FICHA INFORMATIVA DE GRAMÁTICA

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS
 Who – pessoas
 Which – coisas / animais
 That – pessoas (quando a frase não tem vírgulas)
 Whose – indica posse; significa cujo / cuja (na 2ª frase há um determinante possessivo)

1. Quando o exercício é de preenchimento de espaços usamos:

 who / which / that – seguido de verbo / nome próprio / pronome pessoal

 whose – seguido de nome comum

 Peter, who lives (verbo) in Italy, is my best friend.

 Sarah, whose parents (nome comum) are doctors, is my best friend.

2. Quando o exercício é de unir frases:

 Mike works in a factory. It makes computers. Mike works in a factory that makes computers. (Sem
vírgulas pois a informação da 2ª frase é relevante para completar a 1ª)
 Tina is my cousin. Her mother is a nurse. Tina, whose mother is a nurse, is my cousin. (Her –
determinante possessivo)
 Adam lives in a boat. He is a sailor. Adam, who lives in a boat, is a sailor.

3. Podes omitir os pronomes relativos who/ which / that APENAS quando são seguidos de um
pronome pessoal:

 Tina is the nurse (that) I (pronome pessoal) saw yesterday.

 They have bought a car which was (verbo) red. X

NUNCA PODEMOS OMITIR O PRONOME RELATIVO WHOSE

CONJUNCTIONS
 Addition (usado para unir frases)
 I like reading and writing.
 I do my homework and I help my mother, too.
 I do my homework and I also help my mother.
 I have five new books besides this one. /Besides doing the washing-up, I cook the lunch.
 She will be a good teacher in addition to the others.
 I like reading as well as painting. / I like writing and painting as well.

 Correlation / alternative (usado para descrever uma alternativa ou opção)

 The weather was not only cold but also wet. / They drink not only beer but also wine. / She is not only a
friend but also a cousin.
 He both sings and dances. / He has both the time and the money to play golf. / The place both depressed
me and made me want to go home. /She plays both the guitar and the piano.
 I can eat either fish or meat. / Either Sue or Anne was there.
 Neither Sue nor Anne were there. / That is neither interesting nor true.
 You should be studying instead of watching TV. /Will you go shopping instead of me?

 Contrast / concession (expressa uma ideia de contraste)

 He works accurately but slowly.
 They hadn’t worked hard, however they won all the same.
 They hadn’t trained hard, nevertheless they won.
 While he was watching TV, the bell rang.
 I think this is right; on the other hand I’m not sure.
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 Does it rain a lot in the desert? On the contrary, it hardly rains.
 Although / Though – it means the same as although but it is informal)
 In spite of / Despite (+ verb in the gerund or noun)
 Although we booked in advance, we couldn’t get tickets for the film.
 We couldn’t get tickets for the film, in spite of booking in advance.

 Cause and Effect (usado para descrever causas e efeitos ou razões e consequências)
 Music industry is facing a crisis because lots of people still download songs from the Internet.
 As / Since I want to have success, I study a lot.
 She studies a lot and / as a result she is a good student.
 I couldn’t go out due to the rain.

 Purpose (usado para descrever uma finalidade)

 So as to / so that / in order to / in order that
 She put on a warm coat so that she wouldn’t catch a cold.
 They lent him some money in order to solve his financial problems.

ALGUMAS NOTAS:
 ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH – sinónimos – significam apesar de (podem ser usadas no início
ou no meio da frase)
 IN SPITE OF - apesar de – Normalmente, inicia a frase – In spite of + verbo na -ing form + vírgula +
sujeito + 2ª frase
 HOWEVER – no entanto – 1ª frase + ponto final ou ponto e vírgula + however + vírgula + 2ª frase
 SO AS TO / IN ORDER TO / TO – sinónimos – significam para – 1a frase + to + verbo no infinitivo + resto
da 2a frase
 IN ORDER THAT / SO THAT – sinónimos – de modo a – 1º frase + in order that / so that + sujeito + modal
verb + verbo no infinitive + resto da 2a frase

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional Sentence Type 1

 É possível e muito provável que a condição seja cumprida.

Form: if + Simple Present + Future (= will + verbo sem to)

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If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation. // I’ll send her an invitation if I find her address.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

 É possível, mas muito improvável que a condição seja cumprida.

Form: if + Simple Past + Conditional (= would + verbo sem to)

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. // I would send her an invitation If I found her address.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

 É impossível que a condição seja cumprida, porque se refere a um passado distante.

Form: if + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle

If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. // I would have sent her an invitation If I had
found her address.

NOTA: Quando usamos unless (a não ser que) em vez de if (se), o verbo que o segue é conjugado na afirmativa.

OBSERVA:

 If Tina doesn’t study, she will fail her final exams. (Type 1)
 Unless Tina studies, she will fail her final exams. (Type 1)

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Esta estrutura pode ser usada para expressar:

 Algo que fazes sozinha – I’m cutting my hair. (cortas o teu cabelo)
 Pagar para te fazerem alguma coisa – I’m having my hair cut. (pagas para te cortarem o cabelo)
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 Algo que deverias fazer (informal) – I should get my hair cut. (deverias cortar o cabelo; estás a
ponderar se o deves ou não fazer)
 Já te fizeram o serviço (passado) – I got the hairdresser to cut my hair. (referes quem te fez o serviço)

NOTA: HAVE não se usa como verbo auxiliar – por norma usamos do / don’t / doesn’t ou did / didn’t para
formular perguntas ou escrever frases negativas.

PASSIVE VOICE

Active sentence:
The boy eats the cake
subject present simple object
Passive sentence:
The cake is eaten by the boy
new subject new verb form agent *
*subject - sujeito; object - complemento; agent - agente da passiva
Active sentence:
The teacher gave the students a good mark
subject Verb form indirect object direct object
(past simple)

Double Passive sentences:

The students were given a good mark (by the teacher).

A good mark was given to the by the teacher.

students

Someone broke the window. (active sentence) → The window was broken (passive sentence)

No agent (Omissão do agente da passiva): O agente da passiva (complemento da pessoa que pratica a acção
expressa pelo verbo) é, muitas vezes, omitido em Inglês. Isto acontece, principalmente, quando o agente da
passiva é vago ou indefinido (one, they, you, we, people, nobody, someone).

VERB FORM ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present writes/write is/are written
Simple Past wrote was/were written
Present Perfect has/have written has/have been written
Past perfect had written had been written
Present Continuous is/are writing is/are being written
Past Continuous was/were writing was/were being written
Future will write will be written
Conditional would write would be written
Modal must write must be written

Personal Pronouns
Active (subject) Passive (object)
I me
you you
he / she him / her
we us
you you
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they them

NOTA: Tal como em Português, o verbo que introduzimos na voz passiva é o verbo ser, to be. Assim, na voz
passiva, o verbo to be é conjugado no verbo do tempo da voz ativa que, por sua vez, é conjugado no
particípio passado.
OBSERVA:
 (A) They didn’t finish their work. (P) Their work wasn’t finished (by them).
 (A) The teacher is correcting our written exercise. (P) Our written is being corrected by the teacher.
 (A) Does the president give an interview? (P) Is an interview given by the president?
 (A) The famous writer has published a new book. (P) A new book has been published by the famous
writer.
 (A) He should give that information as soon as possible. (P) That information should be given by him as
soon as possible.
 (A) The technicians are going to invent another kind of energy. (P) Another kind of energy is going to be
invented by the technicians
 (A) My parents gave me a new computer for Christmas. (P) I was given a new computer by my parents for
Christmas. (Idiomatic Passive Voice) (P) A new computer was given to me by my parents for Christmas.

SPECIAL PASSIVES
1) ODER PASSIVE

NOTA: Começamos a passiva com LET e trocamos o complemento com o grupo verbal

Positive form
Active: Verb + object
Passive: Let + object + be + past participle

 Speak English. (active) - Let English be spoken. (passive)

 Drink beer. (active) - Let beer be drunk. (passive)

Negative form
Active: Don’t + verb + object
Passive: Let + object + not + be + past participle

 Don’t eat pizza. (active) - Let pizza not be eaten. (passive)

 Don’t use computer. (active) - Let computer not be used. (passive)

2) INFINITIVE PASSIVE
Active: Subject + verb + to-infinitive + object
Passive: Subject + verb + object + to-be + past participle

 He wants to play football. (active) - He wants football to be played. (passive)

 My brother expects to find a job soon. (active) - My brother expects a job to be found soon. (passive)

NOTA:  Quando queremos fazer perguntas, usamos o auxiliar do, does, did. Nas frases negativas usamos o
auxiliar do, does, did + not + infinitive.

OBSERVA:
 Do you need your computer to be updated? (active) - Did our manager start to be respected? (passive)
 She does not want our books to be printed. (active) - They did not take the car to be repainted. (passive)

3) GERUND PASSIVE
Active: Subject + verb + gerund + object
Passive: Subject + verb + object + being + past participle

 We like having lunch at a restaurant. (active) - We like lunch being had at a restaurant. (passive)

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 He admitted breaking the window. (active) - He admitted the window being broken. (passive)

NOTA:  Quando queremos fazer perguntas, usamos o auxiliar do, does, did. Nas frases negativas usamos o
auxiliar do, does, did + not + infinitive.

4) TWO-DIFFERENT-PATTERN PASSIVE WITH AN ACTIVE SENTENCE

Numa frase ativa, com dois complementos, temos duas estruturas que têm o mesmo significado.

Activa:
 The Queen gave a medal to the businessman. - The Queen gave the businessman a medal.

Passiva:
 A medal was given to the businessman. - The businessman was given a medal.
(Idiomatic Passive Voice)
NOTA: Quer a medal quer the businessman podem ser o sujeito da frase na voz passiva.
5) IT IS SAID (THAT) … or HE IS SAID TO …

Podemos usar uma estrutura especial com verbos de discurso indireto quando não precisamos de saber quem
profere as frases.

 People say the bridge is unsafe. (active) - It is said the bridge is unsafe, or the bridge is said to be unsafe.
(passive)
 Most students expect the result is good. (active) - It is expected the result is good, or the result is
expected to be good. (passive)

Os verbos desta estrutura são:

say, report, mention, announce, think, believe, understand,

agree, decide, know, find, expect, hope, regret, fear, intend,
arrange…

NOTA: Os verbos a negrito usam-se apenas na estrutura infinitiva.

IF ONLY / I WISH
Usamos If only… I wish… para nos referirmos a algo que nos arrependemos de ter feito ou que gostaríamos de ter
feito de maneira diferente. If only é mais forte do que I wish.

 If only / I Wish + sujeito + past simple – arrependimento sobre uma situação no presente - I wish I were
rich.
 If only / I wish + sujeito + could – desejo de fazer alguma coisa – If only I could go to the beach now…
 If only / I wish + sujeito + would – queixa ou crítica; desejo sobre o futuro – If only Peter would stop
smoke.
 If only / I wish + sujeito + past perfect – arrependimento sobre uma situação no passado – I wish I hadn’t
lost my car keys.

DOUBLE COMPARATIVES AND PROPORTIONAL ADJECTIVES

Double Comparative – usa-se para mostrar que algo está continuamente a crescer ou a mudar

COMPARATIVE + AND + COMPARATIVE

NOTA:
 Adjetivo + er + AND + Adjetivo + er – adjetivos com uma ou duas sílabas – He was driving faster and
faster to get to work on time.

 more + AND + more + Adjetivo – adjetivos com duas ou mais sílabas - Things are getting more and more
difficult at Tim’s office.
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 Adjetivos irregulares – good – better and better; bad – worse and worse; far – farther and farther

Proportional Comparative – usa-se para exprimir mudanças causadas por outras mudanças.

THE + COMPARATIVE… THE + COMPARATIVE

NOTA:
 The + Adjetivo + er + …. + the + Adjetivo + er – adjetivos com uma ou duas sílabas - Donna is studying
hard. She is learning much more. The harder Donna studies, the more she learns.

 The more + Adjetivo – adjetivos com duas ou mais sílabas - Judith is exhausted. She goes to bed soon.
The more exhausted Julia is, the sooner she goes to bed.

 Adjetivos irregulares – good – better and better; bad – worse and worse; far – farther and farther