PAPPER

ADVANCED GRAMMMAR
WORD FORM
Supervisor : Mr. Drs. Syauki M.Pd.

Arranged by
- Siti Nur Azizah : 11200140000079
- Siti Maharani : 11200140000080
- Nurul Afifah : 11200140000094

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS ILMU TARBIYAH DAN KEGURUAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2021
 OPENING
First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah,
writer finished writing the paper entitled “WORD-FORM” right in the
calculated time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that
was given by Mr. Drs. Syauki M.Pd. as lecturer in ADVANCED
GRAMMAR.
in arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots of challenges and
obstructions but with help of a group, those obstructions could be passed.
writer also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this
paper.
because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who
helps in the process of writing this paper. hopefully allah replies all helps
and bless you all. The writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in
arrangment and the content. then the writer hope the criticism from the
readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the
least Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge
about ADVANCED GRAMMAR.

Jakarta, September 16th 2021

author
 WORD-FORM
1. PART OF SPEECH
part of speech is the first step that you need to learn when learning
English, its use is to understand sentence forms in English. When you
read a test item, make sure that you know which word is noun, a verb, an
adjective, or an adverb. These are important words in a sentence. A word
may have one or more related forms. (We will explain this affixes.) The
word 'decide', for instance, changes form to a noun, verb, adjective, and
adverb as in the following sentences :
Nouns : The decision was made weeks ago.
Verbs : We decided to move to a langer house.
Adjectives : His decisive action broght order to the meeting.
Adverbs : She acted very decisively.
(A). Noun are in the following position:
As subjects : The teacher came on time yesterday.
As complements : My brother is a teacher.
As object : I met my teacher last night.
(B). Verbs are used to express the action of the subject.
The teacher came on time yesterday.
The family rented a house downtown.
(C). Adjectives are words that modify (describe) the noun.
The young woman was carrying a small bag.
(D). adverb modify verbs adjectives, and other adverbs.
The student studies diligently.
I am very fond of ‘tahu’
He can run very swiftly
most adverbs are formed by adding –ly to the adjective form.
He was a brave soldier He fought bravely.
The adverbs and adjectives have the same form:
Deep hard late low
early high leisurely much
far kindly little near
fast
The adverb forms: highly, lowly, depply, nearly, hardly, and lately exist,
but they have different meanings from the adverb form without –ly.
The adverb : warmly, hotly, cooly, coldly, presently, shortly, scarcely
and barely have different meanings from their adjectives.

2. STEM, PREFIXES, SUFFIXES

One of the ways to help identify the word class is through the
knowledge of devrivation. Many English words are made by attaching a
short form called an affix to either the beginning or the end of a word.
When this is done, the word itself is referred to as a stem. The form at the
beginning of the stem is called a prefix, and the form at the end is called
a suffix.
Example : Stem : happy
Prefix : unhappy
Suffix : happiness
Notice that the prefix changes the meaning of the word but the part
of speech. Happy and unhappy are both adjective. The suffix, on the
other hand, change the part of speech but does not generally change the
meaning. The adjective happy is changed to the noun happiness.
Beside helping you identify the word class, learning prefixes and
suffixes is particulary important in helping you increase your vocabulary
because they turn a single word into a ‘word family’. They allow to learn
words in groups instead of one by one.
EXAMPLES
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
beauty beautify beautiful beautifully
Very often, if you know the stem of a new word and have some
familiarity with the suffixes or prefixes the word contains, you can
understand its meaning without having to look up in the dictionary (wich
will avoid your having to open your dictionary too often).
There are only three word classes (part of speech) that an take
suffixes. Any one word class can be changed into the other two word
classes. This gives us three groups of suffixes:
A. Noun-forming suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change a verb or an adjective
into a noun;
B. Verb-forming suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change a noun or an adjective
into a verb;
C. Adjective-forming suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change a noun or a verb
into an adjective.
A. Noun-forming suffixes:
verb to noun:
-ment : achievement, development, improvement, etc.
-al : betrayal, survival, etc.
-ance/-ence : acquaintance, conference, attendance, etc.
-(t)ure : fixture, mixture, etc.
-(s)sion : conclusion, explosion, submission, etc.
-y/-ery : delivery, discovery, etc.
-(a)tion : construction, instruction, administration, etc.
-ition : completition, ignition, etc.( for verbs ending
in_ify)
-ant-ent : assistant, president, etc (agent nouns)
Adjective to noun:
-ness : awareness, weakness, etc.
-(i)ty : captivity, difficulty, etc.
-ce : abundance, attendance (the change of-t to –ce)
B. Verb-forming suffixes:
noun to verb:
-ize : harmonize, organize, etc.
-ate : facilitate, differentiate, etc.
-ify : beatutify, classify, qualify, etc.
Adjective to verb:
-en : blacken, widen, etc.
NOTE: From some verbs, gerund from is the only possible derived noun
form. A suffix is not used to change such verbs into nouns.

EXAMPLE: VERB NOUN

earn earning
surround surrounding
C. Adjective-forming suffixes:
noun to adjective:
-al/ial : agricultural, commercial, etc.
-y : bossy, sandy, cloudy, etc.
-ary : primary, disciplinary, etc.
-ed : forested,
-ly : brotherly, friendly, etc.
-ful : careful, cheerless, backless,etc.
-less : careless, cheerless, backless, etc.
-ous : humorous,amorous, synonymous, etc.
-ic : organic, economic, etc.
-ish : boyish, reddish, etc.
Verb to adjective:
-ive : comparative, discriminative, ect.
-able : agreeable, desirable, manageable, etc.
-ant/-ent : pleasant, different, etc.
In addition to the above suffixes, other word endings can also help
us identify the word types (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs), as
follows:
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
-age,shortage -ed, wanted -ese, sundsnese -ly, beautifull
-dom,freedom -ify, classify -ing, interesting -ward,
-ee, employee -ize, socialize -ed, interested backward
-ess, princess -en, wilden -ic, economic -wise, likewise
-hood, childhood -able, ible,
-ism, socialism edible
-ist, economist -ish, yellowish
-ship, frendship -like
-ly, friendly
-ous,
outonomous
3. ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVE
Adjectives can only modify nouns (and some verbs); adverbs can
modify adjectives (extremely interesting), other adverbs (really slowly),
and verbs (she speaks softly). Many adverbs are used to intensify the
meaning of an adjective or another adverb. These intensifiers have
approximately the same meaning as very: extremely, really, highly, quite,
considerably, etc.
Example (the bold one is the adverb and the italic one is the
adjective)
1. Extremely attractive.
2. Quite bad.
3. Incredibly happy.

When modifying an adjective, an adverb can answer questions

regarding the extent to which an adjective describes a noun.
Example (the bold one is the adverb and the italic one is the
adjective)
1. My math teacher incredibly patient. (To what extent is my math
teacher patient?)
2. The refrigerator is fully stocked with groceries. (To what extent is
the refrigerator stocked?)
3. I’m extremely impressed with your work on that project! (To what
extent am I impressed with your work?)

Adverbs that modify adjectives must go directly before the adjectives

they modify.
Example (the bold one is the adverb and the italic one is the
adjective)
1. The woman is quite pretty.
2. This book is more interesting than the last one.
3. My cat is incredibly happy to have his dinner.
4. VERBS FOLLOWED BY ADJECTIVE

Verbs are almost always followed by adverbs except those which fall
into three special categories. These special verbs are almost always
followed by adjectives:
1. Verbs used as linking verbs: be, seem, appear, become, remain,
get, go, prove, turn, etc.
2. Verbs used as sense verbs: look, sound, smell, taste, and feel.
3. Special combinations: hold tight, stand still, keep quiet, open wide,
etc.

Linking Verbs
Linking verbs behave differently from verbs that express the action
performed by the subject. They connect the subject to a description, state,
or relationship related to the subject.
1. He looked at me suspiciously.
2. He looked suspicious.
In sentence 1, look is a verb expressing an action performed by the
subject. The adverb suspiciously modifies the verb; it expresses how the
subject performed the action. In sentence 2, look is a linking verb. It
describes the subject, not the action.
Example (the bold one is a verb and the italic one is an adjective)
1. Tom appears angry.
2. Please try to remain calm until the storm passes.
3. He went mad when he realized that he lost.

Sense Verbs
1. You look well.
2. I feel well.
The use of “well” in these sentences is incorrect because look and feel
as verbs of the senses. So, in these sentences should be followed by
adjectives (You look good/I feel fine).
Example (the bold one is a verb and the italic one is an adjective)
1. These oranges smell sweet.
2. All of his jokes fell flat.
3. This pie tastes delicious
Special Combinations
1. I know you're anxious to hear how you did it, but just hold tight—
they'll let you know the results when they're ready.
2. If life as you know it is standing still, you need to do something
positive to get the wheels turning again.
3. Please keep quiet during the movie,

5. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
Comparison adjectives are special types of adjectives used when
comparing two or more things. Most adjectives have three forms: positive
degree, comparative degree and superlative degree.

a) Positive Degree (absolute)

Absolute adjective is an adjective with a meaning that is an adjective
used to express a level that is ordinary or simple and generally not
capable of being intensified or compared.

No Pattern
1 As + adjective + as
2 As + adverb + as
3 Not + as + adjective + as
4 Not + as + adverb + as
Sentence
David is as tall as my brother
Mike came as quickly as he could
This pen is not as black as that
Mike is not nearly as old as Tina

b) Comparative Degree
Comparative is used to express an object or person has a level that is
more than the comparison or to describe a difference between two people
or things.

No Pattern Syllable Sentence

1 Adj/adv + -er + than 1 Surabaya is hotter than Kediri
2 More + adj/adv + than >1 Sule more popular than Tukul
3 Less + adj/adv+ than less Grammar class is less interesting
than speaking class
c) Superlative Degree
The superlative is used when three or more persons or things are
involved.

No Pattern syllable sentence

1 The + adj + est + in/of 1 Semeru is the highest
mountain in east java
2 The + most + adj/adv >1 Bermuda triangle is the most
+ in/of dangerous place in the world
3 The + least + adj/adv + least The least damage of the
in/of earthquake occurred in 1984

1) One syllable adjectives and adverbs form their comparative and

superlative forms by adding —er and —est to the base.
Base Comparative Superlative
Old older oldest
Small smaller smallest
Fast faster fastest
Ex: He is older than you (comparative)
Ex: He is the smartest boy in our school (superlative)

2) Two-syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -er, -y, or ly add -er

or - est to the base form.
Base Comparative Superlative
Happy happier happiest
Early earlier earliest
Ex: This quiz is easier than the last one (comparative)
December is the busiest shopping season (superlative)

3) Two-syllable adjectives and adverbs (except those in (2) above) and

all those three or more syllables use “more” and “most” with the
base form:
Base Comparative Superlative
Joyful more joyful most joyful
Intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
Happily more happily most happily
Ex: She works more diligent than I do (comparative)
Ex: The car is the most expensive car in the world (superlative)
4) Irregular comparatives and superlatives are as follows:
Base Comparative Superlative
Good (adj.) better best
Well (adv) better best
Bad (adj) worse worst
Badly (adv) worse worst
Little (adj&adv) less least
Many (adj) more most
Much (adj&adv) more most
Far (adj&adv) further furthest
Late (adv) later last
Old (adj) older oldest
Ex: Studying is better than playing
Smoking is the worst thing ever
Note: Some adjectives are non-comparable; they have no comparative
and Superlative forms because they have an absolute meaning. The
following adjectives are non-comparable: perfect, dead, complete, wrong,
total, main, right, etc.

5) When “less” and “least” are used with adjectives and adverbs, they
indicate that something does not have as much of a quality as
expressed by the adjectives and adverbs :
Ex: I have become less anxious about the project.
This is the least popular of his songs.

6) Equality or inequality can be expressed by using the base form of the

adjective or adverb with “as (so) + adj./adv. + as”
Equality or inequality can be expressed by using the base form of
the adjective or adverb with “as (so) + adj/adv + as”
Ex: Jim is as tall as Nancy, but he doesn't work as hard as she does.
I am just as good a teacher as she.

7) The same idea can also be conveyed in another way: the same + noun
+ as. Look at the following adjectives and their corresponding nouns:
Adjective Noun
Tall, high height
Heavy, light weight
Wide, narrow width
Long, short length
Big, small size
Ex: You are the same height as I am

8) Double comparative or parallel comparative, the pattern: the +

comparative + (subject) + verb, the + comparative + (subject) +
comparative + verb.
Ex: The more time you take, the better the assignment your turn in
The later you sleep, the later you wake up
 CONCLUSION

From the discussion above, we can conclude that the word is the
smallest part in a language that has meaning and can stand alone. The
conclusions from what we learned about the word form material are as
follows:
1. Part of speech has an important role to form a sentence so that it is
coherent and in accordance with the grammar of the sentence. To
find out more about this part of speech, the author has summarized
the meaning, types and how to use part of speech correctly. Part of
speech is a classification of words that are categorized through
their roles and functions in sentences of a language.
2. Prefixes are letters or groups of letters that are placed at the
beginning of a word or root (the simplest form (base form) of a
word it cannot be deciphered) to modify the meaning of the word
whereas, suffixes are letters or groups of letters that are placed at
the end of a word or root (the simplest form (base form) of a word
it cannot be parsed further) to generate a new word.
3. Adjectives can only modify nouns (and some verbs); adverbs can
modify adjectives (extremely interesting), other adverbs (really
slowly), and verbs (she speaks softly). Many adverbs are used to
intensify the meaning of an adjective or another adverb. These
intensifiers have approximately the same meaning as very:
extremely, really, highly, quite, considerably, etc.
4. Verbs are almost always followed by adverbs except those which
fall into three special categories:
5. Sentence patterns with comparison degree, namely sentences with
comparative patterns that are used to reveal the meaning of
comparison. In comparison degrees, there are three kinds of
comparison degrees which are very easy to understand, namely
positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree.
 REFERENCES

1. https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-6/modifiers-
adjectives-and-adverbs/lesson-6/adverbs-modifying-adjectives
2. https://www.grammarflip.com/curriculum/adverbs-modifying-
adjectives
3. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adverb/
4. https://snaplanguage.io/lessons/grammar/gs-002-linking-verbs-and-
adjectives
5. https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/part-of-speech/
6. Azar, B. S and Hagen, S. A. (2017). Fundamentals of English
Grammar. (4th ed). White Plains, NY: Pearson Longman.
7. Thomson, A. J and A. V. Martinet. (1996). A Practical English
Grammar (4th edition). Oxford University Press: New York.