TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES – CAVITE

CARLOS Q. TRINIDAD AVENUE SALAWAG DASMARIÑAS CITY

CT212
SURVEYING

ASSIGNMENT 2
HOW TO CARE FOR TRANSIT APPARATUS
TYPES OF VERNIERS AND TRANSIT VERNIERS
HOW TO READ VERNIERS?

SUBMITTED BY:
KRISHIA ANNE A. TAGLE

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JOSE MARVIEL JESORO

DATE:
DECEMBER 4, 2021
How to Care for Transit apparatus
The engineering transit is a pricey and fragile piece of machinery. To avoid
damage and maintain accuracy, it should be handled with care. A well-used and
well-maintained transportation system will remain in good working order for a long
period. Routine inspections and changes can be performed on the transit, but
significant adjustments and repairs should be left to reputable service shops or
manufacturers of such equipment. Regularly used transits should be cleaned and
adjusted at least once a year. The following is a list of measures to adopt when
dealing with the transit:

• When not in use, the transit should be kept in its carrying cane. The
instrument should be taken from its tripod and carried in its box if it is to be
transported in a vehicle or over lengthy walking distances.

• If the instrument gets wet or dirty, dry it with an absorbent towel or, better
yet, in the sun. Because the objective lens is readily damaged, it should not
be cleaned. Clean the lens by gently rubbing it with a soft cloth soaked in
alcohol or a piece of lens paper, then buffing it with a camel's hairbrush.

• Always protect the instrument from any shock or unexpected jolt. Allowing
the instrument to fall or be dropped will almost certainly result in severe
damage.

• When carrying the transit within a structure or when there is a risk of hitting
the instrument against a tree or other obstructions, hold it in your arms with
the tripod jutting out to the side or behind you rather than on your shoulder.

• The standards should be used to remove the transit from the carrying case,
not the telescope.

• The tripod legs are used to set up the transportation. It should be spread out
evenly to provide stability. The tripod shoes should be securely planted in
the ground to reduce the risk of harm from overturning. It should never be
left unattended since it might be damaged or stolen by passing automobiles,
stray animals, playing children, or the wind.

• Avoid putting up the transit on concrete slabs, rocks, or steel plates since
tripod legs can slip on smooth and hard surfaces. The tripod's pointed shoes
should be driven firmly enough into soft ground so that the tripod does not
settle while standing.
 • Fingers should not be used to touch graduated circles or verniers since this
can tarnish their surfaces. If the surfaces are tarnished, a thin coating of oil
should be applied, allowed for a few hours, and then wiped away with a soft,
clean towel.

• Clamps should only be tightened until they are secure, never too tightly. are
snug Overtightening the instrument might cause significant harm. All that is
required is a hard and definite tightness, but not too harsh.

• In the event of rain, showers, or thunderstorms, a waterproof transport cover

should always be taken with you.

Types of Verniers

Direct Vernier
The main scale and the vernier scale are read in the same way with this sort
of vernier. In surveying instruments like as the transit, direct verniers are commonly
utilized.

Retrograde Vernier
There is no such thing as a retrograde vernier in a surveying equipment.
This vernier has n divisions and divides the main scale length into n divisions. As
a result, the smallest division of the vernier is somewhat longer than the smallest
division of the main scale. In a retrograde vernier, the main scale and the vernier
scale are read backwards.

Types of Transit Verniers

Single Vernier
This sort of vernier is commonly used in transits that are used to measure
angles that need a high level of precision, such as in triangulation operations. A
single vernier can only be read in one direction and must be positioned with the
graduations in the direction to be rotated ahead of the zero mark.

Double Vernier
is made up of two parts: a left vernier and a right vernier that is similar. Each
one is graded and goes counterclockwise from the common index point. When
reading clockwise circle graduations, use the vernier on the left, and when reading
counterclockwise circle graduations, use the vernier on the right. Because a
division on the circle is 20 minutes and there are 40 places on the double vernier,
the shortest count of the exhibited scale and vernier combo is 30 seconds. Double
verniers are used by most transits.
Folded Vernier
The usage of a lengthy vernier plate is avoided with the Folded Vernier. It
has the same length as a single vernier, but half of the graduations are on either
side of the index mark. When there isn't enough room for a double vernier, this
type of vernier is used.

How to read Verniers?

Finding the graduation on the vernier scale that corresponds to a graduation
on the main (circle) scale is used to read a horizontal or vertical angle. There will
always be two coinciding lines when using a double vernier on a horizontal circle,
one for a clockwise angle and the other for a counterclockwise angle. The number
of degrees or fractional parts of a degree (typically in multiples of 30, 20, 15, or 10
minutes) crossed over on the main scale will be displayed on the vernier's index
mark. The coincident gradation on the vernier is used to determine additional
fractional parts of a degree that should be added to the main scale reading. Before
reading a circle and vernier, the circle accuracy least count must be calculated,
since this number will determine the instrument's accuracy. Always read the
vernier in the same direction as the scale. The slope of the numbers on the scale
and the vernier show out the link in most transits. The numbers on the scale and
the vernier that slope in the same direction are read jointly, as can be seen. When
reading the circle and vernier graduations, the instrument man should always gaze
radially along the graduations to minimize the influence of parallax. When the
graduations are not observed properly, there may be two or more sets of lines that
appear to be the same.

Reference:
ttps://www.dropbox.com/s/4d7ptco35tezjsc/%21BOOK%20ELEMENTARY-
SURVEYING-juny-pilapil-la-putt-pdf.pdf?dl=0

La Putt, J. P. (2010). Elementary surveying (3rd ed.). Baguio research & publishing
center