Tools assignment EG-3012

CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT page 1

PRECISION INSTRUMNETS page 2

POINTS TO BE NOTED WHEN THREAD CUTTING page 7

SAFETY INSIDE A HANGER page 9

SIMPLE PENDULUM EXPERIMENT page 11

CRANKSHAFT RUN OUT TEST page 15

REFERENCING page 17
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to remind Mr. A M A Abeywardhana l who helped me in describing the tools,
the materials used in it, how to use them, how to measure accurately without any error and how
to use the tools carefully.
Part A

a) Precision Measuring Instruments

Measuring Tools which are guaranteed for their accuracy for minute distance and angles
a) micro meter screw gauge
b) vernier caliper
c) vernier height gauge
d) vernier protector

Micro meter Screw Gauge

Principle;
Micrometer screw gauge has two scales, one rotating scale which can be found on its
rotating cylindrical part it is also called a circular scale and the other one can be found on
its stationary sleeve which is called the main scale or sleeve scale. Generally, least count
on the main scale is 0.5 mm.

Purpose;
Micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for
accurate measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well
as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, venire,
and digital calipers

Construction;
A simple screw gauge consists of a U-shaped metal frame with a metal stud at its one
end. A hollow cylinder (or sleeve) has a millimeter scale – over it along a line called
index line parallel to its axis. The hollow cylinder acts as a nut. It is fixed at the end of U-
shaped frame opposite to the stud. A Thimble has a threaded spindle inside it.
Micrometer Screw Gauge The circular scale is generally divided into 50 or 100 equal
parts and the least count of the main scale is 0.5mm
 Operation;

1. First of all place the wire between stud and spindle of screw gauge.

2. Turn the ratchet so that the object is pressed gently between the stud and spindle.

3. Note main scale as well as circular scale readings to find the diameter of given wire.

4. Repeat these steps three times to get the average diameter of wire. Micrometer Screw
Gauge

Defects:

 Zero erro
1. Negative zero error; If on bringing the anvil and spindle of micrometer
screw gauge together, the zero mark of the circular scale is below the
main scale line, then the zero error is said to be positive coinciding with
the line of the main scale line.
2. Positive zero error; If on bringing the anvil and spindle of micrometer
screw gauge together, the zero mark of the circular scale is below the
main scale line, then the zero error is said to be positive.

Service and Storage;

Cleaning Micrometers

Firstly, micrometers like all tools in your arsenal should be kept clean. You should
regularly wipe the circumference of the spindle and both measuring faces of your
micrometer with a dry, lint-free cloth.
 Re-Calibrating Micrometers

Be careful not to drop your micrometer. If you have accidentally damaged your
micrometer, ensure that it is inspected for accuracy before taking measurements. 
 
You may need to recalibrate your micrometer. Every so often, or after the micrometer
has been in storage for an extended period, apply a small amount of multi-purpose oil to
its exterior using a lint free cloth to prevent corrosion and rust.
 
It would also be prudent to oil the internal thread of the micrometer if the micrometer is
used very occasionally or unlikely to be used for many months.
Storing a Micrometer

Make sure that you store your micrometer in a ventilated place with low humidity, and
ideally at room temperature.
 
Most micrometers come with a protective storage case to keep them safe when not in
use. 
 
When not using the micrometer, ensure that there is a gap between the measuring
faces.
 
If the spindle and anvil are in contact with each other, the accuracy of the micrometer
could be affected
 THREAD CUTTING TAP AND DIES
Both taps and dies can be used to either cut new threads or repair
damaged threads. Taps and dies come in various configurations and
materials, the most common being High Speed Steel (HSS) for softer
materials and Cobalt for hard materials like stainless steel. Some
manufacturers apply platings or coatings designed to increase the cutting
ability and life of their products, beneath that, it is usually one of the two
materials for most applications.

 Tap should not rotate continuously

 After each turn rotate backwards nearly half to three quarter of
a turn
 This will assist to remove the cutting brakes
 After preliminary cut use the second tap again
 Cleaned out burrs and swarf’s
c)

Safety inside a hanger

Staff Safety

 Never touch a prop until you have verified the mags are not hot.
 Never leave aircraft keys in the ignition.
 Always be aware of your surroundings. Dangers below include tripping.
Dangers above include aircraft wings hitting your head. Stay away from
aircraft propellers.
 Keep the floor clean and regularly mopped. Avgas contains lead which can
combine with floor dirt, etc.
 If there has been a fuel leak, be sure to completely air out the hangar, to
dissipate flammable fumes.

Tool Use

 It’s a good practice to wear rubber gloves when working on an aircraft.

 Know how to use the tool you have in your hand.
 Turn your cellphone off when you are working on an aircraft. Distractions
lead to mistakes.
Aircraft Protection

 Always chock all aircraft.

 Use wing walkers when moving obstacles or aircraft that are close to each
other. Before moving the aircraft, use agreed-upon hand signals and/or
call-outs.
 Hangar doors must always be completely open or completely closed,
especially bifold doors that raise vertically. Partially open doors tear off
airplane tails.
 Ensure that the hangar door area is clear before opening or closing the
door.

Hangar Organization

 Create designated areas for equipment to minimize danger to aircraft.

Outlines can be drawn on the floor to help ensure compliance over time.
 Store equipment in its intended location.
 Maintain adequate lighting.
 Always maintain easy access to fire extinguishers.
 Keep air hoses on reels or hangers in a designated area on the wall. Don't
leave them on the floor.

Equipment Maintenance

 Always comply with required equipment inspections: daily, weekly,

monthly, yearly.

Procedures

 Never fuel or de-fuel an airplane or vehicle inside a hangar.

 Always chock the airplane and the refueler.
 Always use a bonding cable to protect against static electricity.
 Be very aware of static electricity in all its forms: thunderstorms,
cellphones, etc.
 Move slowly and use great caution close to the airplane. You can do a lot
of damage with the hose, nozzle and ladder.
 Avoid backing up the refueler unless absolutely necessary. Use a second
person if you must back up.
 Drive slowly.
 Always, always, always confirm fuel type (Avgas or Jet-A).
 Always confirm the amount of fuel.
 Always confirm that fuel caps are properly replaced.
 Never, ever be reluctant to ask the flight crew for clarification or
instruction.
 Drive slowly!
 Be aware of prop blast, jet blast or rotor wash. Aircraft run-ups should be
done in a designated run-up area.

SIMPLE PENDULUM
Objective: To measure (g) by measuring the period of oscillations
of a simple pendulum

Theory: Gravity exerts a force on every object. This force is

proportional to the mass of the object. The proportionality constant is the
acceleration of gravity "g." The gravity acceleration (g) decreases with
increasing elevation; however, for a few thousand feet above the Earth's
surface, it remains fairly constant. In this experiment, a simple pendulum
will be used to measure "g”.
 T 2 – y axis

L – x axis

Then, Gradient, m = 4π2 / g

Procedure

 Take some inextensible strings of the lengths 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90cm
 Find a suitable small mass as the “bob”.
 Take one string, attach the mass and hang on a fixed point.
 Make an angle about 10o (NOT more than 10) and release the
pendulum.
 Note the time required for 6 oscillations.
 Repeat the above steps for each string and obtain five sets of readings.

Apparatus:
Observation:

Length of string (m) Time taken for 6 Average time T (s) T2

oscillations

0.5 8.26 1.376 1.893

0.6 9.10 1.916 2.298

0.7 9.84 1.64 2.6896

0.8 10.49 1.748 3.055

0.9 11.08 1.846 3.407

Graph and calculation.

Discussion:

ERRORS IN THE PRACTICLE

1) The bob of pendulum should be displaced with a small angle.

2) The amplitude of the oscillation of a simple pendulum should be small.

3) Fans should be switched off to reduce the air resistance.

4) The simple pendulum should be oscillate in a vertical plane only.

POSSIBLE WAYS TO INCREASE THE ACCURACY OF THE EXPERIMENT

1) making timings by sighting the bob past a fixed reference point .

2) sighting the bob as it moves fastest past a reference point. The pendulum swings
fastest at its lowest point and slowest at the top of each swing.

EFFECT OF MASS ON THE EXPERIMENT

The mass on a pendulum does not affect the swing because force and mass are
proportional and when the mass increases so does the force.

Therefore, the mass does not affect the period of the pendulum.

EFFECT OF ‘G' if the angle is increased (than 10)

The larger the angle, the more inaccurate this estimation will become. From the
angle, the amplitude can be calculated and from amplitude and oscillation period
finally the speed at the pendulum'scenter can be calculated.
Part C

Crankshaft run out check

When you need to measure a shaft’s runout, select a suitable position on
the shaft, free of keyways, corrosion, or other damage. Clean the surface and
remove any burrs around scratches or dents. After referring the Service Manual
C-152 the Direct Drive Engine the following steps were done;

1. Place the shaft in well-oiled V-blocks. If the shaft is a crankshaft, place the
bearing journals in the V-blocks.
2. Attach the magnetic base to a machined surface. Mount the dial indicator on a
tool mounting holder and attach the holder to the base.
3. Adjust the mounting post so you can easily read the face of the dial.
4. Move the indicator toward the shaft until the sensor button just touches the
surface you wish to measure.
5. Continue moving the indicator slowly toward the shaft until the dial pointer has
moved to the midpoint of its travel on the dial face.
6. Leave the pointer at midtravel and turn the bezel until the zero on the dial is
aligned with the pointer.
7. You can now rotate and watch the pointer to see if it moves. The total amount
the pointer moves is called the total indicator reading (TIR). If the shaft is
straight, the pointer should remain at zero.

The precautions to increase the lifetime of the crankshaft and the engine are when
touching the crankshaft we should not touch the crankshaft with dirt in hand if it
is so you have to grease it with oil and every once in a while we have to perform
the crankshaft run out test so doing so we can prevent corrosion or we can stop
the crankshaft to run out

Right
Angle

Measured Object Measured Object

 REFERENCING
 Study materials given by Mr. A M A Abeywardhana (Our Lecturer)
 https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/use-of-micrometer-screw-
gauge/7535/
 https://shop.hangarbot.com/blogs/news/https-www-hangarbot-com-blog-
aircraft-hangar-checklist-protection#:~:text=Always%20maintain%20easy
%20access%20to,can%27t%20damage%20an%20airplane