CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. SWIMMING POOL
A Swimming pool is a structure designed to hold water to
enable swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the
ground or built above ground, and are also a common feature abroad
ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are most commonly
constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal, plastic,
or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a
standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic swimming pool.
Many health clubs, fitness centers, and private clubs have
pools used mostly for exercise or recreation. Many towns and cities
provide public pools. Many hotels have pools available for their guest to
use at their leisure. Educational facilities such as high schools and
universities sometimes have pools for physical education classes,
recreational activities, leisure, and competitive athletics such as
swimming teams. Hot tubs and spas are pools filled with hot water, used
for relaxation and hydrotherapy.

1.2. COMPONENTS OF SWIMMING POOL

A typical swimming pool needs seven major components:

• A basin
• A motorized pump
• A water filter
• A chemical feeder
• Drains
• Returns
 • PVC plastic plumbing connecting all of these elements
The basic idea is to pump water in a continual cycle, from the pool
through the filtering and chemical treatment systems and back to the
pool again. In this way, the pumping system keeps the water in the
pool relatively free of dirt, debris and bacteria. Some pools also
include heaters in the mix, in order to keep the water at a certain
temperature.

1.3. TYPES OF SWIMMING POOLS

The main difference between different types of pool is how
the basin is constructed. There are several different pool styles, each
with its own advantages and disadvantages.
1.3.1. ABOVE GROUND POOLS
Above ground pools are the cheapest construction option, as
well as the easiest to build. Most above ground pools are made from
prefabricated kits, which even an amateur can put together. First, the
installers level of the ground to form a flat building surface. Then they
assemble a perimeter track, which supports the outer wall.
Next, they spread sand in the pool area and lay the
plumbing. Finally, they secure the vinyl liner over the pool walls, fill the
pool with water, smooth the liner and fasten it into place. As soon as
they hook up the pump and filtering system, the pool is ready to go. The
main disadvantage of this sort of pool is that it’s less durable than other
designs, and generally less attractive. It’s also less permanent, which can
be a good thing, it is relatively easy to disassemble the pool and move it
to a new location.
1.3.2. FIBER GLASS POOLS
These pools are made from fiberglass-reinforced plastic,
which has been molded into a basin shape. To install the pool, a
construction crew digs an appropriately sized hole, lays the necessary
plumbing, and adds some sand filter and lowers the preformed pool
structure into the hole. Then they level the pool, hook up all the
plumbing and backfill in the area around the pool. Usually, the pool is
surrounded by a concrete deck structure.
1.3.3. VINYL-LINER IN-GROUND POOLS
A vinyl-lined pool is a popular and cost-effective option. The
vinyl lining is usually tailor made to suit the size and shape of your
swimming pool. Modern vinyl lined pools can have concrete, plastic or
steel walls.
1.3.4. CONCRETE SWIMMING POOLS
A concrete pool is a completely customized swimming pool
solution. It can be placed virtually anywhere and give you unlimited
design possibilities. You can choose the size, shape and depth, and add
features such as vanishing edges, step, beach entries, rockeries and much
more. Finishing options include ceramic tiles, natural pebble, coloured
quartz, epoxy resin paints, vinyl lining and a range of other finishes.
 1.3.5. RESIDENTIAL SWIMMING POOLS
Residential swimming pools utilize many different
construction methods. Household swimming pools can come in all
different shapes and size. The Pool Patrol pool alarm is ideal for
residential swimming pool owners as it provides an extra layer of
security and peace of mind with absolutely no modifications to your
pool. Installation is simple –just put in the battery, calibrate the
sensitivity settings, and place in your pool. No drilling or wiring
required.
1.3.6. COMMERCIAL SWIMMING POOLS
Commercial swimming pools often come with more
stringent safety requirements, such as lifeguards on duty, locking gates
or limited access. Pool Patrol pool alarms can easily add even more
security to your commercial swimming pool, regardless of shape or
construction. Hotel swimming pools are a great option for Pool Patrol
pool alarms, adding necessary security for your guests.
1.3.7. COMPETITION POOLS
Competition pools are typically rectangular in shape, and
can be anywhere from a small 6-lane,36 feet wide by 75 feet long, or as
massive as some 12 lane Olympic swimming pools that are 75 feet wide
by 150 feet or more long. Competition pools can be indoor or outdoor,
and have many features such as bulkheads and driving boards. Pool
Patrol pool alarms even work with these massive competitions sized
pools by utilizing multiple floating units to cover the area.
 CHAPTER -2 REVIEW
OF LITERATURE

2.1. Swimming pools: design and construction

Philip H Perkins-2000
The fourth edition of this classic book provides a comprehensive treatise
on the design and construction of swimming pools, both public and private.
Significantly revised, it covers planning, materials, design, construction and
finishing, water circulation and treatment, energy conservation, maintenance and
repairs. This is a standard book for all civil engineers who need to design and
construct swimming pools, and a useful reference on the design of water retaining
structures.

2.2. PORTABLE SWIMMING POOL

Hendrick C Gillebaard
 US Patent 5,083,327,1992
An improved, portable, above-the-ground swimming pool is disclosed
which comprises a liner portion adapted to have a frame portion attached thereto.
The liner portion consists of a polyester inner lining coated with waterproof vinyl
having a plurality of horizontally and vertically oriented sleeves attached to various
locations thereon which are adapted to receive rim members and wall members
comprising the frame portion. The pool is adapted to be easily and quickly
assembled and disassembled and to avoid tearing or puncture.

2.3. PREFABRICATED SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTION

Herbert O Kaufmann, John I Schaeffer
US Patent 4,062,158,1977
A prefabricated swimming pool includes a liner and a wall supported by
vertical posts. Lip members are arranged between the posts along the top edge of
the wall and connected to the posts by brackets. The angles at which the lip
members are attached to the posts are adjustable so that the number of posts used
to support the wall can be varied, and pools of differing sizes can be constructed
using standard components.

2.4. ABOVEGROUND SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTION

Edgar T Gillen
US Patent 3,553,744,1971
An Aboveground swimming pool in which a peripheral wall structure is
supported by a plurality of support frames and a peripheral rim structure including
a depending skirt and an outwardly projecting deck is supported by a plurality of
subframe, each subframe being affixed to a support frame by means enabling
adjustment of the level of the peripheral rim structure with respect to a
corresponding support frame.

2.5. PREFABRICATED SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTION

 Raymond Ventrice
US Patent 4,223,498,1980
The invention contemplates an improved construction of the reinforced
ends of flexible sheet-metal panels used in defining the basic generally cylindrical
wall to be lined with flexible material in the erection of a prefabricated swimming
pool. The end-reinforcement structure uses substantially thinner-gage material than
heretofore, and yet a secured joint of two lapped panel ends has the hoop-tension
resistance of the best of previous constructions without presenting any ambiguity
regarding the sense at the overlap.

2.6. PORTABLE SWIMMING POOL

Kascle Clifford
US Patent 2,490,272,1949
This invention relates to swimming pools, and particularly to a swimming
pool construction of a portable nature, since it is easily assembled and dismantled
for removal from one location to another with the minimum of effort and time.
Small swimming pools, constructed from waterproof canvas or rubberized
material, are known, such pools having the canvas fastened to an upper framework
and resting either on a floor or on the ground. The present invention is v. directed
to a full sized type of swimming pool which may be used on school playgrounds.
2.7. STAIR CONSTRUCTION FOR PLASTIC LINER
SWIMMING POOLS
E Boassy
US Patent 3,744,198,1973
The specification describes a stair for a plastic liner type swimming
pool. The stair is preformed from rigid plastic and may have anti-slip patterns
formed on the treas. The stair is installed in a recess in the pool wall from supports
which suspend the stair free standing with respect to the pool liner. The supports
are pipes or the like, extending from the lateral walls of the recess through
watertight fittings.

2.8. APPARATUS AND METHOD OF OPERATION FOR

HIGHSPEED SWIMMING POOL CLEANER
Joseph Porat
US Patent 6,099,658,2000
An apparatus and method for cleaning the bottom and vertical side walls
of a swimming pool, pond or tank employs a robotic, self-propelled cleaner having
a protective housing of conventional design, the cleaner being operated at a
primary cleaning speed as it traverses the surfaces to be cleaned and until the
cleaner housing emerges from the water along a side wall of the pool; thereafter
the cleaner operates at a secondary drive speed that is relatively slower than the
primary speed and the cleaner thereafter reverses direction.

2.9. SWIMMING POOL COVER ASSEMBLY

Dwaine Phillips
US Patent 4,790,037,1988
A swimming pool cover assembly is provided which can easily be installed
and removed and which is adapted to be supported above the surface of the pool
without bulky reinforcing or structural members. The swimming pool cover
assembly includes an air impervious cover member having dimensions greater than
the dimensions greater than the dimensions of the pool so as to span the pool, an
anchor assembly disposed about the perimeter of the pool for securing the cover
member over the pool and forming fluid-tight seal.

2.10. BUILDING AND SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTION

Emil J Boassy, Vincent Shanni

US Patent 3,673,751,1972
 The specification describes a building panel with a snap engaging fitting
for simplified interlocking of multiple panels to form building structures. The
panels are especially suitable for swimming pool construction with a convenient
crib-type arrangement that can be easily and quickly assembled.

2.11. A SCALE MODEL TO EVALUATE WATER

EVOPRATION FROM INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS
F Asdrubali
Energy and buildings 41(3),311-319,2009
The evaluation of water evaporation from indoor swimming pools is a
topic of considerable practical interest, since evaporation may cause the highest
energy consumption of the pool plant. A purposely designed experimental
apparatus was used to measure the water evaporation rate from a pool scale model
inserted into a climatic chamber to control environmental conditions. The
experimental data were obtained varying various parameters such as water
temperature, air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity. The results were
used to propose a prediction model for water evaporation which was compared to
other methods found in the literature, showing a good agreement.

2.12. SWIMMING POOL

William H Eichelman, Eric E Hall

US Patent 1,963,405,1934
Our present invention relate to improvements in swimming pools, and
is a continuation in part of our former application filed May 4,1931, Serial
no.534,764 which has matured in Patent no.51,908,332. It is now generally
recognized that it is de sirable to provide a swimming pool having a depth of water
at one end to permit of safe diving, which has been found to require a water 10
depth of approximately eleven feet, and to slope the bottom of the pool from one
end, where the diving depth of water is provided, upwardly to the other end of the
pool.
 2.13. SYSTEM AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHTING
SWIMMING POOLS
Jean-Maurice Martin
US Patent 7,578,596,2009
A lighting system for a swimming pool includes a side wall sized and
shaped to define a perimeter of the swimming pool, a liner for covering the side
wall and a bottom of the swimming pool so as to create water tight cavity for
receiving water, the liner including a light-transmitting portion, and a back-lighting
apparatus connected to the side wall behind the liner and configured to transmit
light through the light-transmitting portion of the liner to illuminate the swimming
pool.

2.14. ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF DIRECT SOLAR HEATING

OF SWIMMING POOLS
D Govaer, Y Zarmi
Solar energy 27(6),529-533,1981
An analytical model for the long term thermal performance of
swimming pools is developed and shows that the solution for open pools is
applicable to enclosed pools with appropriate modification of parameters. From
this solution the seasonal heating load of swimming pools, open or closed, can be
calculated analytically.
2.15. SUCTION CONTROL FILTER SYSTEM FOR SWIMMING
POOLS
William H Baker
US Patent 4,997,558,1991
A suction control filter system for swimming pools is provided, in
which the vacuum filter of the water recirculation system features positive suction
backwash of the filter during cleaning.
2.16. DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR INDOOR SWIMMING POOL
HEATING
GN Tiwari, SB Sharma
Energy 16(6), 971-975, 1991
We present an analysis of an indoor swimming pool with solar collector
panels. An analytical expression is derived for the system efficiency in terms of
heat-exchanger and collector designs and climatic parameters.

2.17. SWIMMING POOL AND WATER LEVEL CONTROL

APPARATUS
Monroe R Maxhimer
US Patent 4, 445, 238, 1984
Swimming pool water level control apparatus includes a remote
indicator for sensing the water level in a swimming pool and for turning on and off
a water flow control valve to provide water for the swimming pool.

2.18. SELECTING COMPREHENSIBLE WARNING SYMBOLS FOR

SWIMMING POOLS SLIDES
Theo Boersema, Harm JG Zwaga
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting
33(15), 994-998, 1989
To reduce the hazardous behavior of swimming pool slide user’s five
warning messages were identified. For each warning nine symbols were
developed. The comprehensibility of the symbols was tested using an evaluation
procedure based to a large extent on the ISO testing procedure to determine the
comprehensibility of public information symbols. Respondents were 202
swimming pool users between 7 and 19 years of age.
2.19. PROTECTIVE COPING FOR A SWIMMING POOL
Fredrick Katzman
US Patent 3,628,198,1971
The invention is a swimming pool coping construction having a pair of
channels, into the one of which, a swimming pool liner is fitted, and into the other
of which, a protective panel is snap fitted, thereby to present an ornamental face,
simulating a tile border.

2.20. MODULAR OPERATIONS CENTER FOR IN-GROUND

SWIMMING POOL
Donald H Wier, Stanley H Fredrick, Robert A Hotaling, Ronald B
Robol
US Patent 4,705,629, 1987
A distinct element employed in a preferred embodiment of the
invention resides in a two-compartment filter unit that extends operating life by
permitting the function of the first compartment filtration to be transferred to the
other compartment when the first compartment is clog

CHAPTER -3
METHODOLOGY
3.1. Working stress method design
General features:

During the early part of 20th century, elastic theory of reinforced concrete
sections outlined was developed which formed the basis of the working stress or
permissible stress method of design of reinforced concrete members. In this
method, the working or permissible stress in concrete and steel are obtained
applying appropriate partial safety factors to the characteristics strength of the
materials. The permissible stresses in concrete and steel are well within the linear
elastic range of the materials.

The design based on the working stress method although ensures safety
of the structures at working or services loads, it does not provide a realistic
estimate of the ultimate or collapse load of the structure in contrast to the limit
state method of design. The working stress method of design results in
comparatively larger and conservative sections of the structural elements with
higher quantities of steel reinforcement which results in conservative and costly
design.Structurall engineers have used this method extensively during the 20th
century and presently the method is incorporated as an alternative to the limit state
method in Annexure –B of the recently revised Indian Standard Code Is: 456 -2000
for specific applications.

• The permissible stresses in concrete under service loads for the

various stress states of compressive ,flexure and bond is compiled
in table 2.1(Table 21 of Is: 456- 2000)
• The permissible shear stress in different types of steel
reinforcement is shown in table 2.2(Table 22 of Is: 456- 2000)
• The permissible shear stress for various grades of concrete in
beams is shown in table 12.1(Table 23 of Is: 456 -2000)
• The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different
grades is shown in table 12.2 table (Table 24 of Is: 456-2000)
• In the case of reinforcement concrete slabs, the permissible shear
stress in concrete is obtained by multiplying the values given in
table 2.1 by as shown in Table 12.3(section 40.2.1.1. of Is: 456
2000)

3.2. Flow chart

SITE EXPLORATION

↓
 EXCAVATION

MATERIAL

PLAN

ANALYSIS

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

RESULT

AND

DISCUSSION

Calculation 1

1.DIMENSION
DIM =30FT*20FT*5FT (L*B*H)

2.AREA
AREA =600Sq FT

3.VOLUME
DEEP END =5FT
SHALLOW END =3FT
AVERAGE DEPTH 4FT

THE VOLUME OF WATER =28.391LITRE

(1GALLON=3.785LITRE)
(7.5GALLON=28.391LITRE)
VOLUME=L*B*AVERAGE DEPTH*ONE CUBIC FOOT OF
WATER

ONE CUBIC OF WATER IS 7.5GALLON

V=30*20*4*7.5
=18,000GALLON

TO CONVERT INTO LITRE

=18,000*3.785=68,130LITRE
NO OF PERSON
1 PERSON=20SQUARE FEET FOR 600SQUARE FEET=30
PERSON

Calculation 2

L=15’/3.281=4.58m

B=5’/3.281=1.53m

D=5’/3.281=1.53

Q=σcb/2*n*j =>1

Where σcb =7 N/mm˄2for m20grade of concrete from is456

Pg. no 81 table 21

N=1/ (1+ σst/ σcb*m)

σst =>100 n/mm ˄2 from grade of I steel from IS 456

Where m=280/
3σcb

From Is 456 pg. 80 d: 2:1:2 annex-b m=280/

3σcb

=280/ (3*7) [m=13.3]

n=1/ (1+ σst/ σcb*m)
=1/ {(1+100) / (7*13)}

[n=0.48] j=1-(n/3)

=1-(0.43/3)
[j=0.84]

Sub all the value in equation 1

q= (7/2) *0.84*0.48 q=1.41

Design of wall
L/B= (4.53/1.53)
=3>2
Hence long wall is designed as cantilever
Ast =(m)/(σst*j*d) =>2 Where

M= (σcb bd˄2)/ (6)

Pressure extended p
By wet soil =wh[(1-sinɸ/1+sinɸ)]

For wet state =6degree

For dry state =30degree

=20*1.53[(1-sin6/1+sin6)]
=20*1.53[(0.9/1.10)]

P=24.80kn/m ˄2
Mmax [tensile with water face] = {(ph ˄2)/33.5}
Mmax [tensile without water face] = {(ph ˄2)/15}
From IS 1130 pg. no 32

With water face

Mmax= {(ph ˄2)/33.5}

= {(24.80*1.52 ˄2)/33.5}
Mmax=1.73 kn m
Without water face
Mmax= {(ph ˄2)/15}
= {(24.80*1.52 ˄2)/15}
Mmax=3.87 kn m

M= (σcb bd˄2)/ (6)

Where σcb=1.7n/mm ˄2 from IS 456

M= (σcb bd˄2)/ (6)

M= (σcb bd˄2)/ (6)

M=0.28bd ˄2

Tensile without water face

3.87*10 ˄6=0.28*1000*d ˄2
D=170mm
Eff depth d=170-40
d=130mm sub all the value in
equation 2 Ast =(m) /
(σst*j*d)

= (3.87*10 ˄6)/ (100*0.84*130)

Ast =400mm ˄2
Spacing=(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*113)/ (400)
=228mm
Provided 12mm diameter bars at 220 centre to centre

Tension with water face

Ast =(m) / (σst*j*d)

= (1.73* ˄6)/ (100*0.84*130)
Ast =200mm ˄2

Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*113)/ (200)
=225mm
Provided 12 mm diameter bars at 225 centre to centre
Minimum reinforcement =0.3%bd
= (0.3/100)1000*170
=150 mm˄2
Provided reinforcement on both faces. Hence area of steel for each
= (150/2) =>225 mm˄2
Spacing = (1000*78.5)/225
=348mm
Provided 10mm diameter of bar at 300mm centre to centre
Where
Maximum moment
At centre =(pl^2)/4
= {24.80*(1.53+0.17) ^2}/12
=5. 97kn.m
M=qbd^2

d=120mm

Ast =(m) / (σst*j*d)

= (5.97* ˄6)/ (100*0.84*130)
Ast=547mm^2

Spacing of 12 mm of diameter of bars

Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
 = (1000*113)/ (547)
=206mm
Provided 12 mm diameter of bars 200 mm centre to centre

Hence the capacity is =68,130 litre

Where σct= 1.2 N/mm^2

It’s from IS 456

Step 1: dimension of tank

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜋𝑟2ℎ

r=d/2

𝜋𝑑2/4= (68.13/4.53)
d=7.53m

step 2: hoop tension and steel reinforcement

Ast = (T/σst)
Where assume free board =200mm
T=(WHD)/(2)
 =(10*1.73*7.53)/(2)
T=65.13
Ast =(65.13*10^3)/(100)
=651.3mm^2
Spacing = =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*113)/ (651.3)
=175mm
Provided 12 mm diameter of bars at 200 mm centre to centre

Step 3: thickness of tank wall

Σct= T/{(bt+(m-1) Ast)} m=280/
3σcb

From IS 456 pg. no 80 annex – b clauses:2.1.2

And σcb=7 for m20 grade of concrete from IS 456
Pg. no 81 table 21 m=280/ 3σcb

=280/ (3*7)
[m=13.3]

Sub in above equation

1.2=(65.13)/{(1000*t) +(12*651.3)}
65.13=1200t+7815.6 1200t=-
65.13+7815.6 t=150mm

step 4: reinforcement in tank wall main

reinforcement =at top 1 m calculate

ast and spacing =0.3%bd

= (0.3/100)1000*150
=450 mm˄2
Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*113)/ (450)
=251mm
Provided 12 mm dimeter of bars at 250 mm center to center

At depth of 2 m
Below the top Ast =(WHD)/2(σst)
= (10*2*7.53)/2(100)
=753mm^2
Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*201)/ (753)
=251mm
Provided 16mm dimeter of bars at 250 mm centre to centre

Provided distribution reinforcement

In vertical direction =0.3%bt
=(0.3/100)*1000*150
=450mm^2

Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*113)/ (450)
=251mm
Provided 12mm dimeter of bars at 250 mm centre to centre

Step 5: Tank floor slab

Thickness =150mm
Minimum area = 0.3%bt
Ast = (0.3/100)1000*150
=450 mm˄2
Provided half the reinforcement near each face
 =450/2
=225mm
Spacing =(1000*ast)/(Ast)
= (1000*50.24)/ (225)
=220mm
Provided 8 mm diameter bar at 220 mm center to center