DERIVATIONAL

MORPHOLOGY
Ekhlass Ali Albasher
Raja'a Mohammed Salim

prof. Nadia Nuseir

 Derivational morphology


 The process of creating a new word with a new meaning

and generally a different lexical category from the base.

 Derivational is mainly done by adding affixes

 E.g
 Prefix:un.be.anti.mis

 Suffix:ing.ness.ly.ful
 Words are devided into two lexical classes :

 Open classes:
 nouns,verbs ,adjectives

 Closed classes:
(function words)deteminers,conjunctions,pronouns
WORD CLASSES AND CONVERSION
 According to what the words are devided into classes ???
 Meaning

 Their inflactional behaviour

 Perform perfomance
 Perfome:performs,performed,performing(verb)

 performance,:performances(noun)

 Words are classified on the basis of their syntactic and

inflectional behavior .
ADVERS DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVES
 Lexical item :asingle word that forms the basic elements
of a language lexicon.
 E.g:cat ,traffic,light

 Lexeme is Aunit of morphological analysis that roughly

corresponds to aset of forms taken by asingle root word
 E.g:run,runs,ran,running
 Adjectives can usually be turned into adverbs by adding
(ly)to the ending:
 Slow slowly
 Happy happily

 Free freely
CANNOT BE CHANGED BY ADDING LY
 Simple
 Often always,never,soon

 Monomorphemic
 Nowhere,everywhere,today,yesterday
:NOUNS DERIVATION
Nouns derived from nouns
Nouns Derived from Members of Other Words
Adjectives derivation: Adjectives derived from adjetives
Adjectives derived from Members of Other Words
classes

Verbs Derivation: Verbs derived from verbs

Verbs derived from Members of Other Words Classes
 NOMINALIZATION

Nouns derivation: this process is also 

.known as nominalization

Nouns could be created from verbs, 

.adjectives, or from other nouns

deverbal nouns, deadjectival 

.nouns or denominal nouns
 THE FOLLOWING AFFIXES ARE USED TO CREATE
A NEW NOUN LEXEME BUT IN THE SAME WORD
CLASS

’ess, -ine : ‘female X– )1( 

heroine waitress 
ship, -hood: ‘state of being X’ friendship– )2( 
childhood
Childhood
’let, -ette, -ie: ‘small X– )3( 
locket cigarette kittie 
’er, -(i)an: ‘state of being an X– )4( 
New Zealander, Canadian 
’ist, -ian: devotee of or expert on X– )5( 
.guitarist, librarian 
NOUNS DERIVED FROM MEMBERS OF OTHER WORDS
CLASSES

:Deadjectival nouns  Deverbal nouns 

The following suffixes are  The following suffixes are used to 

used to derive nouns from derive nouns from

–adjectives Verbs 

ance, -ence, e.g. performance, 

,ity, e.g. purity-  reference
ness, e.g. happiness–  ment, e.g. development- 
ism, e.g. radicalism–  ing, e.g. painting- 

ion, e.g. organisation)t)a((- 

The most often used ending  confusion 

is -ness al, e.g. arrival- 

er, e.g. singer- 

Note: Affixation is the most commonly used way of deriving
.words, but it is not the only one
EXAMPLES OF NON-AFFIXAL
METHODS OF DERIVING NOUNS
a shift in the location of the stress (e.g. insult,  - •
.record)
.a shift in the last consonant (belief~believe)  - •
.a change in the sound of a vowel (e.g. song~sing)  - •
ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM
ADJECTIVES

.In this process we have prefixes as well suffixes 

un- & in- " (e.g. "uncertain” & “intangible”)" 
.are more dominant in this process 


The common used suffix is -ish (greenish) 

🧐 ?Any more examples 

 ADDITIONAL INFO

Not all words contain the prefix un- is mentioned in the •

dictionary, whereas this doesn't mean that all words can be
-prefixed by un
.
we do not find, for example, ‘UNGOOD’ with the meaning
.‘bad’ 'unnice for the meaning ' ugly
 FINAL TIP

The negative prefix in- has three allomorphs

as this prefix assimilates to /im/ before
bilabials /p/, /b/ and /m/, to /il/ before alveolar
/l/, and to
./ir/ before alveolar /r/
For instance, in- + perfect /possible →
.imperfect / impossible
.in- + legal→ illegal
ADJECTIVES DERIVATION FROM VERBS

Deriving adjectives from verbs is much like inflectional 

morphology. It is about looking at the suffixes used in
.the word ( -ed, -ing, and -en) and vowel change

:Examples 
.I've bought an interesting book - 
This fried rice should not be served - 

.with boiled eggs 

 ADJECTIVES DERIVATION
From verbs  From nouns 

There are many suffixes used to Whereas the ones used to create 
derive adjectives from verbs adjectives from nouns are
:such as
:numerous
able (able to be Xed): loveable,– 
breakable
ful: beautiful, respectful, helpful 
ent, -ant (tending to X):–  less: priceless, helpless, joyless– 
repellent, expectant al: personal, normal, national– 
ive (tending to X): attractive,–  ish: childish, selfish, boyish– 
active

Note: adjectives ending in -ful and -less tend to be

.found in pairs, yet it is not perfect
Consider:

we have SLOTHFUL but not 'SLOTHLESS', and

.PENNILESS but not 'PENNIFUL...etc

:This leads us to another tip

Although the meaning of a possible term is easily
guessable (for example, a
A 'slothless' person would be hardworking, while a
'penniful' person would be well off), the existence of
.the word cannot be assured
VERBS DERIVATION

Verbs can be derived from nouns,

adjectives, or other verbs.

Note: The creation of verbs from nouns

.and adjectives is numerous
 VERBS DERIVED FROM VERBS

In this process prefixes only can be used.

The prefixes are re- and the negative
:prefixes un-, de-, and dis- as in

watch, wash: rewatch, rewash

tie, tangle: untie, untangle
nominalize, compose: denominalize, decompose
miss, charge :dismiss, discharge

Note: repair, remain, reagent. They are" monomorphemic" and

.cannot be separated into smaller units
 VERBS DERIVED FROM MEMBERS
OF OTHER WORDS CLASSES
Some affixes for deriving verbs from
nouns:
de- , e.g. debug, deforest
–ise, e.g. organise, patronise
– fy, e.g. beautify

The suffixes -ise and -fy are also utilized to derive verbs from
.adjectives. For instance, NATIONALISE, INTENSIFY
When the roots to which they are attached are
bound(e.g.SANITISE, SATISFY, MAGNIFY), it is often
impossible to decide whether these roots are fundamentally
.nominal or adjectival
 THE SUFFIX -ATE

Words such as GENERATE & ROTATE

?Are they roots? Or roots + suffixes

They clearly contain a root and a suffix, because the same

.roots crop up elsewhere (e.g. in GENERAL, ROTOR)

.Most of the bases to which -ate is attached are bound roots

.Is the process of noun derivation ...........................

Are there other methods (except affixation) of

.deriving words? If yes, Mention one with examples

?-What is special about the affix in

?"What is meant by "negative affix

🤗 ?Any comments