortar with creating a surface level. The
model was developed and tested successfully. With this development, two
major downsides to the construction industries were reduced, namely, labor
shortage and quality within construction method with less wastage. During the
trials, it was noted that the machine was more productive compared with labor
in relation to rendering the work, and additionally, the standard achieved was
admirable [9].

• Automatic Plastering Machine.

The project done by Arivazhagan B. shows the Machine-driven rendering

machine is exclusive and maybe one reasonably machine-driven rendering
machinery is ideally appropriate for the construction/building business.
Machine-driven rendering machine works with typical cement mortar that
brings it to a swish, flat end with variable and adjustable thickness to suit every
application. It makes rendering easier, faster, and easy compared with manual
application. This concept also can additional increased by interfacing liquid
crystal display & computer keyboard for creating the method while not
external supply. This point and cash saving machine, keeps up with the ever-
dynamic world of building automation [10].
• Automation and Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges

The project done by S.M.S. Elattar by Robots square measure progressively

concerned in construction operations to take care of extremely correct actions
and to scale back venturous risks achieving improved management and safety.
Machine-driven constructions are often developed to include: design,
engineering, and maintenance of existing and planned structures. Several
analysis works counsel extremely autonomous robotic system for the
development performance. The “Sense-and-Act” could become a reality with
the development of a lot of advanced robotic systems for construction
applications. Efforts should be made to persuade professionals in building
management to integrate AI and building automation enhance the standard of
services of contemporary intelligent buildings. All new concepts for automation
or robotizing on the vacant lot need to be generated by a mix of recent designs,
new forms, and new materials that meet the requirements for building in a very
metropolis. However, many of the problems in construction engineering cannot
be absolutely addressed through improvement and computation. With
intelligence activities reminiscent of generalization, analysis and decision-
making for multi-objectives, there are often a higher understanding of the
development engineering downside [11].

• Automation in Construction.

This paper prepared by Pentti Vähä provides a survey for potential sensor
technologies for building construction automation, highlighting their potential
Also with contributions from robotics. The paper carries out the survey from
the viewpoints of building construction phases[12].

• Concept to Position and Enhance Automation Technologies in Emerging

Construction
Market.

According to Mohan Ramanathan, Automation has been an indicator of

technological and developmental progress of construction industry. The
objectives of any automation have to improve the quality of work, productivity,
higher safety for both workers and public through developing machines for
dangerous job, uniform quality of work with higher accuracy. Improving work
environment as conventional manual work is reduced to minimum so workers
 are relieved from dangerous work, but disadvantage of automation is high cost,
less knowledge torun the worker, high maintenance cost etc[13].

• Automatic Wall Plastering Machine.

As per Arunkumar Birder works, the building construction is time consuming

sector because lot of work is labor based there is too much shortage of skilled
labor, increase in labor cost and technological advances are forcing rapid
change in the building construction. Building construction mainly consists of
commercial infrastructure and residential building, but in every sector plastering
work is must. We are introducing new machine to automate the plastering work
which is very much demand for construction field. The machine consists of
AC/DC motor, Gear box, wire rope, pulley, tray mechanism, guide ways, etc.
The present work developed model of wall plastering machine [14].

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Construction of Prototype of Wall Plastering Machine

The prototype consists of three main parts that is Base, Top& sliding box. The
sliding box consist of two sliders which are mounted in the box, which slides
vertically on hollow square bar. It consists of a DC motor which drives the shaft
through chain sprocket mechanism. The shaft consists of two grooved nylon bar
that supports the rope for lifting mechanism through pulleys, mounted on the top.
And also help for driving conveyor belt. A trowel is mounted at the front of the
machine that plasters the walls.

Figure 3. 1. Fabricated prototpe of machine

3.2 Working of the Prototype
Initially, the machine should be brought close to the wall to be plastered and
positioned as per need. Then, the mortar of cement and sand roughly in the
proportion of 1:4 is poured into the hopper-tray, which is lifted by means of a rope
coupled to the motor through pulley. The mortar flows downwards due to
gravitational force. The trowel applies pressure on to the cement mixture so that
the cement adheres to the wall. The clearance between the wall and machine can
be adjusted as per the thickness of the plaster. When the sliding box moves
upward, the mortar gets applied, and the downward movement sees that the
finishing of the plaster is done.

3.3 Mechanisms involved in Automated Wall Plastering Prototype

3.3.1 Chain and sprocket mechanism

Chain and Sprocket A sprocket is a toothed wheel that is used to transmit motion
and torque from one shaft to another. Chains that are used to transmit motion and
force from one sprocket to another are called power transmission chains. Unlike
gears that have to mesh to transmit motion and torque from one gear to another,
sprockets may be positioned far apart. Sprockets are connected by a chain. A
sprocket with a hole that matches the diameter of the shaft is chosen and slid onto
the shaft. The sprocket is then rotated until the keyways in the sprocket and shaft
line up. A rectangular piece of steel bar called a key is slid into the keyways to
prevent the sprocket from spinning on the shaft.

Figure 3. 2. Chain & sprocket

Chain and sprocket mechanisms perform the same task as a belt and pulley system,
i.e. they transfer motion and force from one shaft to another. A belt can slip on a
pulley but the teeth on the sprocket prevent the chain from slipping.

3.3.2 Conveyor mechanism

A conveyor mechanism is of common piece of mechanical handling equipment
that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyers are especially useful
in application involving transportation of heavy or bulk materials. Conveyors
system allows efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which make
them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries many kinds of
conveying system are available and are used according to the various needs of
different industries.

In this project, the conveyor belt basically performs feeding of mortar to the
trowel.
It is also driven by a motor of 80 rpm.

Figure 3. 3. Conveyor belt

3.3.3 Lifting mechanism
Lifting mechanism in mechanical process in which the weight raised or lowered to
certain height application of force. Lifting is especially useful in application
involving transportation of heavy or bulk materials to certain height.
In this project, pulley is used to lift the sliding box driven by motor for plastering
on the wall.

Figure 3. 4. Pulley
3.4 Selection of materials and costing of AWPM

For fabrication of system prototype, the below listed materials were used based on
the system requirement, ease of availability and economic feasibility
Table 3.1 Selection of materials and cost
S.N. Items Specification Quantity Cost (Rs.)
1. Hollow square bar 40x40 13.6 kg 1250
2. Hollow square bar 20x20 5.5 kg 550
3. Wiper motor 12V D.C 1pc 2500
4. Switch DPDT 1 200
5. Nylon rope 2mm 6m 100
6. chain 2 pcs 300
7. Sprocket 4 pcs 1200
8. Pulley 50mm dia 2 pcs 800
9. Bearing 12mm dia 25pcs 3000
10. Nut-bolt 35pcs 600
11. Spring 4 pcs 200
12. Wheel 12cm dia 4 pcs 800
13. Thread Rod 14mm dia 1m 100
14. Iron rod 12mm dia 3 kg 180
15. Clamp 25mm 6 pcs 150
 16. Miscellaneous 3000
Total 14000

CHAPTER 4: CAD MODELLING AND FABRICATION OF AWPM

4.1 CAD Model

This AWPM has been designed with the help of Solid Works Software.

Figure 4. 1 Isometric view of prototype

4.2 Modelling Numerical Calculation

4.2.1. Loads on Hopper:

Plastering Width = 0.305m

Plastering height = 1.15m
Plastering thickness = 1m =
0.01m Mortar mixing
proportions:
1:4 (normally)
Density of wet mortar, ρ= 2400 kg/m3
Plastering Volume, V=0.305x1.15x0.01
V=3.5075x10-3 m3

Mass, m= ρxV m=
2400x3.507x10-3=8.42 kg mass
of hopper excluding mortar, M=
13 kg
Total weight on hopper including cement mixture, (M+m) =21.42Kg
Maximum force acting on rope is
F=(M+m)xg
F = 21.42x9.81=210 N
4.2.2 Rope Design
Approximate weight on hopper =21.42kg

Axial load acting on rope=21.42Kg

Select rope material as polypropylene wire.

Take F.O.S. for polypropylene wire is (lifting)

=10 Nominal breaking strength of rope

σbreak =850 N/mm2

Allowable Stress,

σallowable = σbreak / F.O.S. =850/10=85

We know that,

F=210 N

2
F Πⅆ
σallowable= , where, A=
A 4

σallowable > Π𝐹ⅆ2

( )
4

�
�
ⅆ
2

2
1
0

>

4 85

d2 > 210×4
85𝜋
 d
2
> 3.1456 d > 1.773 mm Hence, for safe
design, take d= 2mm.

4.2.3. Gear Design

Motor used =12V, 50W DC

For motor,
Motor speed (N1) =75 rpm
Teeth on sprocket 1 (T1) = 20
For shaft,
Teeth on sprocket 2 (T2)
= 36 Speed of shaft
(N2) =?
As we know that,
𝑁2 𝑇1
=
𝑁1 𝑇2
N2 = (20x75)/36
N2 = 42 rpm

4.3 Fabrication

While carrying out the process of fabrication and assembly of wall plastering
model, different type of machining operation such as welding, drilling, hack
sawing, filling, grinding etc. were encountered. Most of the operation where
performed in the machining section, fabrication section, carpentry section of
Purwanchal Campus, IOE while some of them performed outside and some of the
parts where purchased in the market.
Nearly all the parts were made by hollow iron pipes. Shaft of DC Motor was
manufactured in Koshi Workshop, Dharan. Pulley was made up of nylon fabrics in
machining section through lathe operation. Shaft of slider were made up of solid
cast iron through lathe operation. Shaft of conveyor was made up of hollow circular
 pipes.
The fabrication of different components is explained as follows:

4.3.1 Base and Top

The base and top of the machine is made up of hollow square pipe (cross-section
area of 4x4 cm and thickness of 2cm) of iron. Long pipe is cut in pieces with
power hacksaw and made a rectangular base of 40x30cm through welding
process.

Figure 4. 2 Base and Top

4.3.2 Vertical Column
Long square pipe is cut in two pieces of 120 cm by hack sawing. Both the stands
were attached in the top and base frame through nut-bolt.

Figure 4. 3 Vertical Column

4.3.3 Slider
Slider consists of eight shafts and eight bearing. The shaft diameter is decreased to
13mm in machining section through lathe operation and the bearing is fitted in
that shaft. The shafts consisting bearing are welded on a square pipe of cross
section of 2 cm.

Figure 4. 4 Slider

4.3.4 Pulley
Pulley was made up cast iron with lathe operation. It has a diameter of 5cm and
groove depth of 2cm

.
Figure 4. 5 Pulley
4.3.5 Conveyor
The conveyer is connected with the help of two shaft mounted on the sliding box.
The conveyor belt is made up of jeans of dimension 24x18 cm.

Figure 4. 6 Conveyor

4.3.6 Trowel
The trowel is made up of iron metal sheet of dimension 32x15x0.2 cm. It is
attached to the slider box with the pin joint and spring.

Figure 4. 7 Trowel

4.3.7 Sliding box

All the above made slider, trowel and conveyor are fitted in this box.

Figure 4. 8.Sliding box

4.4 Assembly

After the fabrication of the mechanical components and the purchase of

components from the market, the assembly work was started which was done with
precise dimension. The following steps were carried out during the assembly of
the wall plastering machine.

• Firstly, we cut the hollow square pipes according to the designed data and then
base of 40x30 cm is constructed by welding process.
• For the lift system, two vertical iron columns were made and adjusted to the
horizontally placed base with the help of nuts and bolts.
• Then sliding box frame of dimension 70x30x15 was made with the hollow
iron pipes of dimension 2x2cm by welding process in which sliders are
mounted for proper vertical motion.
• The motor is attached to the box and power is supplied for lifting through
 chain and sprocket mechanism.
• The sliding box is lifted with rope through pulley mechanism.
• The trowel is attached to the sliding box with the help of nut-bolt and pin
joint.
• Finally, the top where pulley is assembled is placed on the top of the machine
through welding process.
4.5 Preliminary Testing

Initially all the fabrication and assembly work were completed. All the electric
connections were checked to configure the motor coupling with via chain and
sprocket. DPDT switches were checked to test the polarity. The individual
mechanism testing was done to test configure each mechanism operation. Then,
testing was done on prototype, without putting the load in order to check working
of the system. Everything was configured accordingly and the preliminary testing
was done.

CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Results

After performing all the test i.e. weight lifting capacity of rope, driving capacity,
slipping capacity and conveyor belt was found out respectively by different
observations and following results were obtained.
Table 5.1 Results Obtained
S.N. Time(min) Plastering area (m2)

By machine By manually
1. 3 1.05 0.25
 2. 5 1.75 0.42
3. 8 2.8 0.67
4. 10 3.5 0.85

Hence, plastering done by machine is nearly 4 times faster than manual plastering.
Time taken for lifting up of the box is 1min.10sec and for lifting down is nearly
1min 05sec.

5.2 Discussions

The automatic wall plastering machine prototype based in three different

mechanism i.e. chain and sprocket, pulley drive, conveyor drive. The selection of
these mechanism were based on the availability, benefits and economic feasibility.

Different difficulties were encountered in making the machine prototype from

beginning to the completion of the project. These difficulties were occurred due to
lack of proper technical knowledge in selecting components, lack of machine
accuracy. Some other encountered problems are listed below here:

• The first proposed model was fully based on rack and pinion for lifting.
During lifting, the motor could not deliver the required torque and also the
rack and pinion was not perfectly meshed with each other. The motor with
high torque was used with pulley drive for lifting.
• For vertical motion, two columns for lifting were used. As a result, the C.G.
was not balanced during lifting. We used two sliders in the column having
eight bearing in each to overcome this problem.
• Plywood box was used as a sliding box. There were problem in load bearing
capacity of components used inside it and also getting difficulty in fixing the
position of motor shaft etc. To overcome these problems, we used hollow
square pipes for better functioning as sliding box.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 6.1 Conclusion

The present work includes applying the mortar into the wall and also pressuring
mortar with a making surface level. The model has been developed and tested
successfully. With this development the two major problem construction
industries currently facing can be reduced, they are skilled labor shortage and
Quality in the construction process with less wastage. Through the trials it is
noted that the machine is more productive compare to the labor with respect to the
plastering work and also the quality achieved is almost equivalent to the labor.
6.2 Recommendation

The prototype is capable of plastering the vertical wall with good surface finish.
There are certain recommendations that can be made for this project.
• A hydraulic lift can be employed for rigidly fixing the machine with
ceiling.
• Lasers can be used for adjusting the gap between the trowel and vertical
wall.
• Different types of tools and techniques can be employed for plastering in
curved areas and ceiling.
• Sensors can be used for mortar control.

If all these steps in fabricating and recommendations are to be followed, the

commercialization of wall plastering is no hard job. In future, this system can be
used as one of the best alternatives to reduce the problems regarding plastering.

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APPENDIX

Different CAD Views of AWPM

Figure A. 1.Front view of AWPM prototype

Figure A. 2.Back view of AWPM prototype

Figure A. 3.Right side of AWPM prototype

 Figure A. 4.Left side view of AWPM prototype

Figure A. 5. Top side view of AWPM prototype

Different Experimental Images

Figure: Testing lifting mechanism

Figure: Plastering on the wall