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LT Onit-

ntaoducti oh

achihe Lea nina is asubtieid Ar+if icta) dntelligent


the
AT)Te Joa o ML gene»a IS to urdes s t a d

modeiS t h o t
Struct se odoala and i t tht dorta i o

Ccn be understood aned utilizCd b People


ML alqoait hms dilos tan on clacH Ca inprts E ose
Computeas to

Statistical Cncaly siS in odde to ol ev al ue that t a l wdhih


Specii Tane, Becaue o this m achihe leaahina tacilHaey
in builelina mocels o m S amle l a t a in oader
Computeos
to automate bayel dat
de cision-mak" Pece ses on

ihputs
e Facial zeloaniion echhol0) allows Social meola

Platovns to helP used s + shar photos tjndd


OPtial Chavcte necogihianOCR) Teckolo coV&t
e s o text int mvable ty oer Ke commenolation enqih s

POweaed b mL SUggest hat mvies 0.3+V shows to

a t c h nert based on Uses P>ee>0 Ces S e t daiuin

CoaS aela o n ML o nauide maY Sooh be auulablo


ConsuMess

hes or_ML

ML

SupeR UsE
LE ARMINO UNSDPERU*SE O KEINFORCE HEHT
TASK0QVEN) LE ARHIN LE RRNN
DATA-ORwEN)
(Leon o m a r s )
Nole La beled Vata t unlabeled Vat
obele d Vala ) Labeled olarta hos oth he nput outbut Pasameie8S
Po Conbie +e IC
d eadabl kattexh, but Aeuies lo+ot hun ah
lo bo to lobel the data
to begin coih,
Un labeled dada nlabeled dacta ond has o ne 0d enon e ot he
ParaneteBS n a hachine ->e adaHe tearm TRS
hegates the he
ed humoh labo bal aequ>e e Conplex

SolutionS
Subeau ise d Leaanir)- Supeised leavninais one +he most
ML Ln +hS t e , h e ML
aljo s >alh eck
on labeled data
e t r e m e l poueaful e h used in nigt CicUnstahto
n Subezuised eadhin),the HL al90 is ven a Small
acxininq dortase-t Cooak itk, hisa-aih dctcaset is a
Smallea baat o+he g e dat cse+
ahd seUes
serues +o ee the
ane
ayoo busic idea OT
paobem,Seution, aho olata pointS T
be dealtt wth. T *ahin doOSet iS also v Qay Smilad
tot 4inal dataset n its chaae> \St S anol baowidas
e alo CTh holakele ol Pa-ahete>s >equireelto
th
Te a then inds e l«hionshm1bs betwn
t e paamele
ive egertta AL he end o he taai.
+he aljo has om hos+he

Melationships ble ke cndd the Ou


daployeo to> wne

th+e Aloart a e t , udrtr


machine Leaanh
woak th Uhbbelec
holds +ie adlvontae t bein able to
m@S that hum&n a b od is not e qi e c l t O
dada
hackin-AaCable allouin much laag
mako He data
6e
oePd on b +e Paoaum. Unspeta{eA
utas ets

ecn oes mot huve \uhes


o or eulthng in

Stzutuss RelhbnshKis b l data fat


Ceahon or hidcdlon
,

mahhe,
ObL per Ce b alydaithm in a n abstaact
e
ith ho ind Cqel fsom homan " &har koy
1S
hke
e caedon r nicodan t
Hae tae

USueuSea leanin aso versatile.


eanh diectt
I P a h h divectiy
Pein toa tenekt
3) aintozcement eaann-
CKe inSpiTethon mhow homa bei hji tecunhfaO
Cn algoaith at
dot a in tHeir \eS, At eaAuae)

mpooveS on itse ond leaans tdo he stuctions USi


aeen(oudagaL
*ial-dhd-eaor methoo.Favoaable ouHpats
honavozable outpuots a n e dustouaHEA
Or entorced, oJnd

O PonisLecl".

wel Posed a o n

machine
learh In ]
e s bein oua stud
Consi desi a es earh +a t*o
learh
Saidts
is
betion A Combuter Pooga
+asks |
t h espeei to Some claJS
C»Realence E
s s peao»-mahte
peaomancQ

Ait
erthertarane mea suwe
inp>oues H h
T s heasuaed by

epeiehte..
Paoyaom thad leaahs to Pla
tod e* A comþutez
CLS mea
qj)u N
cus m v a

ts fefo>mahnee
Cecke»S miaqht mprove
clasS G Ttt
aass
ks
attLe
bt ssabi to i n
epesêhe
expehe
Play
checkers anes, thao 3k
involi
itset.
Obtoineo
ba puaJina e s ajant
a well-cdeHhan \ead h
nnal t o haue
n hone e g e aduno
ncQeatune
ldonta
aoblem,ve must Pertor m othte
Pertorhhe
aks, e
meayude o
e class o
o bempaovek
e2 nd the Souce eniehte
to
A Chackes leanhiny paoble
Chetce>S
oTask eec Playin
efomoee Meusuae)rercent e wor QJuFY opeis
Tain eyretenceE pluuing aaice ne
itself
ouhst
Coe Con nsPoblemy like
ghect h
houncduaiti necoqntion leoahiny aobiem
Tas T Ae cJhigi anl Clasyl4ytn hed atlen
do vds thih ima
er onahte me e : ot ody
pe cert
Codect Cla sstted

Traniko
roni evpenience E a datrbcy e st Aandortt
wood Cotk 8tuer Classificottoh
Holoton shle Ahon a AML & DL

OLisa Ssbpazto HL

ML Subbat o
is Su AL AT
ML
Al
0L
Call ML alGo ed o AL

but nst Ce vevSa


Some dmpotect tezms

1 esaesjon
2 CLusAedin
3)Naive Bap
C
Cnce bt leanin
TSSu in M C Le onih

7Uhehohs
taaget
1) hod ago e*ist0 leaahi ere aal
Specitic +ouininCeamples seti 3 w
An uhat

P aatua atjo Conueage to the desiaed unetioh, Je h


okch alo Pcto m bes o7
Suthcient tadinira dlata9

Cohch pes r Paosle S 2 Jnee esemcetonS

much +aoining data suficiet h Ge a


Ho
How
+eleashe

houw Can prlos knolede k e l d 6


Chd
3 ) s t hen Can piey
ereradizi o n Coambles
+He parocexs o

helpjul Cen k a n it Sohl aypdooim atey


Khosled be

Codret
choosingautetuU hert
Cohat is e best e tracteja tor
) choice dr
now coes e
toni epeni ere, quh
leaanth Probem
a he
ale heCo mpleii
imteLtto
the e a a h
S ohat is He best ats e dute
hoe tuhctio h appro»imeeti oh oblem
hact
kat
0d tto
o leadh
One
Sstem aHem
lead
Stecitic
tuntionshuld the
tset be outomale
Caunhis pr ocess
ow C an the lec automatiraQu al ten tS

JepneetohOn to mProvE cLbiit o


>e pseIETt o h

easr t e tage Tuncthon


C humbe oT
Mg4e- Vesigsin8 a ml apPz oach
the tybe d t>ainihA
design Choice s, including Choosin eþaeserldion
to koe leadhe a
Cepeaiorce, the a et{untion

t a &untti0n,
nd au algoritm foy leayhit
eumpl0
heahinihvdve Seenck'. - Searching hog h a SpaE OT
o inol He kybothO)e thct be
Possible hypotheseg
an Ptos
its
ts hea awulae +>ain in eeanele ad ot
ConstaCunt S o8 knoole clge
n i e t leadnin
unthion3o taaini
Tnte
hteb CL boolecun-ValuQ

oletined ovor
Ceanples ot i olp.e A a Sunetion and-au
bird
animuls ohose val s zue o
Sor Othe nmuls),
A Concet leodhim

4e
value t Enuy Shut
Pre clitH
to otha
TRe oi S
the va
TOd n Gøbrtrun da, e c on

Sha00 D e
Sha0Q w
atHibutes a r e a d a t o n

Cnoot
hypothesic
Te y Pot hasiS
hpo-t il|
heiswil
n ths Ccae
Cee
Prov t o 4he. l e a n e a

e etthan hal an value scLCCeptable-


&
A cl'coct
+his atribute
+ha
Tor4ha
eg, wan)
w a n o r
e quurel value Cey,
value
Pecify a Sinyle
a t a i b u c e , Od
+had hó valu is acceptabl e
)Indit ade 6aP
alRE
Cill4he Consda
TSne instuhte DC
Scctir ie»
as a
a posiHve
bosiHve

h eh h ctaw tie as

of h p o t e is
eamplehd-1D
hoths nat Aldo enogs -his avcaite SPot d
Cith ighhumidlity ( Anclebe o
On Cold dos
th ohOn cutlAbetes) is aoPre)eria6
t h Vauas o o

ee poesio
,Cold, High.,,)
e n y SPoi
oind Cocclen oeCoy
Sko AT MU
No
C
Cho
Coo Ch

hu ev@ny d s a + ve
matgeresal ky t kais
2CA e C,1,1,,,2)
bossible hypeihajs-
unche hOst sþecific

KypDthesi
Mavimally Sheciti'c
INO- S+inddina
a

he tauinina ddta
bothesis hat
S earchor h Sbeciic
Sbeutic
hy þo thesis in M
the mostt
Italize
hto
nstance oC
rainin
each po sithve h
Cach
cttbibute Const>ant a in
.tor

the Const aant C IS SaHisiied bjo


Then do no4hin
byhe he mdeeheda
E I S eeplace a

Sqisicd by c
Constaunt hat s

3Output hPothesis h
in S A1O S ien He
To uStout e +his alA, assume he lean ex
table -
SeqenCe
OTtduthik erqmples toom bele
Eamble SK Ai lemp Mwnielt cdater tOpe cat Efoj Shoat
Sumy Noamal
So Same
e
2 Sonn arm Migh Staond Cam es
ain Cold Styn aym Chanye NO
Sunh warm
Staron) Cool Chan
ositive neative tdainin e»amples To the tarqe- Contept
engo sPor
The +iat Steb INO-S is t o intializ e h t o the most
SPe citC hyþothes in M1

2) oCning e»ampl e dom table hy Fve espom)e, so cch


'S eplaced o the heyt moye
Constunt that
enerul
Gits
t S the e»ctmble .
Si/ (Sunmy, ah, Noynal,St>oy,oat, Sume)
This abo
abo veve pothasis is Si ve Spe ci i C , 14 Say3
Ahad

a insBahceS ade hegative e c e pt o +he SinJie positve


scinin epamble a e dose>wed.
3) S2 Sun wam , , ston o a r o Same
m
Os tmid +ainin eample is
S nejative -
the ago
makes ho to h. At Simply ho&Es Cve hejahve
hcnge
enompies
S%/he-(Sunm joadm,,st>onj
A) S nd -S, t+k
SrtnolS, ke (+e )
foth (te
trace
) To
1o Comblete. o ehealitation
h
uther
ambla Ieads to a
,2)
h Sunna, Dam,, St>ong,
Compe ie Sol4
ho d , d,d, d, db77
Sunny, ,Normal, staony ,wam , Samee/
Wam

hi: Sunn, ATm "l S*on wadH, Same /


h-Sunndwadm/ Stoon ' ) a r m , Sam e
Sunn), w am, l, s taon ,?7
Tssue in1 e cSion T&ee Lecanin

tollo oin CAe ho maln SSues-

Aoiding OueriHin the data


Continuouy -ualued AH»ibuteg
)Ancoposatin
Select in Ataibut@
3) Altea native Heasuaes us
AHaibute Walues
9)-Hondlir Taalnin Eamples t h Missin
s) Handl lin Attaributes Ah Hesin Cots
include
+eeS
olecisioh
actica ISSues in Vee leaznina
taee
decisioh
l e t e minih hou deeb to Joa,tho

an appoo priate
handlin Continuo us Gttaibutes,
SChoosi n
data t h
Ottaibute &electon measuae, handling toaining
att-ibute corth
miSSin attatbute ualues, hancllin
COmpuiatonal eticiehc
Per n Costs and impaoo
hoise in
)Aoi olin Oveatin Ae 7 ata.- h e n t+hese S
examPes
the data Ov hen the numbe ni
OT
O e p a e s e n t a t ive Sampie
S too Smull topaocute

t Cun leud to diHiculties


\he tTue t a r e t tunction, Cuh
algoihm
OTthese cases, this Simple
ethe & amþles
oveiit the training
toeeeSs t h a t
paodUCe
ovetits training
the
CL hypotheseS
that
c an
Can Say
e
othe hypothesis that the
Some

Cam ples peroms


pertoms be
b e-ttlle
e

eanples iess Well actua


CLctuql
taning C instan ee
oT
Ces
instan Ces
clistaibutio
tne
me entire
Ove
InstanLeS bejond
h e
the dan\n
tdo se).
ncludin
hEH
hpo4heSis Seue M the dain data
hoveTt

Smalea CadO h a b h Oves +he t > a i n g e a m T


hhaS
e o d Hah hove the entia e distoigtio
h a s Smalle
n s tanceS.
Cpprouc he s tO avoid oveafiHin
deacheS
) astop aoLdin he taee eaAT{ed, bet»e
o i n t heaet peec Ciassities anl
clata Aranin valicdatoh Set)
that callos he taee to oeit +he dal
)
) aapprooaches
a r o r estmeetion)
CLho then
n o s t -prune the tree. chi2

Cotihuous Valuec AHaibulePS


aInCospotatin dicaeie
take dh a
at&ibutes that
o
V3 1S ne staicted
Se+ o values
Cotinuous - v a l u e c
he
AS Spose e wish o in lude
the A7ani na exxmple das
taibute Tem in ceCibin

nthe learhin aK
Tennis
Te m 2 4he g e t ct>ibut e Play
48 6 2 80 9O
Tem o
Play Tenmi NO No es es es Nob
h
odues
Ae eut e,
a t h deshold C

&8o19o)2
85
CCL hehb be Computao t o each he
The
then he best Ccn be Seleco
Cardid ate attbues
Yleasua es i o Selecting Attabutes
3) Atea nati v e
bias n
he IG measuO thT aucoS
heoe S C natuda

arth Ualues Ge those with t e alues,


Cttaibtes a
As an @e CeamplG Consde>tlo atl >ibute Vat
humbe OT Possible values e
Conich has a vea
aae alore peatetA Ped icls -tke i e t
Maach 4, 13 ). | yote
dool node OThe tee 2
TOr- he

aCue io od) t aee OT deolh ohe ohich eo Xer\J C kasrie S+e


data, Vate a v e ve Poor edielo
e Adauninq
o nS e h nStance2S
tooget unttion Over
OT he
meaSuIeS
C cah be
me other
So O auoid

sec insHeadOr IG, e- inKaioQuin lan 1986)


The C aaio m e a SUGe Penalzes at buies Such aS

Vate inCoa poraihg team Calld Sbli+


hat S sensitve o hou boo ad ond u n otm
Cttàtbute SPts \he dctla

pi&Tcomafon S,A) = - 5 s9 1S
S
4) HodingTaainin comeles h Missina AtHibuheg
value S
2AIn Cestan Ccuses+ke auailable dat a mad be mSs
be m

Some cttaibudes

c+ul out Come Some Ctlaibuue,

values ane missina. We Ca docal th t


b
mo s t wed
CommonVale s ha
Otabwi place
SSi Uale
Monddin Aabute colh Heaih Costs
Sorn e anin a SKS A ims a n ( e
>ibuies
'rawe asociaed CosAS.

orC Cla sri medical diseases aHibutes s be

empe rotua e Sios esutt ise ,8loocl les esult


h e e attai buey ConsiSsis t CostS balh
monetor
monetoT CoSt Coyt to puhent Comt o-+.
we ( n
modit D3 Such as takes attaibutes ba
0
me a wur t h e Cost
nencdinjthat ecttaibule
ae mt diuide the iain
bythe Cost aT +he a tiaibcteF
thut ues(OSf atibutes ould be Poeteasel .

St0 o ML

HLS buinesS
aspect or
ah moden
mpolant modelS Ao

9nese0adCh. es alg0ai thms neuTal

Pojae'sively impaa i h
assis Computed Systems in

thair ertomante
model OT
ML iS, based o
in 1949 J
ed
htesat+on, The mode was C

Vonal od ebb titlecA The Odgahizodion o


in a book
heudon
on

Behauio. T t ocpoesents Mebb's the


neurons.
bla
C i t ement CommuiniCation a

Samuel di I8M developed


Adthuad
Samuel
Computer poam checkeis n19Sos.
Paina
initiated cohat is Called alpha- beta paunin
a num be2
- mehaS mS
Samuel deiqnecd
hatt
allowin his PTOTam tto
o become better dn
n e lsokack
Samuel Called dote leaznin ii
S s am

emembesed C pos tionS ithad aldedy Seen 2


Cormbineck this oth h valuey TT h e e aadtohetioh

Aathu ist Cane op thophaaje Machie


damuel ih

952,
ean
I n he cte igaos E easl Eos
Apti icialnelligence oLe secach hao pcused on ujin
Khtlede -basecl appronches 91ather t h c h algos
oyi Cal
This Caued C eRrution blw AT 2 ML.On ehh
ML hac beeh used. as aatinin paoramioa AT.
ecent machine Le adnin CwoS deined b stanord
Onive7Si1 he Science etin ConPuters t o

acttoithout bein eplici Pao ammeo


is
Seven Common ways +e osld o busin ess
CUrrent OSin Machine Leadhin
O

Ana n Sales V a t a

2) Real T ime Mobile Yeasonaliza lioh


3 a a u d Ve tection

4) Produc+Kecomme ndationS

LeaaLeaanin Manegement SystemnS


6) Vnamic Aci
Yici
4) Hatyal Langua Proc e s i n

Vato Science vS T l a c h i n e Leaning


Leanig
can sayhut
sine OdS we
Vat a Science In dat a
data
Hhat
dhat

boce>sin
a r a l y si s
Ahe
duta Science insihts.too instance,

Ou enerate o v a d i OUS
on
esoa1eS.
Cot
eo products o
in Anrouh
hroujh C

dala or
dctaa oT pr oduct
ProduCt

Shop S t e s , Stoenesan
System
necomme ndahoh
baoC e s Cs o
Vaxt & Science nvolVeS the

) Vata Ctrachon

Vata Cie an s
3) Analysis
isuali zation
actonable nShts e r e aAl6h
s) SCience, dA ddaws
Ma chine Leanni ML post oT clala,
Onc LOthmS Ao O a K on the
aspectS Toomm Sta +iS+1CS
odlata qenerated ertraiecl 1aom multip1e 91esOUT ceS
the abilit ve to SYstemn le udh
Coithout human
PaOceSs daa Sets auto nomo usl
&
This S achievec hrough Combl ex ago
intesvention,
ClusteinN/ nalue
+echnlques ke Superuisec
Ae essioh ,

Buges moy
Tke
Te
C eund! date Elminatioh A\othm
h m
Cancdi d a t e -
Etimination A
The keg dea he
Se ot
elescauptio nd
+he
Comaut is o Outptt
deTa
S1Stmtr wTth t h e + r o J n n
au hypothesesS on
hr i h n

The veosion Space


denoted VSn,D
V Sn,0,
Weasion Space- eoamles O,
D,
spate M e+aining examples
ees
o s ect to
+o hy pothesis
o hhypothe
y ses A>on Con Si sten
Suhset
S
eamples n O
O.
Coith 4he taainin
he Cnsisten+(h,0J
VS, to
hypothe sis Space
eiespect
Cth
The qenesal boundaT , C
IT maimal °heaa
he Set
anin data 0, s
hy pothe sis
hy potheyis
me mbedS H Con sis tent to
despec
t h d e s p e c t t o

The Sbectic bouhdady SS, odh


Set a
mhimall
Cohi stes
he
decto 0, is
Soace M and+oain ing members ar
m a e i m a l l S b e c i i c )

8 eo c e C e , Sba c e
veS i
on

coth . ht the
we Can sho plos
paticola s G
In hypothYs
otain ol in

di
Prectye
Peciel
thSel
hal ie b
plus those
S
hos
o s ee Cont a ined ,
sPace
SPae
hy leohe
\he Sis
Ode eo hy eo
ahc h e eaatial
eadtialiy
Cand'date -

Etimina t ion algo s


in yeosion Spaey,NotIce
4he dualit Positive neatiue esam Ples inn luehce
S G

Intialvze C*o the Set maimall ehes al hypolhee

set o maimall Speitic hypelhese


to he
Inttalize

o euch JUun in eample d, do


IE d is C o sitiv e eeampC
w h ol
ih Consisten t
Kenov e zon G a n hy Potheses
hat S not Con si s ten+
in S
o each hypotheSISS
with
Remove saom S h st
qeneTalizations
> Add to Sall minimal

Sun n a
his Th o, hd some
Con sis tent
membe% C is moa e 2eh edal thaun
Kemove om y hypalheyis ht is

e
Jenesol than onoth e hPothe sis in
S a ne gahvee oample
emove om S and ho-thesis ihConsis Hent oih d

to eadh hypothesis in a thec s hot


Consistent with d
eme ve om n
Add to n call minimal SPecializccti' ch h
OT S Sucn+hot
h s Consista h , ancd
SCme membe &Sis
speittc tncn h.
oye

emeve oom Á an pothenis


hat S ess enea haun anethen hyrotkenis h
hyrotheis
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S sunn wam, , , strong,,


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, waa, 2, Staora ?,13
Teire tox the Eyo S o r Conceb
deasion SPce lear nino

Pooblem +Bainn eamp es oesCibed eanlieA.

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