CLAY

Interior accessories state a lot about the resident’s outlook and personality. Planning the
interior accessories takes a lot of thought and inspiration. They are planned to add to the
appeal and utility of the built-in space. Clay and Plaster of Paris are popular options for making
interior accessories including false ceilings and walls. The two materials used in interior
designing works owing to their unique properties and advantages. Earthy patterns and textures
can be added to interiors using clay plaster. It’s the mixture of a few natural elements including
clay. It’s great for sustainable interiors, a major discussion in interior designing courses. Natural
wall finishing’s uses clay plaster as they are environment-friendly, which makes for pleasant
and healthy living spaces.

Clay plaster ues ingredients.

The first is a binder that acts as the adhesive made of clay or tree resin giving the plaster its
stickiness. The clay is custom colored using natural pigments. Making clay plaster is one of the
activities in interior design classes for interior decoration. Aggregate is an ingredient which
makes clay plaster durable and crack-free. Sand, mica flakes, marble dust and glass chips are
common options for aggregates. Besides giving strength and structure, they help in achieving a
variety of features. Marble dust brings gloss. Glass chips and mica flakes create reflective
effects. The third ingredient, fiber, makes the mix stronger and contributes to more textured
walls. A variety of natural elements are mixed in the plaster, giving varied effects on
application. For example, straw can create very natural patterns. Clay plaster is a mixture of
clay and sand that makes a beautiful, environmentally friendly alternative to conventional
plaster and paint. It is natural, non-toxic, durable and beautiful. Unlike most paint, it does not
contain VOC’s (harmful chemicals that are released during and after application). The pigments
used to color clay plaster are natural, non-fading and non-toxic, unlike the harsh chemical used
to tint most paints. Clay plaster can even help moderate humidity, inhibit mold growth and can
contribute to better indoor air quality and acoustics.
Clay products

Clay products are one of the most important classes of structural materials. The raw materials
used in their manufacture are clay blended with quartz, sand, chamatte (refractory clay burned
at 1000-1400 o C and crushed), slag, sawdust and pulverized coal. Structural clay products or
building ceramics* are basically fabricated by moulding, drying and burning a clay mass. Higher
the bulk specific gravity, the stronger is the clay product. This rule does not hold good for
vitrified products since the specific gravity of clay decreases as vitrification advances.

According to the method of manufacture and structure, bricks, tiles, pipes, terracotta,
earthenwares, stonewares, porcelain, and majolica are well recognized and employed in
building construction. Clay bricks have pleasing appearance, strength and durability whereas
clay tiles used for light-weight partition walls and floors possess high strength and resistance to
fire. Clay pipes on account of their durability, strength, lightness and cheapness are successfully
used in sewers, drains and conduits. Its anti-static quality keeps it clean and it is easy to repair if
damaged. Unlike most modern plasters, clay plaster does not contain acrylic or resins, which
take a lot of energy to produce.

The advantages of making creative false structures from Plaster of Paris that are sturdy yet light
bring great benefits to interior construction. At Hamstech institute, students identify these
benefits and work on them as a part of their practice.
TREATMENTS ON CLAY

Applying natural clay plaster is similar to applying other plasters. The first step is preparing the
wall surface, and different wall surfaces require different preparations. For example, new
drywall needs an undercoat of primer to provide a uniform, "toothed" surface that ensures a
proper bond with the clay plaster. For walls painted with a glossy finish, remove the gloss with a
light sanding, a de-glosser or both before priming. Some types of wall, such as unsealed porous
stone and unsealed sand-finish cement stucco, will need only cleaning and dusting.Once the
surface is prepared, prepare the plaster-and-pigment mixture, preferably 48 hours before use.
First, measure the amount of water according to the manufacturer's instructions and add the
dry plaster. In a separate container, mix the pigment with water to form a paste. Add the paste
to the plaster and mix at a low speed, using a drill with a mixing paddle, until the mixture is the
consistency of pudding.

Using a trowel, apply two thin coats of plaster to the prepared surface. Don't smooth the base
layer completely—keep it slightly rough so the top coat can adhere to it. To keep the plaster
from cracking, be sure that the base coat is dry before applying the top coat. You can create a
matte finish by pressing a tile sponge in circular patterns. For a rougher finish, re-trowel the
surface in overlapping arcs. You can also apply the plaster with a drywall hopper and spray
equipment. In this case, spray on the base coat for complete coverage and then trowel the
surface or texture it to the desired finish. The working time for natural clay plaster is longer
than for other plasters, which means the surface won't "set" before you've achieved the finish
you want.

USES

The use of clay dates back to the earliest human civilisation and clay bricks have been a
popular building material since the Babylonian civilisation in 3000BC. The naturally malleable
fine-grained earthy material is incredibly versatile, used for ancient writing tablets, cooking pots
and kitchenware, artwork and, of course, for building. Because of its strength, durability and
abundance – among other benefits – bricks and tiles made of clay are some of the most popular
building materials ever. As well as its historical use, building with clay has undergone a
resurgence in recent years following more public interest in sustainability, health and artisan
craftsmanship. In this post, we’ll explain our top 5 benefits of building with clay and offer
examples of clay building from our own work and the work of others. Clay works has developed
an alternative to conventional gypsum or lime-based plaster for interior wall surfacing. Their
plasters are produced using natural ingredients sourced from Cornwall in England, and contain
no synthetic additives or volatile organic compounds. In addition to aesthetic benefits, natural
clay plasters can help to regulate temperature and humidity to create a comfortable living
environment. There is the reason why natural materials sometimes come at a higher price.
Simply put, the quality of natural materials tends to be much better. Speaking in terms of
quality, that usually translates into increased longevity.

Earth in a Room – Interiors with Clay

Earthy patterns and textures can be added to interiors using clay plaster. It’s the mixture of a
few natural elements including clay. It’s great for sustainable interiors, a major discussion in
interior designing courses. Natural wall finishings uses clay plaster as they are environment-
friendly, which makes for pleasant and healthy living spaces.

The first is a binder that acts as the adhesive made of clay or tree resin giving the plaster its
stickiness. The clay is custom colored using natural pigments. Making clay plaster is one of the
activities in interior design classes for interior decoration.Aggregate is an ingredient which
makes clay plaster durable and crack-free. Sand, mica flakes, marble dust and glass chips are
common options for aggregates.
Benefits of Clay Plastering

Clay plaster is made of truly natural elements and entails all the benefits of eco-friendliness.
These include absence of toxicity, biodegradability, and dust resistance. It even counters the
electromagnetic effect from electronic gadgets. Clay plaster is also a good moisture absorbent,
helping in room temperature regulation.

Livening Home Decor with Plaster of Paris

Plaster of Paris is very commonly used to make decorative structures for interiors. It’s popular
for reasons like its capacity to be shaped into any form, lightness and high fire resistance. The
finishing with Plaster of Paris is quite classy too. Plaster of Paris can be used to make wonderful
decorative wall panels. Creatively crafted panels can make an impressive view of the space.
There’s also the added quality of elegance.
DURABILITY OF CLAY

The potential durability of clay bricks is generally assessed using specifications and test
methods mentioned in respective national standards. The current American and Canadian
standards for the evaluation of brick durability have, in certain cases, been criticized by
researchers as time consuming, unrealistic, and inadequate. These standards cannot be used
for comparing the performance level of the bricks. The use of an index for evaluating durability
has advantages in that it can be used for comparing brick types and also it will facilitate the
designers to specify it as a construction requirement for selecting the proper type of brick. The
different durability indices for bricks developed by various researchers are reviewed in this
paper. An experimental

work carried out to study and compare the performance of these indices is also discussed. The
results from the study showed that the existing indices have limitations

APPLICATION

Clay plaster is a mix of clay, sand, pigment, and natural binders such as wheat paste. Earthen
plasters can be applied to any wall system, whether thats natural wall systems like cob or
strawbale, or more conventional walls like drywall or concrete. It's appeal to the senses is
unmatched by any other wall covering. Applying clay to interior walls in your home or office can
help regulate temperature and humidity, introduce negative ions into the atmosphere and help
create a shield from electromagnetic frequencies. The wonderful benefits of clay include
longevity, mold-resistance that is non-toxic, while all highly flexible and easily repairable. Clay
plaster is an easy way to incorporate natural, earthen materials into buildings that were created
with conventional construction materials. Homes of many ages and styles can benefit from the
application of clay on their interior walls. extend the life of rubber in tires, in concrete, as
catalysts in many industries, in the ceramic industry to make bricks, chinas and porcelains, and
in many other industries and processes. Clay minerals, and specifically montmorillonite, are
used as clay barriers for nuclear and chemical wastes because of their cation-exchange
capabilities, low permeability, and long term structural stability. To understand cation exchange
capability.
CEMENT

Cement, in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding
materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely
ground powders that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass. Setting and hardening result
from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that
yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of their
hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are
often called hydraulic cements. The most important of these is portland cement. This article
surveys the historical development of cement, its manufacture from raw materials, its
composition and properties, and the testing of those properties. The focus is on portland
cement, but attention also is given to other types, such as slag-containing cement and high-
alumina cement. Construction cements share certain chemical constituents and processing
techniques with ceramic products such as brick and tile, abrasives, and refractories. For
detailed description of one of the principal applications of cement, see the article building
construction. The origin of hydraulic cements goes back to ancient Greece and Rome. The
materials used were lime and a volcanic ash that slowly reacted with it in the presence of water
to form a hard mass. This formed the cementing material of the Roman mortars and concretes
of 2,000 years ago and of subsequent construction work in western Europe. To this day the
term pozzolana, or pozzolan, refers either to the cement itself or to any finely divided
aluminosilicate that reacts with lime in water to form cement.
CEMENT USED IN INTERIOR

In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste, composed of
portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and coarse aggregates. Through a
chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like
mass known as concrete. Within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete: it's
plastic and malleable when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. Concrete’s
durability, strength and relatively low cost make it the backbone of buildings and infrastructure
worldwide—houses, schools and hospitals as well as airports, bridges, highways and rail
systems. The most-produced material on Earth will only be more in demand as, for example,
developing nations become increasingly urban, extreme weather events necessitate more
durable building materials and the price of other infrastructure materials continues to rise.
Even construction professionals sometimes incorrectly use the terms cement and concrete
interchangeably. Cement is actually an ingredient of concrete. It is the fine

powder that, when mixed with water, sand, and gravel or crushed stone (fine and coarse
aggregate), forms the rock-like mass known as concrete. Microcement is an ultrafine cement,
which can be used as cement coating that can be applied to other materials and thus can be
used to create new appearances of the different materials. It is ideal for both exterior and
interior surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings.
APPLICATION

Cements may be used alone (i.e., “neat,” as grouting materials), but the normal use is in mortar
and concrete in which the cement is mixed with inert material known as aggregate. Mortar is
cement mixed with sand or crushed stone that must be less than approximately 5 mm (3/16
inch) in size. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand or other fine aggregate, and a coarse
aggregate that for most purposes is up to 19 to 25 mm (3/4 to 1 inch) in size, but the coarse
aggregate may also be as large as 150 mm (6 inches) when concrete is placed in large masses
such as dams. Mortars are used for binding bricks, blocks, and stone in walls or as surface
renderings. Concrete is used for a large variety of constructional purposes.

Mixtures of soil and Portland cement are used as a base for roads. Portland cement also is used
in the manufacture of bricks, tiles, shingles, pipes, beams, railroad ties, and various extruded
products. The products are prefabricated in factories and supplied ready for installation.
Because concrete is the most widely used of all construction materials in the world today, the
manufacture of cement is widespread. Each year almost one ton of concrete is poured per
capita in the developed countries. Cement is primarily used to produce concrete, the world’s
most versatile and durable construction material. Some other applications for cement,
however, are now growing in importance. Cement and its Applications was founded over a
hundred years ago and is a privately owned independent trade magazine dealing with the
problems of production and application of cement in Russia, in all the newly independent states
on the territory of the former USSR and in other countries of the world.
USES

Microcement is an ultrafine cement, which can be used as cement coating that can be applied
to other materials and thus can be used to create new appearances of the different materials. It
is ideal for both exterior and interior surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings. Microcement is
really very adjustive material, and it gives many options and possibilities for an interior designer
to portray his/her masterpiece. Whether you are using it on walls or any flooring,

TREATMENTS

There are a million and one ways to use concrete, but interior decorating is unlikely to pop up
first in anybody's mind. Yet it's just so simple and attractive, and it's as versatile in the interior
design world as it is in construction. As a unique wall treatment, concrete isn't quite as carefree
as drywall but it does come with a few interesting options give your concrete walls a gorgeous
texture or a smooth high gloss, paint or stain it any color you can imagine, imprint your favorite
designs or score it into squares This post highlights a few different approaches so you can find a
fit for your style. Inspiring exposed concrete walls and contemporary furniture create an
interesting counterbalance to the traditional wooden rafters above. This space takes advantage
of a little white paint to brighten the concrete walls to the right. Up close, you can see the
intricate texture of the concrete a very stylish choice. The exposed brick wall in the background
adds another nice source of texture, and makes the yellow bedding theme look even more
welcoming. Concrete walls are featured in the bedroom, as well. Although the bed does have a
very lovely headboard, the designer placed a painting partially behind it which serves as a
convenient way to close the gap between the floor and the high ceiling An incredible variety of
windows and skylights helps to fill in the expansive surface area as well stargazing. The pendant
lamps are from the AIM collection by Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec. Smooth lighted shelving, a
nice window view, and a comfortable armchair are the only ingredients needed for a cozy
reading nook. Rough concrete in the shower makes the bold marble look even more dramatic.
This artistic home features a very fine texture on the concrete walls, quite smooth compared to
the distressed style that seems so popular these days. The colorful geometric rug, pair of city-
themed prints, and playfully mismatched pillows.
BRICK

masonry of various types has been used in building construction for thousands of years, and it
remains one of the versatile and durable of all building materials. These article links provide
information on different types of bricks, mortar products, and installation techniques used by
masons, construction pros, and DIY homeowners. Brick masonry of various types has been used
in building construction for thousands of years, links provide information on different types of
bricks, mortar products, and installation techniques used by masons, construction pros, and DIY
homeowners. Brick masonry of various types has been used in building construction for
thousands of years, and it remains one of the versatile and durable of all building materials.
These article links provide information on different types of bricks, mortar products, and
installation techniques used by masons, construction pros, and DIY homeowners.

Types of Bricks Used In Indian Construction

Sun dried bricks

Mud bricks, dried in the sun, are the favorite building material of Serbia. These bricks are much
the same as the abode used in Arizona and New Mexico. Workmen simply dig a small hole in
the clay and turn in the water, straw is worked into the mud by stamping it with bare feet. After
the mud is tramped to the proper degree of firmness it is shoveled into open moulds and
packed down. Then they could are lifted off and the bricks are allowed to bake in the sun until
thoroughly dry. In a country of much rain these bricks would be useless as the buildings would
quickly melt. The new hospital in Skoplje, erected by the government for the Red Cross.
Burnt clay bricks

Burnt clay bricks are the classic form of brick, created by pressing wet clay into molds, then
drying and firing them in kilns. This is a very old building material—the type of brick found in
many of the ancient structures of the world. In appearance, these bricks are solid blocks of
hardened clay, usually reddish in color. Burnt clay bricks are typically sold in four classes, with
first-class offering the best quality and most strength. These high-grade burnt clay bricks have
no noticeable flaws, but they’re also going to cost more. When these bricks are used in walls,
they require plastering or rendering with mortar.

Fly Ash Clay Bricks

Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash a byproduct of coal burning fired at
about 1,000 degrees C. Because fly ash contains a high volume of calcium oxide, this type of
brick is sometimes described as self-cementing, since it expands when exposed to moisture.
This tendency to expand, however, can also produce pop-out failure. Fly ash clay brick has the
advantage of being lighter in weight than clay or concrete brick.
Concrete Bricks

Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete and are growing in popularity among
homeowners. Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and provide an excellent
aesthetic presence. These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colors if pigments
are added during production. Concrete bricks should not be used in below-ground applications.

Engineering bricks

Engineering bricks are a type of brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas)
resistance are needed. Engineering bricks can be used for damp-proof courses. fire-clay brick
that has a dense and strong semi-vitreous body and which conforms to defined limits for water
absorption and compressive strength Stronger and less porous engineering bricks are usually
blue due to the higher firing temperature whilst class B bricks are usually red. Class A bricks
have a strength of 125 N/mm2 and water absorption of less than 4.5%; Class B bricks have a
strength greater than 75 N/mm2 and water absorption of less than 7%.Accrington brick
The Calcium Silicate Bricks

The Calcium Silicate Bricks is a rigid material with high compressive strength and low shrinkage
at high temperature. These are non-asbestos Calcium silicate insulation boards as well as pipes.
Calcium silicate bricks are made of sand and lime and popularly known as sand lime bricks.
These bricks are used for several purposes in construction industries such as ornamental works
in buildings, masonry works etc.

Porotherm bricks

Porotherm bricks are the product of a highly innovative and advanced technology. These hollow
clay bricks are 60% lighter than traditional walling bricks. They can be used to construct non-
load bearing walls (HP) as well as load bearing walls (VP). Since the Porotherm bricks are light, it
aids in faster construction as the masons can easily handle the bricks with efficiency. The large
size of the hollow bricks is optimum and uniform. This feature allows the wall to be constructed
up to 5X faster.You can substantially save on structural costs with Porotherm bricks. Since the
bricks are lightweight it drastically reduces dead load on the structures allowing you to go for
lighter framework and helping you to cut down on steel and other building material.

USES

In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavements. Examples of
brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around
the country. Bricks have been used in pavements especially during the late 19th century and
early 20th century. The introduction of asphalt and concrete reduced the use of brick
pavements, but they are still sometimes installed as a method of traffic calming or as a
decorative surface in pedestrian precincts. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the streets
in the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan, were paved with bricks. Today, there are only about 20
blocks of brick-paved streets remaining totalling less than 0.5 percent of all the streets in the
city limitsMuch like in Grand Rapids, municipalities across the United States began replacing
brick streets with inexpensive asphalt concrete by the mid-20th century.

Bricks in the metallurgy and glass industries are often used for lining furnaces, in particular
refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia, chamotte and neutral (chromomagnesite) refractory
bricks. This type of brick must have good thermal shock resistance, refractoriness under load,
high melting point, and satisfactory porosity. There is a large refractory brick industry,
especially in the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands. In
Northwest Europe, bricks have been used in construction for centuries. Until recently, almost
all houses were built almost entirely from bricks. Although many houses are now built using a
mixture of concrete blocks and other materials, many houses are skinned with a layer of bricks
on the outside for aesthetic appeal. Engineering bricks are used where strength, low water
porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. In the UK a red brick university is one founded
in the late 19th or early 20th century. The term is used to refer to such institutions collectively
to distinguish them from the older Oxbridge institutions, and refers to the use of bricks, as
opposed to stone, in their buildings. Colombian architect Rogelio Salmona was noted for his
extensive use of red bricks in his buildings and for using natural shapes like spirals, radial
geometry and curves in his designs. Most buildings in Colombia are made of brick, given the
abundance of clain equatorial countries like this one.

DURABILITY

The inherent durability of masonry has long, since been established, as evidenced by the
number of 16th century buildings and structures still standing or being used today. Three of the
potentially destructive agents affecting masonry Temperature Change Brickwork absorbs water
falling as wind driven rain washing over the surface. Some areas will absorb more water than
others, notably horizontal and inclined surfaces and parts in contact with the soil, and these
may be potentially at risk from frost attack. All areas within 8km of the coast and major river
estuaries should be considered as being one 'grade' of exposure higher than that indicated on
the map. The same applies to high buildings or buildings on high ground.
SAND

Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined
by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of
soil or soil type a soil containing more than 85 percent sandsized particles by mass.

The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the
most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and nontropical coastal
settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. The second most
common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been
created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For
example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the
ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean. Sand is a non-renewable resource over
human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand.[3] Desert sand,
although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. 50 billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand is
used each year for construction. The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil

Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves, and
defines sand as particles with a diameter of between 0.074 and 4.75millimeters. By another
definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from
0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand
grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the
latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former) and silt (particles smaller than
0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained
constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02 mm were considered
sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. The grains of
sand in Archimedes' The Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE, were 0.02 mm in diameter.

A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm. A 1953
engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed
between the fingers. Silt, by comparison, feels like flour. ISO 14688 grades sands as fine,
medium, and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm to 0.2 mm to 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm.

TYPES OF SAND

Sand and gravel are used in a wide range of construction projects and for many different
purposes. As you plan your project, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with the most common
types of sand and know when it’s appropriate to use which one. Below, the sand suppliers at B
& R Sand & Gravel in Gales Ferry, CT, have outlined a few of the most common varieties

Concrete Sand

Concrete is a type of course sand usually made of gneiss, trap rock, granite, or limestone. It has
earned its name because it’s the most common type used to mix cement or hot asphalt. It can
also be used as a leveling base layer for patios or above-ground pools.
Crushed Stone

Crushed stone sand is made of granite or basalt rock and is created with a three-stage crushing
process. Your sand supplier may also call it a fine aggregate or M sand. Its main purpose is as a
mortar mix for plastering.

Utility Sand supplier

Utility is a type of fine sand that is usually made of quartz. It is also often called pipe sand
because it is used to backfill pipes after laying them. It can also backfill retaining walls or serve
as a fill in for trenches. Sand and gravel are used in a wide range of construction projects and
for many different purposes. As you plan your project, it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with
the most common types of sand and know when it’s appropriate to use which one.
Fill Sand

Fill is a type of fine sand that compacts well. It is used to backfill after plumbing and electrical
work, as a base material for concrete, and to fill large holes. It’s also often used for horse
arenas and golf courses.

Beach Sand

Beach sand is fine. Because it tends to absorb moisture, it’s not used in construction such as in
concrete. It is used in creating volleyball courts, patios, and playgrounds as an attractive and
soft surface. When you need any kind of sand and stone supplies for your construction project,
look no further than B & R Sand & Gravel. They are the trusted sand supplier for any projects
within a 20-mile radius of Gales Ferry.

Their wide selection of crushed aggregate makes it easy to find just the right material, and it’s
all. schedule a delivery or ask which sand is best for your project.
TREATMENTS ON SAND

Sand bathing is on the rise, according to SpaFinder in its 2015 Trends Report. But, like so many
spa treatments, sand baths are part of an ancient healing tradition that helps reduce pain. Sand
warms the body uniformly, helping relieve musculoskeletal and arthritic pain. Like a sauna or
steam room, the heat also causes you to sweat, detoxifying the body. and the moisture is
wicked away by the sand. The first written description of a therapeutic hot sand burial was
recorded in Siwa in ancient Egypt. Today it's on the rise in the deserts around Merzouga in
Morocco, where local Berbers have a brisk trade burying tourists. On this level, how it worked
then is pretty much how it works now. Someone digs a shallow hole in the morning, so the sand
will warm up. The "customer" reclines face-up in the sand, keeping his head free while his body
is covered in heavy sand. The Berber buries the customer, shields him from the harsh sun, and
gives him drinks of water. Twenty minutes later, the customer is unburied and (ideally), feels
greatly enlivened.

Natural or River sand are weathered and worn out particles of rocks and are of various grades
or sizes depending upon the amount of wearing. Now-a-days good sand is not readily available,
it is transported from a long distance. Those resources are also exhausting very rapidly. So it is a
need of the time to find some substitute to natural river sand.

The artificial sand produced by proper machines can be a better substitute to river sand. The
sand must be of proper gradation (it should have particles from 150 microns to 4.75 mm in
proper proportion). When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have fewer
voids. The cement quantity required will be less. Such sand will be more economical. Demand
for manufactured fine aggregates for making concrete is increasing day by day as river sand
cannot meet the rising demand of construction sector. Natural river sand takes millions of years
to form and is not repleneshible. Because of its limited supply, the cost of Natural River sand
has sky rocketed and its consistent supply cannot be guaranteed. nder this circumstances use
of manufactured sand becomes inevitable.