01 3.1. Safety Hazards

3.1.
Safety Hazards
Third Saudi Expansion of The Holy Mosque & Surrounding Areas
The Client: The PMO Consultant: The Supervision Consultant: The Contractor: SBG Cx Management:
Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Operation & Maintenance Manual for Medium Voltage Switchgear
3.1 Safety Hazards
3.1 Safety Hazards
3.1.1. Objectives
1. The objective of this section is to protect workers from the hazards of machinery and to
prevent accidents, incidents and ill health resulting from the use of machinery at work by
providing guidelines for:
2. Ensuring that all machinery for use at work is designed and manufactured to eliminate or
minimize the hazards associated with its use.
3. Ensuring that employers are provided with a mechanism for obtaining from their suppliers
necessary and sufficient safety information about machinery to enable them to implement
effective protective measures for workers.
4. Ensuring that proper workplace safety and health measures are implemented to identify,
eliminate, prevent, and control risks arising from the use of machinery.
3.1.2. Mechanical Hazards:
What are mechanical hazards?
Mechanical hazards are created by the powered operation of apparatus or tools. The applied power
may be electrical or human. Tools or apparatus have three locations.
Where mechanical hazards can exist:

1. The point of operation.
2. The point of power transmission.
3. The area of moving parts.
The point of operation is where the action is taking place a drill bit, the sandpaper on a palm sander,
or the vibrating tine on a string vibrator.
The point of power transmission is where the applied energy is converted to work; two examples of
the point of power transmission are the pulleys and belt on a centripetal force apparatus and the
axle on a motor-driven rotator.
The area of moving parts involves any actions between the point of operation and the point of power
transmission. Examples of moving parts are the gears or pulleys on an apparatus, the sharp or
protruding points or hardware on pulleys, and shafts or arms.
Apparatus or tools that rotate.

Rotating apparatus or tools can be dangerous because they can catch and twist clothing, hair, or
jewelry and can cause serious damage. Even slowly rotating objects can snag something and force
an arm or hand into a precarious position.
A few examples of rotation hazards are

1. Drill bits.
2. Gears in Wilmshurst machines.
3. Centrifuge rotors.

3.1 Safety Hazards
4. Governors for demonstrating centrifugal force.

5. Electric motor shafts.
6. Rotators for spinning discs, wheels, centrifugal forces rotors, or other equipment.
7. Projections (nuts, set screws, nicks, and abrasions) from rotating parts.
3.1.3. Precautions for working with hand and power tools:
Some projects require a degree of advanced object-shaping, which is accomplished by using tools or
apparatus that can cut, punch, shear, or bend sturdy materials. Tools and apparatus that can
manipulate or cut sturdy material can, of course, also seriously injure the technician. Hazards are
usually found at the point of operation on such devices. An associated hazard that may arise is flying
chips or shavings from the material while it is being cut.
Listed below are some safety tips and precautions to bear in mind when using various hand and
power tools.
1. General
• Make sure the project area is well lighted and uncluttered.
• Visually inspect tools, power cords, and accessories before allowing using them.
• Ensure that machine and work area guards and shields are in place and are being used.
• Include appropriate warning notices at the project area and in instructional materials.
• Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry when using power tools. Tie back long hair.
• Enforce the rule of using the proper tool for the task.
• Never leave a running tool unattended.
• Keep the project area clean and free of scraps.
2. Hammers
• Check the condition of a hammer before allowing to use it. Do not use hammers that have
loose heads or cracked handles.
• Provide the proper hammer for the project—if too light, a hammer bounces in the user’s
hand; if too heavy, a hammer is hard to control.
• Keep your fingers away from the object being hammered.
3. Screwdrivers
• Remember that screwdrivers are not to be hammered or used as chisels, punches, awls,
or levers.
• Do not hold an object in one hand and use a screwdriver with the other hand; place the
object on a bench or table or in a vise.
• Do not use non-insulated screwdrivers in electrical projects.
4. Wrenches
• To minimize sudden slips, remember to stand in a balanced position and to avoid
reaching for awkward or distant locations while using a wrench.
• Always pull on the wrench handle instead of pushing against the fixed jaw.
• Use the proper size wrench for the nut or bolt.

3.1 Safety Hazards
• If you are using adjustable wrenches, make sure that they keep the open jaws facing
toward you to reduce slippage.
5. Pliers
• Remember that pliers are not to be used in place of hammers or wrenches.
• Do not use non-insulated pliers in electrical projects.
6. Power hand tools

• Always inspect power tools before using them.
• Do not carry power tools by the electrical cord.
• Ensure that guards are used on all tools that have such devices.
• Make sure that not to use a power tool before it has reached operating speed or while it
is coming to a stop.
• Never try to stop a tool’s moving parts by hand or with other objects—let the tool coast
to a stop by itself.
• Never lay a tool down before it has come to a complete stop.
• Do not force a power tool into the material.
• Be sure the material can be held safely in place during the operation.
• Do not stand directly behind or in front of a tool that is in use, in case it malfunctions.
• Continually remember to be aware of a tool’s power cord so that you do not accidentally
cut it.
• Disconnect power tools when not in use.
3.1.4. Electrical Hazards:
Precautions for work on electrical systems:
1. Site Practice:
• Provide protective clothing, personal protective equipment, and other protective equipment
needed to protect employees from potential arc flash and shock hazards identified in the
analysis.
• Provide training to create qualified employees capable of understanding the purpose/
function of the electrical heat tracing, its electrical power supply/control equipment, and
how to recognize and avoid the hazards associated with its operation and maintenance.
• Treat all electrical conductors and circuit parts as though they are energized until they are
placed in an electrically safe work condition by doing the following:
• Identify the circuit or equipment to be de-energized and all possible sources of electrical
energy supplies to the specific circuit or equipment.
• Interrupt the load currents appropriately, and then open the circuit disconnecting
device(s).
• Visually verify, where possible, that the appropriated circuit disconnecting device is
indeed open.
• Apply lockout/tag out devices according to a documented and established procedure.

3.1 Safety Hazards
• Test for absence of voltage with an approved voltmeter (where the voltmeter is tested
on a known circuit voltage prior to and immediately following application).
• Ground the phase conductors or circuit parts before touching them where the possibility
of induced voltages or stored electrical energy exists.
• Apply ground-connecting devices rated for the available fault duty where the conductors
or circuit parts being de-energized could possible contact other exposed energized
conductors or circuit parts.
2. Identification:
• Clearly label the outer surface of thermal insulation (after final dressing is installed).
Labels should be installed on piping, vessels, pumps and similar equipment. The label
should indicate that electrical heating conductors are installed under the insulation. At
least one label should be visible from any location. On insulated pipe lines, labels should
be installed at intervals no greater than 10 feet (3 meters) and on alternating sides of
the pipe. If insulation is removed or replaced, make sure that the label is replaced.
• Clearly label any controller used to supply and/or protect electrical heat tracing circuits
and/or products. Information on the label should contain the circuit being
controlled/protected by the controller.
• Clearly label any power supply panel and/or circuit protective device used to supply
and/or protect electrical heat tracing circuits. The label should indicate the circuit being
supplied or protected. If the protective device serves as the circuit isolation device for
lockout purposes, the label should indicate this information.
• Clearly label any power transformers, power circuits, raceways, and cable trays or other
routing methods used for providing electric power to heat tracing. The label should
indicate that the equipment/raceway supplies heating circuits.
3. Analysis:
• Determine the amount of electrical energy available at the source of electrical power
used to supply electric heating circuits. (NOTE: The amount of available energy is
dependent upon the design of the circuit supplying energy.)
• Analyze the overall electrical arc-flash and shock hazards associated with the voltage,
short-circuit current available, and circuit-protective device clearing time. Consider each
point in the electrical system/facility where personnel may be exposed.
• With engineering supervision, establish the flash protection boundary by doing the
following:
a) Identify the voltage level and its associated limited/restricted/ prohibited approach
boundaries. Define the distance from any potential exposed energized electrical
conductor or circuit part where the incident energy exceeds 1.2 cal/square cm.
b) If available energy is less than 16 kA, establish the flash protection boundary using
the formula in NFPA 70E, Part II, Paragraph 2-1.3.3.2 or in Appendix B- 2.3.2 or B-
2.3.3.
c) If available energy is at least 16 kA but less than 50 kA, establish the flash protection
boundary using the formula in NFPA 70E, Appendix B-5.1 or B-5.2.
d) Clearly label the electrical equipment enclosures (front, back, and ends) to show the
approach boundaries determined in the analysis. If employee is to approach any live

3.1 Safety Hazards
part closer than the Prohibited Space shown in NFPA 70E, Part II, Table 2-1.3.4,
he/she must be insulated or guarded from the live parts.
• Clearly label the electrical equipment enclosures (front/back, ends) to show the incident
energy at 18 inches (46 cm) and at 36 inches (91 cm) from the arc flash hazard source.
4. Design/Installation:
• Provide/install only electrical heat tracing and electrical power supply or control
equipment that has been evaluated, tested, and listed by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory (NRTL).
• Install listed electrical equipment according to any directions from the listing agency.
• Apply electrical heat tracing and its electrical power supply and control equipment
according to the National Electrical Code® (NEC®).
• Provide necessary equipment or circuit disconnecting devices (for lockout) for each
circuit or item of equipment.
3.1.5. Safety Signs and Symbols:
1. Acoustic signal” means a coded sound signal which is released and transmitted by a device
designed for that purpose, without the use of a human or artificial voice.
2. Emergency escape or first-aid sign” means a sign giving information on emergency exits or
first-aid or rescue facilities.
3. “Hand signal” means a movement, position, or both, of the arm, hands, or both, in coded form,
for guiding persons who are carrying out man oeuvres which constitute a hazard or danger
for persons at work.
4. Illuminated sign” means a sign produced by a device made of transparent or translucent
materials which are illuminated from the inside or the rear in such a way as to give the
appearance of a luminous surface.
5. Information sign” means a sign providing information other than that referred to in
prohibition, warning, mandatory or emergency escape or first-aid signs.
6. Mandatory sign” means a sign requiring specific behavior.
7. “Prohibition sign” means a sign prohibiting behavior likely to incur or cause danger.
8. Safety color” means a color to which a specific meaning is assigned.
9. safety or health signs” means signs referring to a specific object, activity or situation and
providing information or instructions about safety, health, or both, at work by means of a
10. Signboard, a color, an illuminated sign, an acoustic signal, a verbal communication, or a hand
signal.
11. Supplementary signboard” means a signboard used together with one of the signs covered
by the definition of “signboard” and which gives supplementary information, including,
where appropriate, information in writing.
12. Signboard” means a sign which provides specific information or instructions by a
combination of a geometric shape, colors and a symbol or pictogram, without written words,
which is rendered visible by lighting of sufficient intensity.
13. Symbol or pictogram” means a figure which describes a situation or requires specific
behavior, and which is used on a signboard or illuminated surface.

3.1 Safety Hazards
14. Verbal communication” means a predetermined spoken message communicated by a human

or artificial voice.
15. Warning sign” means a sign giving warning of a hazard or risk.
Significance Sign Significance Sign
General warning sign,

often used with other Wear safety overalls
safety signs
Wear eye protection Wear face protection
Wear a safety helmet Wear safety harness
Pedestrians must use this

Wear hearing protection
route
Wear respiratory
Wear safety gloves
protection

3.1 Safety Hazards
Wear safety boots
Emergency exit or escape route signs
These signs give information on escape routes, emergency exits, first-aid, or rescue facilities (e.g.,
'Emergency exit/escape route'). Green signs are for emergency escapes such as doors, exits or
escape routes, or they are for first-aid signs to indicate equipment and facilities.
Fire escape exit First aid station
Fire escape exit or

Emergency telephone
route
Fire escape exit or

Eyewash station
route

3.1 Safety Hazards
Fire exit or route Stretcher
Fire escape exit or Emergency drench

route shower
Fire escape route

Environment hazard
direction

3.1 Safety Hazards
Prohibitory signs
These signs are colored red and forbid behavior likely to increase or cause danger (e.g., 'No
smoking'). They indicate dangerous behavior, stop or shut down; or can signify a danger alarm or
an emergency cut-out device.
No smoking Not drinking water
No access for
No smoking or naked
unauthorized
flames
persons
No access for No access for

pedestrians industrial vehicles
Do not extinguish
Do not touch
with water

3.1 Safety Hazards
Firefighting signs
These signs provide information about the location and type of firefighting equipment available.
Emergency fire
Fire hose
telephone
This way to
Fire extinguisher firefighting
equipment
Ladder

3.1 Safety Hazards
Warning signs
These signs give warning of a hazard or danger (e.g.; 'Danger - electricity'). Warning signs are yellow
or amber and mean 'be careful', 'take precautions' etc.
Non-ionizing
Danger: electricity
radiation
Flammable Strong magnetic field
Explosive Obstacles
Danger of fall from a

height
Toxic
(Dangerous drop or
change of level)
Corrosive Biological hazard


3.1 Safety Hazards
Radioactive Low temperature
Overhead load Harmful or irritant
Attention! Oxidizing material
Laser

3.1 Safety Hazards
3.1.6. Safety Organizations:
For more information’s about safety and health in work, listed down the websites for the most
popular safety organization:
National Safety Council http://www.nsc.org
Occupational Safety & Health Agency http://www.osha.gov
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. http://www.ul.com
Electrical Safety Foundation International http://www.esfi.org
CSA International http://www.csa-international.org
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh
U.S.D.A. Extension Services www.csrees.usda.gov
Consumer Product Safety Commission www.cpsc.gov

01 3.1. Safety Hazards

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 3.1. Safety Hazards

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.1.

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

3.1 Safety Hazards

3.1.2. Mechanical Hazards:

What are mechanical hazards?

Where mechanical hazards can exist:

Apparatus or tools that rotate.

A few examples of rotation hazards are

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

4. Governors for demonstrating centrifugal force.

3.1.3. Precautions for working with hand and power tools:

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

6. Power hand tools

3.1.4. Electrical Hazards:

Precautions for work on electrical systems:

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

3.1.5. Safety Signs and Symbols:

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

14. Verbal communication” means a predetermined spoken message communicated by a human

Significance Sign Significance Sign

General warning sign,

Wear eye protection Wear face protection

Wear a safety helmet Wear safety harness

Pedestrians must use this

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Wear safety boots

Emergency exit or escape route signs

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Fire escape exit First aid station

Fire escape exit or

Fire escape exit or

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Fire exit or route Stretcher

Fire escape exit or Emergency drench

Fire escape route

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

No smoking Not drinking water

No access for No access for

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Flammable Strong magnetic field

Danger of fall from a

Corrosive Biological hazard

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

Significance Sign Significance Sign

Radioactive Low temperature

Overhead load Harmful or irritant

Attention! Oxidizing material

Project: New Malakan Reservoir / Pumping Station and Transmission Lines

3.1.6. Safety Organizations:

Occupational Safety & Health Agency http://www.osha.gov

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. http://www.ul.com

Electrical Safety Foundation International http://www.esfi.org

CSA International http://www.csa-international.org

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh

U.S.D.A. Extension Services www.csrees.usda.gov

Consumer Product Safety Commission www.cpsc.gov

You might also like