Bdwbu: Nhiz Gynv ' (MV.) Gi GW'BV Rxeb

I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 1g cÎ
BDwbU
nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi gw`bv Rxeb
4
f‚wgKv
nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) g°v †_‡K wnRiZ K‡i gw`bvq AvMg‡bi ci Zuvi gv`vbx Rxeb ïiæ nq| Zuvi Rxe‡bi G
Aa¨vq LyeB NUbveûj| g°vq _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wZwb ïay ag©cÖPvi‡Ki f~wgKvq wQ‡jb| Avi gw`bvq G‡m wZwb
ivóªbvq‡Ki gh©v`v jvf K‡ib| d‡j Bmjvg‡K ivóªxqfv‡e cÖwZôvi my‡hvM cvb| Bmjv‡gi mvgvwRK b¨vq-bxwZ
cÖwZôv K‡ib| G mg‡q wZwb GKvav‡i ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡, mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi, A_©‰bwZK bxwZ-wba©viY, wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ
I bZzb mf¨Zvi †MvovcËb K‡ib| mv‡_ mv‡_ ag©xq Abykvmb cÖwZôvq hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Zuvi Rxe‡bi gvÎ `k eQi gw`bvq Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| G mg‡qB Bmjv‡gi AwaKvsk weavb
AeZxY© nq| Bmjvg‡K c~Y©v½ Rxeb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv K‡ib| Bmjvg cÖwZôvi c‡_ Zuv‡K A‡bK evav AwZµg Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q| Bmjvg we‡ivax kw³i mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv mk¯¿ hy× Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| wZwb Bmjvgx Av`k©‡K Avi‡ei mwgvb
AwZµg K‡i we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k I RvwZi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q w`‡qwQ‡jb| Lye Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ wZb wek¦ gvbeZvi Kv‡Q
GKwU wPišÍb KvjRqx Rxebeë¯’v I Av`k© mgvR KvVv‡gv Dcnvi †`b, hv BwZnv‡mi GK Awe¯§iYxq NUbv| Zuvi
Rxe‡bi we¯§qKi mdjZv GLv‡bB|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 4.1t g`xbvq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx
cvV 4.2t g`xbv mb‡ì ¸iæZ¡
cvV 4.3t eì hy‡×i KviY I djvdj
cvV 4.4t Dû` hy‡×i KviY I djvdj
cvV 4.5t L›`‡Ki hy‡×i KviY I djvdj
cvV 4.6t û`vBweqvi mwÜ
cvV 4.7t g°v weRq
cvV 4.8t ûbvq‡bi hy×
cvV 4.9t gyZvi hy× I ZveyK Awfhvb
cvV 4.10t Bqvûw` I wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi m¤úK©
cvV 4.11t we`vq n‡¾i fvlY I gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi †kl Rxeb
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-75

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-4.1 g`xbvq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 gnvbex (mv.) Gi g`xbv Rxe‡b cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g`xbvq emevmKvix wewfbœ Rb‡Mvwôi cwiPq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 gynvwRi I Avbmvi‡ì cwiPq m¤ú‡K© mvg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Bqvmwie, Bû`x, gybvwdK, †cŠËwjK I ÔAvmnveym-myddvÕ
gw`bv Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx

622 mv‡ji c~‡e© Bqvm‡ie bvgK R‰bK Avgv‡jKv bicwZ G bMix cÖwZôv K‡i G‡K ivRavbx g‡bvbxZ
K‡ib| Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i G kni Bqvm‡ie bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| g°v †_‡K cÖvq AvovBk gvBj DË‡i G bMix
Aew¯’Z| wnRi‡Zi ci gnvbex (mv.)-Gi m¤§v‡b Bqvmwieevmx Gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôgw`bvZzb&-bexÕ ev bexi
kniÕ ms‡ÿ‡c gw`bv iv‡Lb|
gynvwRi I Avbmvi t gw`bvq wnRi‡Zi ci gnvbex (mv.)-Gi mvg‡b me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v †`Lv †`q gynvwRi‡ì
cybe©vmb wb‡q| †hme mvnvex Rb¥f~wg g°v Z¨vM K‡i nhi‡Zi m‡½ gw`bvq P‡j G‡mwQ‡jb Zuv‡ì‡K ÔgynvwRixbÕ
ejv nq| gnvbex (mv.)-Gi cÖwZ Zuv‡ì Acwimxg fw³, kª×v wQj| Zuviv Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ wb‡R‡ì Ni-evwo,
AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb, welq-m¤ú` me wKQz †Q‡o G‡m wbt¯^ Ae¯’vq gw`bvq Avkªq †bb| wcÖq bex (mv.) Zuv‡ì cybe©vm‡bi
eë¯’v K‡ib| cÖ_gZ: gw`bvevmx Avbmvi‡ì mv‡_ g°vi gyynvwRi‡ì åvZ…Z¡ eÜ‡b Ave× K‡ib| wØZxqZ:
AvbmviMY gynvwRi‡ì‡K fvB e‡j MÖnY K‡ib Ges wb‡R‡ì ab-m¤ú‡` gynvwRi fvB‡K Ask †`b|
gw`bvevmx gymwjgMY g°v †_‡K AvMZ DØv¯‘ gynvwRixb fvB‡ì‡K Avkªq w`‡qwQ‡jb, `ytL `y`©kvq mvnvh¨
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges gnvbex (mv.)-†K mKj Ae¯’vq mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| GRb¨ Zuv‡ì‡K ÔAvbmviÕ (helpers) ev
Ômvnvh¨KvixÕ ejv nq| G Avbmvi‡ì mnvqZv bv †c‡j Bmjvg gw`bvq Ges mviv we‡k¦ nqZ cÖwZôv jvf Ki‡Z
cviZ bv| ag©fvB‡ì cÖwZ Giƒc AvZ¥Z¨vM c„w_exi BwZnv‡m Avi †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq bv|
gmwR` wbg©vY t gnvbex (mv.) eby bv¾vi †Mv‡Îi mvnj I mynvBj `yÕRb BqvwZg evj‡Ki GK LÐ Rwg µq K‡i
gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| nhiZ wb‡RI wbg©vY Kv‡h© Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mwµqfv‡e KvR K‡ib| gmwR‡ì †`qvj ˆZwi
n‡qwQj BU I gvwU w`‡q Ges QvDwb †`qv n‡qwQj †LRyi cvZvi| GUvB ÔgmwR`ybœexÕ ev bexi gmwR`| GLv‡b
e‡mB gnvbex (mv.) ag©xq Ges ivóªqx mKj KvR Ki‡Zb| Kvjµ‡g GUvB Bmjv‡gi cÖavb wgjb‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e
cwiYZ nq| G gmwR‡ì mv‡_B Zuvi cwievie‡M©i evm¯’vb wbg©vY Kiv nq| mvnvex‡ì g‡a¨ G‡ì‡K ÔAvmnveym-
myddvÕ ev ÔPËievmxÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡Zv| hv‡ì Nievwo wQj bv Zv‡ì emev‡mi Rb¨ gmwR‡ì GKvsk
Avjv`v Kiv n‡qwQj| Avi G gmwR`B cieZx©Kv‡ji gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ gmwR`¯’vcbv ˆZixi AbyKiYxq `„óvšÍ n‡q
Av‡Q|
gw`bvq wewfbœ `j I †Mv‡Îi Ae¯’v t gynvwRi I Avbmvi QvovI gw`bvq wewfbœ †kªwYi †jvK evm Ki‡Zv| gw`bvq
Avw` Awaevmx AvDm I LvhivR †MvÎØq ci¯úi SMov-dvmv‡` wjß wQj| G‡ì Ø‡›Øi my‡hvM wb‡q gw`bvi Bûwìv
wb‡R‡ì ¯^v‡_©i Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K †kvlY Ki‡Zv| Bûw`‡ì wZbwU kvLv wQj| h_v- eby KzivBhv, eby bvwhi I eby
KvBbyKv| eby KivBhv I eby bvhxi AvDm †Mv‡Îi c‡ÿ Ges eby KvBbyKv wQj LvhivR †Mv‡Îi c‡ÿ| Bûw`‡ì
K~U‰bwZK kÎæZvi d‡j Ôeyqv‡miÕ fqven hy× msNwUZ nq| G hy‡×i d‡j Dfq †Mv‡Îi Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o|
Zviv GKRb fv‡jv †bZvi mÜv‡b e¨v¯Í wQj| Zviv nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-†K GKRb DËg †bZv wn‡m‡e †c‡q mv`‡i
MÖnY K‡ib|
Avw` †cŠËwjK t gw`bvi Avw` Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ GK`j g~wZ© DcvmK †cŠËwjKI wQj| gnvbex (mv.)-Gi
AvMg‡b ZvivI cÖ_‡g Lywk n‡qwQj Ges Zuv‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ msNe× D‡`¨vM‡K ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡qwQj| wKš‘ cieZ©x
mg‡q Bmjv‡gi kw³i GKK DÌvb I weKv‡k †cŠËwjKiv Cl©vKvZi n‡q D‡VwQj| Z‡e Giv mg‡qi eëav‡b
Bmjv‡gi †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q c‡i Bmjv‡gi cZvKv Z‡j mg‡eZ n‡qwQj|
Bûw` t gw`bvi Bûwìv wQj kw³kvjx Ges ¯^v_©vÜ| Zviv cÖ_‡g nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi gw`bv AvMgb‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ gw`bvevmx‡ì mv‡_ †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| ivm~j (mv.) cÖ_‡g Avmgvbx ag© wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì a‡g©i cÖwZ
¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ I m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì wKQz ixwZbxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bûwìv
cÖ_‡g g‡b K‡iwQj, Zviv nhiZ‡K `jfz³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‘ Bûwìv wQj Awfkß RvwZ Ges eyw×e„wËK w`K w`‡q
mxgvnxb `ye©„Ë| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †h me©‡kl wek¦bex Zv Zviv fv‡jv K‡i RvbZ| ZeyI Pig ¯^v_©vÜZvi cwiPq
w`‡q Zviv ivm~j (mv.) I Bmjv‡gi weiæ×vPiY Ki‡Z jvMj| Bûw`‡ì g‡a¨ wZbwU kvLv wQj| h_v- eby KzivBhv,
eby bvhxi I eby KvBbyKv| Giv Pµe„w× nv‡i my‡ì eëmvq Pvwj‡q mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb `ywe©ln K‡i Zz‡jwQj|
wLª÷vb t wLª÷vbiv emevm Ki‡Zv bvRivb AÂ‡j| G‡ì ag©I weK…Z wQj| ZeyI Giv Bûw`‡ì g‡Zv ZZUv wbK…ó
gvbwmKZvi wQj bv| gw`bvi wLª÷vbMYI nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi gw`bvq AvMgb‡K Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ ¯^vMZ
Rvbvq| wKš‘ ZvivI cieZ©x mg‡q ivm~‡ji we‡ivwaZv K‡i|
gybvwdK †Mvôx t ivm~‡ji gw`bvq AvMg‡bi ci Av‡iv GKwU bZzb Dc`j m„wó n‡jv| Giv my‡hvM-myweav jv‡fi
Avkvq Bmjvg MÖnY K‡iwQj| G‡ì †bZv wQj Ave`yjøvn Be‡b DevB| nhi‡Zi AvMg‡bi c~‡e© †m gw`bvi ivR-
ÿgZv jv‡fi Rb¨ jvjvwqZ wQj| wKš‘ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi gw`bvq Avmvi Kvi‡Y Zvi ¯^cœ a~wjmvr n‡q hvq|
G gg©R¡vjvq †m ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) I Bmjv‡gi mv‡_ †Mvcb kÎæZv ïiæ K‡i| Zvi mv‡_ Av‡iv A‡b‡K wgwjZ nq|
Giv ¯^v_© nvwmj I RbwcÖqZv jv‡fi Avkvq Bmjvg MÖnY K‡iwQj| wKš‘ †Mvc‡b Giv Bmjv‡gi fxlY kÎæ wQj|
Bmjv‡gi as‡mi Rb¨ Giv bvbv lohš¿g~jK KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K| G‡ì‡K ÔgybvwdKÕ ejv nq| G †kªwYi †jvK¸‡jv
cÖKvk¨ kÎæi †P‡q AwaKZi fqvbK wQj| Giv Kvwdi‡ì †P‡qI wbK…óZi|
wewfbœ weavb cÖeZ©b t wØZxq wnRwi‡Z ighv‡bi mvIg dih Kiv nq| H eQi C`yj AvRnv I C`yj wdZ‡ii
g‡nvrmeI cÖewZ©Z nq| `wi`ª gymwjg‡ì mvnvh¨ `v‡bi Rb¨ Ges iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨
hvKvZ eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| hvKvZ cÖ`vb Kiv mv‡n‡e †bmve abx gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ dih e‡j †NvwlZ nq| Gfv‡e
mvgvwRK I ag©xq ms¯‹vivw` cªeZ©‡b hvKvZ eë¯’v Pvjy Kiv nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR g`xbvi Rb‡Mvwôi cwiPq we‡kølY Kiæb|
Avw` †cŠËwjKiv Kvi g`xbvi Bûw`‡ì cÖavb Avbmvi Kviv? gybvwdKiv Kv‡ì †P‡qI
Bev`vZ KiZ? wZbwU kvLvi bvg Kx Kx? wbK„ó?
mvims‡ÿc :
gnvbex (mv.) g°v †_‡K g`xbvq wnRi‡Zi ci ¯’vbxq RbMY Zv‡K mvì Avgš¿Y Rvbvq| gynvwRi I AvbmviMY
Zv‡K AbymiY K‡i| Bûwìv cÖ_gw`‡K ‡g‡b wb‡jI c‡i lohš¿ ïiæ K‡i| gnvbex (mv.) g`xbvi mKj
Rb‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb gw`bv gmwR` wbg©vY I gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡‡eva cÖwZôv
Ges A gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ mb` cÖYq‡bi gva¨ AvšÍ:agx©q m¤úK© cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mÿg nb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| gnvbex (mv.) KZ wLª÷v‡ã g°v n‡Z gw`bvq wnRiZ K‡ib?
(K) 619 (L) 620
(M) 621 (N) 622
2| gnvbex (mv.)-Gi gw`bv Rxe‡bi e¨vwß wQj-
i. 622-630 ii. 62-631 iii. 622-632
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i, I ii
3| KZ wnRix‡Z igRv‡bi †ivRv diR nq-
(K) Z…Zxq (L) wØZxq
(M) cÖ_g (N) cÂg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Avwd«Kvq GK Rvwjg ivRv wQj| ‡KD Zvi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Kivi mvnm †cZ bv| GK mgq †mLv‡b GK gnrcÖvY
e¨vw³i Avwef©ve N‡U| wZwb RbMb‡K mv‡_ wb‡q D³ Rvwjg ivRvi mKj Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib|
G‡Z ivRv ÿzä n‡q Zv‡ì nZ¨vi Av‡`k †`q| d‡j eva¨ n‡q wZwb cvkêZx© iv‡R¨ Mgb K‡ib| ‡m iv‡Rï RbMb
Zv‡K †bZv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| wZwb Zvi mKj eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †m ivR¨‡K GKwU mg„×kvjx I cÖRvwn‰Zlx
iv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib|
(K) g`xbvi c~e© bvg Kx? 1
(L) gybvwdK‡ì cwiPq w`b| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K g`xbv ivóª cÖwZôvi cUf~wg Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3
(N) ÔBmjvgx åvZ…Z¡‡ev‡ai cÖK…ó D`vniYB n‡”Q Avbmvi I gynvwRi‡ì m¤úK©Õ - Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.2 g`xbv mb` Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡

D‡Ïk¨
 cÖ_g wjwLZ msweavb wn‡m‡e g`xbv mb‡ì kZ©vejx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g`xbv mb‡ì HwZnvwmK ¸iæË¡ Dcjwã Ki‡Z cvi‡eb I
 g`xbvi wewfbœ †kªYxi gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã g`xbv mb`, Avbmvi, gynvwRi, AvDm, LvRivR I BmjvwgK åvZ…Z¡‡eva
gw`bv mb`
gnvbex (mv.) wcÖq Rb¥f~wg g°v †Q‡o gw`bvq wnRiZ Kivi ci †mLv‡b GKwU Bmjvgx cÖRvZš¿ ¯’vcb
Kivi cwiKíbv K‡ib| gnvbex (mv.) gw`bvi msnwZi wPšÍv K‡i †mLvbKvi Awaevmx‡ì wb‡q Z_v
†cŠËwjK, Bûw`, wLª÷vb Ges gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ GK wjwLZ mb` ev Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| Avi G mb‡ì gva¨‡g ivóª
cwiPvjbvi †NvlYv †`b| G mb`‡KB Ôgw`bv mb`Õ ejv nq| Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m G mb‡ì ¸iæZ¡ ÔjxM Ae †bkÝÕ,
ev ÔRvwZmsNÕ, ÔPvU©vi Ae wnDg¨vb ivBUmÕ ev †R‡bfv Kb‡fbk‡bi †P‡qI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I my`~icÖmvix wQj| nhiZ
gynv¤§` (mv.) wQ‡jb we‡k¦i me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô `~i`k©x ivóªbvqK| wZwb Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©Zvi Øviv Ae‡jvKb
Ki‡jb †h, gw`bv I cvkeZ©x AÂ‡j emevmKvix Bûw`, wLª÷vb, †cŠËwjK I gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ mnve¯’vb Ges
m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vwcZ bv n‡j GKwU mymsnZ ivóª cÖwZôv m¤¢e bq| ZvB wZwb G Pvi RvwZi †jvK wb‡q GKwU ÔAvšÍR©vwZK
mb`Õ iPbv K‡ib| G mb‡ì 47 wU aviv wQj| G mb`‡KB Ôgw`bv mb`Õ ev æThe Charter of Madina’ ejv nq|
gw`bv mb‡ì aviv ev kZ©mg~n
Avey IevB` Zvi ÔwKZve Avj AvgIqvjÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ e‡jb: mvgvwRK wbivcËv, wePvieë¯’v, AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK©,
cÖwZiÿv, †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ welq Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P ÿgZv nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi Ici b¨¯Í Kiv
nq| G mb` e‡j nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) gw`bvi me©vwabvqK wQ‡jb| gw`bv mb‡ì cÖavb avivmg~n wbgœiƒc-
1. gw`bv mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix Bûw`, wLª÷vb, †cŠËwjK I gymwjgMY gw`bv iv‡óª mgvb bvMiwK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e
Ges GKwU RvwZ (D¤§vn) MVb Ki‡e|
2. mb` Abyhvqx gnvbex (mv.) gw`bv iv‡óªi ivóªcÖavb Ges gw`bvi m‡e©v”P wePvij‡qi cÖavb c‡` AwawôZ n‡eb|
3. gw`bv iv‡óªi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv eRvq _vK‡e| mKj †kªwYi †jvK wbR wbR ag© ¯^vaxbfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4. gw`bv mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix †Kv‡bv cÿ gw`bvi RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cwicš’x †Kv‡bv N„Y¨ c‡ÿ †hvM w`‡e bv|
5. mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`vq‡K ewntkÎæ AvµgY Ki‡j m¤cÖ`v‡qi mg‡eZ kw³i mvnv‡h¨ †m ewntkÎæi
†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix m¤cÖ`vqmg~n ewntkÎæi nvgjvi mgq ¯^ ¯^ m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÿ †_‡K hy‡×i e¨qfvi enb Ki‡e|
7. mb‡` ¯^vÿiKvix m¤cÖ`v‡qi †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Aciva Ki‡j Zv e¨w³MZ Aciva e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡e| GRb¨
Acivaxi m¤cÖ`vq‡K †`vlx Kiv Pj‡e bv|
8. gw`bv‡K cweÎ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv Ges i³cvZ, nZ¨v, ejvrKvimn Acivci Acivag~jK Kvh©Kjvc
wPiZ‡i wbwl× Kiv n‡jv|
9. Acivax‡K Dchy³ kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me©cÖKvi cvcx I Acivax‡K N„Yvi †Pv‡L †`L‡Z n‡e|
10. ¯^vÿiKvix m¤cÖ`v‡qi Kv‡iv g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j gnvbex (mv.) Avjøøvni weavbvbyhvqx Zvi gxgvsmv
Ki‡eb|
11. `ye©j I Amnvq‡K m‡e©vZfv‡e mvnvh¨ I iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

12. gnvbex (mv.)-Gi c~e©m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K gw`bvevmxMY Kv‡iv weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
13. mb‡` g°vi KzivBkMY‡K mvaviYfv‡e gw`bv iv‡óªi kÎæ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| Zv‡ì‡K ev Zv‡ì
mvnvh¨Kvix‡ì‡K mnvqZv wbwl× Kiv nq|
14. mb‡` ejv nq, cÖ‡Z¨K †MvÎ mvaviYfv‡e gnvbex (mv.)-Gi ÿgZv I KZ…©Z¡ †g‡b Pj‡e| wKš‘ ¯^ ¯^ †MvÎxq
`jcwZ‡ì †MvÎxq cÖvavbÏ AÿzYœ _vK‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †MvÎ Zv‡ì c~e©eZ©x Pzw³mg~n Ges †`q g„Zz¨cY I
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Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Rvn‡ki †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU †Mv‡q›`v `j `wÿY Avi‡ei bvLjvq †cÖiY Kiv nq| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) KzivBk
Kvwdjv‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z Av‡`k bv Kiv m‡Ë¡I Ave`yjøvn (iv) fzjekZ Kv‡djvi m‡½ msN‡l© iZ n‡j bvLjvq
GK LÐhy× AbywôZ nq|
hy‡×i NUbv
gw`bv Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ g°vi Kvwdiiv cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Q- G msev‡` ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) LyeB wPwšÍZ n‡q
c‡ob| GgZve¯’vq Avjøøvni G wb‡`©k †c‡q wPšÍvgy³ nb| ÒAvjøøvni c‡_ Zv‡ì m‡½ hy× Ki, hviv †Zvgv‡ì m‡½
hy× K‡i, Z‡e mxgvj•Nb K‡iv bv, KviY Avjøøvn mxgvj•NbKvix‡ì cQ›` K‡ib bv|Ó 624 wLª÷v‡ãi 13 gvP© (17
ighvb wØZxq wnRix) ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) 256 Rb Avbmvi Ges 60 Rb gynvwRi wb‡q hy× msµvšÍ gš¿Yvmfvi
civgk©µ‡g MwVZ GKwU gymwjg evwnbxmn KzivBk evwnbxi †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ †ei nb| gw`bv †_‡K 80 gvBj
`wÿY-cwð‡g eì DcZ¨Kvq gymwjg evwnbxi m‡½ KzivBk‡ì msNl© nq| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) ¯^qs hy× cwiPvjbv
K‡ib|
Avj-Avwimv cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k gymwjg evwnbxi wkwei ¯’vwcZ nq| d‡j cvwbi K~ç‡jv Zv‡ì Avq‡Ë wQj|
HwZnvwmK IqvwK`x e‡jb, Òivm~jyjøvn (mv.) gymwjg ˆmb¨ mgv‡e‡ki Rb¨ Ggb GK ¯’vb †e‡Q †bb †hLv‡b
m~‡h©v`‡qi ci hy× ïiæ n‡j †Kv‡bv gymwjg ˆm‡bï †Pv‡L m~h© wKiY bv c‡o|Ó cÖvPxb Avie-†iIqvR Abyhvqx cÖ_‡g
gjøøhy× nq| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi wb‡`©‡k nhiZ Avgxi nvghv, Avjx I Avey Ievq`v KzivBk †bZv IZev, kvqev Ges

IqvwjZ Be‡b IZevi m‡½ gjøøhy‡× AeZxY© nb| G‡Z kÎæcÿxq †bZ…e„›` †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ I wbnZ nq|
DcvqšÍi bv †`‡L Avey Rvnj wb‡Ri evwnbxmn gymwjg evwnbxi Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o| Zviv gymwjg‡ì Ici
cÖPÐfv‡e AvµgY Ki‡Z jvMj, wKš‘ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v Ges msNe× myk„•Lj gymwjg evwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv Kiv
KzivBk‡ì c‡ÿ m¤¢e nqwb| Amvgvb¨ iY‰bcyY¨, Ac~e© weµg I Acwiwmxg wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi m‡½ hy× K‡i
gymwjgMY e`‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© hy‡× KzivBk‡ì †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i| Aciw`‡K Avey Rvnj 70 KzivBk ˆmb¨mn
wbnZ nq Ges mgmsL¨K KzivBk ˆmb¨ ew›` nq| G hy‡× gvÎ 14 Rb gymwjg ˆmb¨ kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib|
eì hy‡×i djvdj
eì hy× Bmjv‡gi me©cÖ_g hy× Ges Awe¯§iYxq GK NUbv| gymwjg kw³ G hy‡×i gva¨‡g wek¦ R‡qi †mvcv‡b
Av‡ivnY K‡i| G hy‡× KzivBk kw³‡K ch©y`¯Í K‡i gymwjgiv cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv wek¦gq Bmjv‡gi †kªôZ¡ cÖgvY
K‡ib| G hy‡×i gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vcx Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi cÖmv‡ii w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| HwZnvwmK wbKjmb e‡jb- The
Battle of Badar is not only the most celebrated battle in the memory of Muslims, it was really also of a
great historical importance. Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m G hy‡×i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡gœ djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
HwZnvwmK †hv‡md †nj e‡jb, Òe`‡ii hy× Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g eo ai‡bi mvgwiK weRq|Ó G hy‡×
Kvwdi‡ì Ici gymwjg‡ì mvgwiK †kªôZ¡ cÖgvwYZ nq| wekvj Kvwdi evwnbx AímsL¨K gyRvwn‡ì nv‡Z
†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq| G hy× weR‡qi gva¨‡g Bmjvg weR‡qi hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i| wnwÆ h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb- Islam
recovered and passed on gradually from the defensive to the offensive. wnwÆi g‡Z, Òe`‡ii cÖvšÍ‡i m¤§yL
hy‡× gymwjgMY g„Zz¨‡K D‡cÿv K‡i wbqgvbyewZ©Zvi gva¨‡g †h `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡ib Zv Zv‡ì cieZ©x weR‡qi c_‡K
myMg K‡i| G weRq Øx‡bi m~Pbv K‡i Ges cieZ©x GKk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Bmjvg cwðg AvwdªKv †_‡K c~‡e© fviZ
Dcgnv‡`k I ga¨ Gwkqv ch©šÍ we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i|Ó
e`‡ii hy× gw`bv ivóª‡K mymse× Bmjvgx iv‡óª DbœxZ K‡i| weRqxi †e‡k gw`bvq wd‡i gnvbex (mv.) my`ÿ mgi
†bZv, civµgkvjx †hv×v I b¨vqcivqY kvm‡K cwiYZ nb| GgbwK eì hy‡× weR‡qi d‡j gymwjg‡ì
A_©‰bwZK mg„w× AwR©Z nq| gymwjgMY cÖPzi MbxgZ jvf K‡i| G‡Z Bmjvgx iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK wfwË gReyZ nq|
e`‡ii hy‡×i ew›`‡ì mv‡_ ivm~j (mv.) gnË¡c~Y© D`vi AvPiY K‡ib| d‡j Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i|
G‡Z Bmjv‡gi ˆbwZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K weRq mvwaZ nq| G hy× weR‡qi gva¨‡g weR‡qi hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i| m‡e©vcwi
eì hy‡× ¯^ímsL¨K gymwjg †mbvi Rqjvf wQj GKwU P~ovšÍ fvM¨ wba©viK NUbv|
wkÿv_©xi KvR eì hy‡×i wewfbœ NUbvejx wPwýZ Kiæb|
eì hy‡×i KzivBk‡ì g`xbv †_‡K eì cÖvšÍ‡ii eì cÖvšÍ‡ii Ae¯’vb KzivBk‡ì eëüZ
ˆmb¨ msL¨v KZ wQj? Ae¯’vb KZ gvBj `~‡i? KZ gvBj `~‡i? A¯¿mg~‡ni bvg wjL?
mvims‡ÿc :
gnvbex (mv.) Zuvi beyqvZx Rxe‡bi 15Zg eQ‡i KzivBk Kvwdi‡ì weiæ‡× cÖ_g †h hy‡× AeZxY© nb, Zvi bvg
e`‡ii hy×| G hy‡× R‡qi gva¨‡g `vw¤¢K Kvwdi‡ì weiæ‡× Bmjv‡gi weRq m~wPZ nq| ZrKvjxb hy×bxwZ
Abyhvqx civwRZ e›`x‡ì nZ¨v bv K‡i kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ gyw³ w`‡q gnvbex (mv.) gvbeZvi BwZnv‡m hy×bxwZ‡Z GK
be w`M‡šÍi m~Pbv K‡ib|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. e`‡ii hy× KZ wLª÷v‡ã msNwUZ nq?
(K) 622 (L) 624
(M) 625 (N) 626
2. e`‡ii hy‡× gymwjg evwnbxi ˆmb¨msL¨v KZ wQj?
(K) 310 (L) 313
(M) 315 (N) 325
3. ÔBIqvgyj KziAvbÕ- †Kvb NUbvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?
(K) nw¯Íi eQi (L) wgiv‡Ri eQi
(M) e`‡ii hy‡×i w`b (N) n‡¾¡i w`b
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Rbve AvkivdDwÏb Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi K¬vm wbw”Q‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, Bmjvg kvwšÍi ag©| Bmjv‡g K_vq K_vq hy×
ev jovB wbwl×| Z‡e Ab¨vq AwePvi I `ybx©wZ cÖwZ‡iva Bmjvg Ke©`vB †mv”Pvi Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Dmjvg cÖ‡qvR‡b
hy×‡K mg_©b K‡i| g~jZ g`xbvq Bmjvgx cÖRvZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj GKV bxwZ wba©viYx hy‡×i gva¨‡g|
gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GwU wQj GKwU AwMœ cixÿv| mZ¨ wg_¨vi G hy‡× civwRZ n‡j gymjgvb ivóª AsKz‡iB aŸsk
n‡Zv|
(K) eì hy‡× KzivBk‡ì †bZv †K wQj? 1
(L) MvdIqv I mvwiqvi cwiPq w`b| 2
(M) DÏxc‡K Cw½ZK…Z hy‡×i KviY eY©bv Kiæb| 3
(N) g`xbvq Bmjvgx cÖRvZš¿ my`„p Ki‡b G hy‡×i Zvrch© we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.4 Dû` hy‡×i KviY I djvdj
D‡Ïk¨
 Dû` hy‡×i KviY I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dû` hy‡×i cÖK…Z weRqx Kviv Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gybvwdK‡ì m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 Dû` hy‡×i wkÿv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Dû`, Ave`yjøvn Be‡b DevB, wn›`v, Avey mywdqvb, Avey Rvwnj, nvgRv I
Lvwj` web Iqvwj`
Dû` hy×
gnvbex (mv.) Gi RxeÏkvq KzivBk Kvwdi‡ì mv‡_ gymwjg‡ì msMwVZ wØZxq hy‡×i bvg Dû‡ì
hy×| gw`bv †_‡K wZb gvBj `~‡i Dû` cvnvo| wnRix Z…Zxq mv‡ji kvIqvj gv‡m G cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k Dû` hy×
msNwUZ nq| G hy‡×i KviYmg~n wbgœiƒc:
Dû` hy‡×i KviYmg~n
eì hy‡× AwaKvsk KzivBk †bZvi g„Zz¨ msev‡` mviv Avie Ry‡o †kv‡Ki Qvqv †b‡g Av‡m| N‡i N‡i Kvbœvi †ivj
c‡o hvq| g°vi Ab¨Zg †bZv Avey jvnve G `ytmsev` kªe‡Y kh¨v MÖnY K‡i Avi I‡Vwb| Avey mywdqvb cÖwZ‡kv‡ai
`„p cÖZ¨q e¨³ K‡i| †m ej‡Z jvMj, Avwg hZw`b bv G civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z cvwi, ZZw`b ch©šÍ myMÜ `ªe¨
eënvi Kie bv, ¯¿x ¯úk© Kie bv| †gvUK_v, Kvwdiiv ùzwj‡½i b¨vq R¡‡j I‡V| eì hy‡× weR‡qi ci gynv¤§`
(mv.)-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ eby nvwkg m¤cÖ`v‡qi µ‡gvbœwZ DgvBqv‡ì Amn¨ n‡q I‡V| ZvB KzivBk‡ì `ywU kvLv nvwkgx I
DgvBqvi g‡a¨ kÎæZv ïiæ nq, hv Kg-†ewk Dû` hy‡× BÜb †hvMv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
HwZnvwmK wc. †K. wnwÆ e‡jb, e`‡ii wech©‡qi ci Bûw` Kwe Kve web Avkivd g°vq Mgb K‡i Kve¨ iPbv K‡i
KyivBk‡ì D‡ËwRZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| ïay KzivBk‡ìB bq, †e`yBb‡ìI †m gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× D‡ËwRZ Ki‡Z Zrci
nq| d‡j Dû` hy× msNwUZ nq| Avi HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, Òe`‡i wech©‡qi ci Avey mywdqvb 400
ˆm‡bï GK evwnbx wb‡q gw`bvi mxgv‡šÍ AwMœms‡hvM, jyÉb I asmjxjvq gË n‡j gymwjgiv Zv cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z
AMÖmi nq, Avi G‡ZB Dû` hy× msNwUZ nq|Ó
Dû` hy‡×i NUbvejx
3000 ˆmb¨ m‡gZ Avey mywdqvb gw`bv Awfgy‡L AMÖmi nq| Z…Zxq wnRixi kvIqvj gv‡mi 14 Zvwi‡L gynv¤§`
(mv.) RygyAvi mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i mg‡eZ gymwjg‡ì civgk© mfvq ej‡jb, ÒGevi Avgv‡ì bMi †Q‡o `~‡i wM‡q
hy× Kiv mgxPxb n‡e bv| Zv‡Z wec` NU‡Z cv‡i| †Zvgv‡ì gZ Kx?Ó ev‡qv‡R¨ô gynvwRi I AvbmviMY mK‡j
gnvbex (mv.)-Gi g‡Z mvov †`b, wKš‘ G cÖ¯Íve ZiæY `‡ji gbtc~Z nqwb| Zviv G eë¯’v‡K KvcyiælZv g‡b K‡i
gw`bvi evB‡i wM‡q kÎæi m¤§yLxb nIqv mgxPxb fv‡e| †k‡l A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì gZ mg_©b K‡i|
nhiZ gynv¤§` mKj‡K iYmv‡R mw¾Z n‡Z wb‡`©k †`b| †gvU GK nvRvi ˆm‡bï G evwnbx‡Z 2 Rb gvÎ
Ak¦v‡ivnx, 70 Rb eg©avix, 40 Rb Zxi›`vR, evwK mK‡jB eg©nxb c`vwZK wQ‡jb| Ave`yjøvn Be‡b DevB 300
ˆmb¨ m‡gZ cw_ga¨ †_‡K `jZ¨vM K‡i| Dû` cvnv‡oi Aci cv‡k©¦© wM‡q ivm~j (mv.) GKwU myweavRbK ¯’v‡b
wkwei ¯’vcb K‡ib- m¤§y‡L hy‡×i gq`vb †cQ‡b cvnvo| Avey mywdqvb Zvi weivU evwnbx wb‡q c~‡e©B Dû` cÖvšÍ‡i

A‡cÿv KiwQj| gymwjg c‡ÿi evgcv‡k©¦ ce©ZMv‡Î GKwU wMwic_ wQj| Abb¨ mgiKzkjx gnvbex (mv.) G
wMwic‡_i cðvr w`K †_‡K kÎæi Avµg‡Yi Avk¼vq nhiZ Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Ryev‡qi (iv)-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ 50 R‡bi
GKwU Zxi›`vR evwnbx †gvZvqb K‡ib Ges cieZ©x wb‡`©k bv cvIqv ch©šÍ Zuv‡ì †mLv‡b Ae¯’vb Kivi ûKzg †`b|
Dfq c‡ÿ Zzgyj hy× Avi¤¢ nq| gymwjg‡ì nv‡Z kÎæ c‡ÿi eû ˆmb¨ nZvnZ n‡jv| Aíÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B gq`v‡b
wUK‡Z bv †c‡i KzivBkiv cvjv‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| KzivBk ˆmb¨‡ì cvjv‡Z †`‡L gymwjgMY cwiZ¨³ m¤ú` gv‡b
MbxgZ msMÖn Ki‡Z †j‡M hvq| G gyn~‡Z© ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi wb‡`©k fz‡j wMwic‡_ wb‡qvwRZ Zxi›`vR evwnbxI
MbxgZ msMÖ‡n †b‡g c‡o| 50 R‡bi g‡a¨ gvÎ `yÕRb †kl ch©šÍ wMwic_ cvnvivq wbhy³ _v‡Kb| `~i †_‡K myPZzi
Lvwj` G `„k¨ †`‡L Zvi Ak¦v‡ivnx †mbv`j wb‡q †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡q `yÕRb Zxi›`vR‡K Abvqv‡m civwRZ I wbnZ
K‡i cðvr w`K †_‡K gymwjg‡ì Ici AvµgY K‡i| cjvqbci KzivBk ˆmbïvI wd‡i Av‡m| hy× cybivq Avi¤¢
nq| exiei nvghv I gymqve knx` nb| gymwjg ˆmb¨MY wewÿß n‡q c‡ob| eû mvnvev nZvnZ nb| Gevi
KzivBkiv gnvbex (mv.)-†K jÿ¨ K‡i Zxi I Ab¨vb¨ A¯¿ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z _v‡K| Dû‡ì hy‡× gnvbex (mv.)-Gi
m¤§y‡Li PviwU ùvZ gyeviK knx` nq Ges 70 Rb gymwjg kvnv`vZeiY K‡ib| KzivBk‡ì c‡ÿ 23 Rb wbnZ
nq| K‡qKRb mvnvex wb‡R‡ì Rxeb Zz”Q Ávb K‡i gnvbex (mv.)-†K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ e~¨n iPbv K‡ib| eû Zxi
Zuv‡ì kixi we× K‡i| hy‡×i gv‡V G Lei i‡U †Mj, gynv¤§` (mv.) wbnZ n‡q‡Qb| G‡Z eû gymwjg n‡Zv`¨g n‡q
c‡ob| nhiZ Zvjnv Kuv‡a K‡i ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-†K Zz‡j †bb Ges Zuvi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi eë¯’v K‡ib| Gevi
wewÿß mvnvevMY Avevi gnvbex (mv.)-Gi PZzw`©‡K mg‡eZ nb| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) I mvnvevMY huviv gv‡V wQ‡jb
mK‡j ce©‡Z Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Kvwdiiv DV‡Z †P‡q e¨_© nq|
Dû` hy‡×i djvdj
Dû` hy× gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ wQj â‡h©i AwMœ cixÿv| GK_v mZ¨, wbiew”Qbœ weRq †Kv‡bv RvwZi fv‡M¨B Ry‡U bv|
weR‡qi Avb›` I civR‡qi Møvwb m½x K‡iB e„nËi mvd‡jï c‡_ GwM‡q †h‡Z nq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb â‡h©i| G
cixÿvq gymwjgMY âh© I mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ DËxY© n‡qwQ‡jb|
Cgv‡bi `„pZv t hy‡×vËiKv‡j Avjøvn Zvqvjv m~iv Av‡j Bgiv‡b gymwjg‡ì LuvwU gywgb n‡Z Ges n‡Ki Ici
`„pc` _vK‡Z wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib| G hy‡×i d‡j gymwjg‡ì Cgvb Av‡iv e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| †mw`b hy‡×i cÖ_g
w`K Rq jvf K‡iI cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡ì civRq †g‡b wb‡Z n‡qwQj| ZvB cieZ©x hZ hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj
†m¸‡jv‡Z Zviv gnvbex (mv.)-Gi Av‡`k wb‡`©k cy‡ivcywi †g‡bB hy× K‡iwQ‡jb| d‡j ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, Dû` hy×
gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ Cgvbx cixÿv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQj|
Bûw`‡ì gw`bv mb‡ì kZ© f‡½i kvw¯Í t HwZnvwmK wc.†K.wnwÆ e‡jb, Bûw` eby bwhi I eby KvqbyKv †MvÎ gw`bv
mb‡ì kZ© f½ K‡i KzivBk‡ì mv‡_ loh‡š¿ wjß nIqvi Aciv‡a gw`bv †_‡K ewn®‹…Z nq|
Rq civR‡qi AwfÁZv t Dû` ivYv½‡b cÖv_wgKfv‡e gymwjg‡ì weRq Ges †m Kvi‡Y Djøvm I wek„•LjvB
cieZ©x‡Z civR‡q ch©ewmZ nq| Aciw`‡K KzivBkiv AvcvZ Rqjvf Ki‡jI Gi †Kv‡bv mydj †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb; eis ˆbwZK `ye©jZv‡nZz g‡bvej nvwi‡q gq`vb †Q‡o †h‡Z eva¨ nq|
gymwjg‡ì exiZ¡ e„w× t Dû‡ì civRq gymwjg‡ì exiZ¡ AwaKZi e„w× K‡iwQj| gw`bvq cÖZ¨vMg‡bi ci gnvbex
(mv.) GK`j mvnvex‡K g°vevmx KzivBk‡ì cðv×ve‡bi wb‡`©k †`b| G‡Z Zviv AZzjbxq mvnm, g‡bvej I
exh©eËvi cÖgvY w`‡qwQ‡jb|
cieZ©x weR‡qi c_ D‡b¥vPb t Dû` hy× gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ wQj GK weivU wkÿv| Dû` hy‡× gymwjg evwnbx †bZvi
Av‡`k gvbv Ges k„•Ljv iÿvi wkÿv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, ZvB cieZ©x‡Z †Kv‡bv hy‡×B Zviv Avi G fzj K‡ibwb|
AZGe Dû‡ì civRq gymwjg‡ì fwel¨r mvd‡jï c_ Db¥y³ K‡iwQj|
Kvwdi‡`B civRq N‡U t gymwjgMY hw` Dû‡` civwRZB n‡Zv, Zvn‡j KzivBkiv gw`bv AvµgY Ki‡Zv| †Kbbv
gw`bv Avµg‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B Zviv G‡mwQj| myZivs Dû‡` Zv‡ì civRqB n‡qwQj| Kvwdiiv mwZ¨B †h gymwjg‡ì

Ici Rqx n‡Z cv‡iwb, Avey mywdqvb Zv fv‡jvfv‡e ey‡SwQj| bZzev hy×‡k‡l †m ÒAvMvgx eQi †Zvgv‡ì mv‡_
eySvcov n‡eÓ †Kb ejj?
Dû` hy‡×i wkÿv
cÖ_gZ, gymwjg ZiæYiv ivm~j (mv.) I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvev‡ì `„wófw½ eyS‡Z bv †c‡i gw`bv kn‡ii evB‡i wM‡q hy×
Ki‡Z `„p cÖwZÁ n‡qwQ‡jb| hy× Rq A‡cÿv MbxgZ msMÖn cÖeYZvB A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ wQj cÖej| gnvbex (mv.)-Gi
Kov ûKzg m‡Ë¡I Zxi›`vR‡ì ¯’vb Z¨vMB Gi cÖgvY| †bZvi Av‡`k I Awfg‡Zi cÖwZ G‡nb Akª×v †h fq¼i
†`v‡li, Dû` hy‡× gymwjgMY Zv g‡g© g‡g© Dcjwä K‡iwQj| G hy× †_‡K cÖvß wkÿvi d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j KL‡bv G
fz‡ji cybive„wË N‡Uwb| Kv‡RB ej‡Z n‡e, Ag½‡ji ga¨ w`‡q gymwjg‡ì g½j mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
wØZxqZ, kÎæi kvwYZ Zievwi gnvbex (mv.)-Gi g¯Í‡K wbwÿß n‡qwQj; Ggb `y‡h©v‡Mi g‡aÏ wZwb †bZvi Av`k©
¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb, msKU gyn~‡Z©I wZwb wePwjZ nbwb, KZ©e¨ cvj‡b fzj K‡ibwb| wewÿß gymwjg ˆmb¨‡ì wZwb
GKÎ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Zuvi ˆbwZK g‡bvej iÿv Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Giƒc Ae¯’vq co‡j wKiƒc âh© I Z¨vM
wZwZÿvi cÖ‡qvRb, Dû` hy× wech©‡q nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Zuvi Abymvix‡ì Zv †`wL‡q w`‡q‡Qb|
Z…ZxqZ, nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi hw` g„Zz¨ N‡U Z‡e gymwjgMY †Kvb Av‡jv‡K GUv MÖnY Ki‡e- wb‡`©wkZ c‡_
Pj‡e bvwK D`åv‡šÍi b‡Zv c_ Pj‡e, gymwjg‡ì G cixÿvI GLv‡b w`‡Z n‡qwQj|
m‡e©vcwi, Bmjvg cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡j †`vqvKvjvg, SvodzuK, ZvweR KeR Avi Iqvh bwmnZB h‡_ó bq| G Kv‡R
mgibxwZ, mgi †KŠkj I ev¯Íe D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| †m †ÿ‡Î mgiwe‡k‡l Rxe‡bi evwRI ivL‡Z nq|
Dû‡ì hy‡× ‡K P~ovšÍ weRq Kvi?
evn¨ `„wó‡Z hwÌ civRq g‡b nq wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ gymwjgMY G hy‡× Rqx n‡qwQ‡jb| Bmjvg AMÖMwZ,
AvZ¥cÖwZôvi c‡_ P‡j‡Q eì hy‡×i m‡½ m‡½| AvZ¥cÖwZôv I AMÖMwZi G c‡_ fvM¨ wech©q NU‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘
Zv‡Z wKQz Av‡m hvq bv| ivm~j (mv.)-Gi Rxeb‡K LwÐZ `„wó‡Z bv †`‡L mvgwMÖK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡Z n‡e| G
`„wó‡Kv‡Y †`L‡j cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Dû` hy‡× gymwjg‡ì weRq n‡qwQj; civRq bq| kÎæRq A‡cÿv AvZ¥Rq Ki‡Z
cv‡i wKbv, wec‡ì w`‡b âh©aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv, R‡qi m‡½ civRq‡K Zviv mwVKfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv,
m‡Zï Rb¨ giY eiY Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Q wKbv, GUvi wQj G hy‡×i AšÍwb©wnZ cixÿv| Zuviv G cixÿvq DËxY©
n‡qwQ‡jb| G Kvi‡YB Zuviv weRqx|
hw` gymjvgvbMY Dû‡ì hy‡× civwRZB n‡Zv; Zvn‡j Kvwdiiv gw`bv AvµgY Ki‡Zv| †Kbbv Zviv gw`bv
Avµg‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨B G‡mwQj| myZivs Dû‡` KzivBk‡ì civRq n‡qwQj| gymwjg‡ì Ici Kvwdiiv †h Rqx n‡Z
cv‡iwb fv‡jvfv‡e Zv Avey mywdqvb ey‡SwQj| bZzev hy×‡k‡l ÒAvMvgx eQi †Zvgv‡ì mv‡_ eySvcov n‡eÓ ejj
†Kb? gnvbex (mv.)-†K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj KzivBk †bZv cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡iwQj, Dû` I e`‡i Zv‡ì
†ewkifvM wbnZ n‡qwQj| cieZ©xKv‡j evèvwK mK‡j Bmjvg MÖnY K‡iwQj| gymwjg‡ì G‡ZI weRq n‡q‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Dû` hy‡×i wewfbœ w`K wPwÎZ Kiæb|
Dû‡ì cwiPq Kx ? Dû` hy‡×i `yB `‡ji Dû` cÖvšÍi g`xbvi cvnv‡oi †cQb †_‡K Avµgb K‡i
ˆmb¨ msL¨v KZ wQj? KZ gvBj `~‡i? gymwjg‡ì ch©~`¯’ K‡iwQj †K?
mvims‡ÿc :
g°vi Kvwdiiv eì hy‡×i civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z gymwjg‡ì Dci †h hy× Pvwc‡q †`q, Zvi bvg Dû‡ì
hy×| evwn¨Kfv‡e G hy‡× gymwjg‡ì ‡ekx ÿwZmvab n‡jI mvwe©K wePv‡i KvwdiivB civwRZ nq| G hy‡×i
wkÿv cieZx©Kv‡j gymwjg‡ì hy×bxwZ cÖYq‡b A‡bK mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj|

1. Dû` hy‡× gymwjg I Kvwdi ˆmb¨msL¨vi AbycvZ KZ wQj?
(K) 700:3000 (L) 1000:3000
(M) 313: 1000 (N) ‡KvbUvB bq
2. Dû` hy‡×i mgq Kvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 300 gymwjg ˆmb¨ wd‡i wM‡qwQj?
(K) Ave`yjøvn Be‡b AveŸvm (L) Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Kv‡qm
(M) Ave`yjøvn Be‡b DevB (N) Ave`yjøvn Be‡b Rvnvm
3. Dû` hy‡× gymwjg‡ì wech©‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY †KvbwU?
(K) hy‡×vcKi‡Yi Afve (L) Mbxg‡Zi gvj msMÖn
(M) wmcvn&mvjv‡ii wb‡`©k Agvb¨ (N) Kvwdi‡ì ˆmb¨msL¨vwaK¨
4. Dû‡ì hy‡× wb‡gœi †Kvb PwiÎ wPwýZ nq?
(K) gybvwdK (L) gykwiK
(M) Kvwdi (N) Agymwjg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†n`v‡qZzjøvn GKRb gyw³‡hv×v| hy‡×i ci evox‡Z wd‡i wZwb cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì wewfbœ eY©bv w`w”Q‡jb| GKwU hy‡×
Zv‡ì `‡ji A‡bK ÿwZ nq| †ek K‡qKRb mn‡hv×vI wbnZ nq| †n`v‡qZ mv‡n‡ei Kv‡auI GKwU ey‡jU
†j‡MwQj| Avjx †nv‡mb Gi KviY Rvb‡Z PvBj| †n`v‡qZzjøvn ej‡jb, Avm‡j Zv‡ì iY‡KŠkj wVKB wQj| wKš‘
cÖ_gw`‡K Zv‡ì Avµg‡Y ‡ek wKQz cvwK¯Ívbx nvbv`vi ‰mb¨ gviv hvq| G‡Z DjøvvwmZ n‡q †m±i KgvÐv‡ii wb‡`©k
Agvb¨ K‡i †ek wKQz gyw³‡hv×v cÖKv‡k¨ G‡m hy× ïiæ K‡i| d‡j mgMÖ Ux‡g wek„s•Ljv m„wó nq| G my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q cvwK¯’vbxiv AZwK©Z AvµgY K‡i| c‡i Aek¨ G f~j †_‡K Zviv weivU wkÿv jvf K‡i|
(K) Mvwbgvn Kx? 1
(L) Avãyjøvn Be‡b DevB-Gi cwiPq `vI| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki NUbvi mv‡_ †gvnv¤§` (mv.) †Kvb hy× mv`„k¨c~Y©? e¨vL¨v w`b| 3
(N) D³ hy‡×i civRqB cieZx© hy×mg~‡ni mdjZv- Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.5 L›`K ev Avnhv‡ei hy× (627 mvj)
D‡Ïk¨
 cwiLv Lb‡bi gva¨‡g kÎæ‡K i³cv‡Zi cwie‡Z© †KŠk‡j civwRZ Kivi wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 L›`K hy‡×i KviY I djvdj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 Bû`x‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã L›`K ev cwiLv, mvjgvb dvimx I Avnhve
Avnhve ev L›`‡Ki hy×

eby bwhi †MvÎ gw`bv †_‡K wbe©vwmZ n‡j Zv‡ì GKvsk ûqvB web AvLZv‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ Lvqev‡i wM‡q
emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| Zviv Av‡kcv‡ki Avie †MvÎ¸‡jv‡K gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× D‡ËwRZ K‡i †Zv‡j|
ûqvB g°vq wM‡q KzivBk‡ì m‡½ loh‡šÍ wjß nq| Zviv wm×všÍ †bq, GK‡hv‡M gymwjg‡ì Ici AvµgY Kiv
n‡e, hv‡Z Zviv wQbœwfbœ n‡q hvq| me©Î hy‡×i GKUv mvR mvR ie c‡o hvq| Avi‡ei wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi cÖvq 10,000
ˆmb¨ gw`bv Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ GKÎ nq| KzivBk e¨ZxZ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eby bwhi, eby Iqvqj AšÍf©~³ wQj| Avey
mywdqv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ `k nvhvi ˆm‡bï mw¤§wjZ evwnbx gw`bv Awfgy‡L iIqvbv nq| cÂg wnRix‡Z Avi‡ei wewfbœ
†Mv‡Îi MwVZ G evwnbx GK‡hv‡M gw`bv AvµgY Kivi Kvi‡Y G hy×‡K Avnhve ev `jmg~‡ni hy× ejv nq|
L›`K hy‡×i bvgKiY
L›`K ev cwiLvi hy× t dvwm© ÔLvbÕ †_‡K L›`K k‡ãi DrcwË| Gi A_© cwiLv| gw`bvi wZb w`‡K Nievwo I
†LRyi evMvb _vKvq Zv cÖvPxi †eóbxi b¨vq wbivc` wQj, wKš‘ DËi I DËi cwðg w`K wQj Db¥y³| cÖL¨vZ mvnvex
nhiZ mvjgvb dviwm (iv)-Gi
civgk© I gRwj‡m k~ivi
wm×v‡šÍ gnvbex (mv.) gw`bvi
Db¥y³ w`‡K cuvP nvZ Mfxi GK
cwiLv Lbb K‡ib weavq G‡K
cwiLv ev L›`‡Ki hy× ejv nq|
HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx G
hy×‡K Battle of Confederates
(mw¤§wjZ kw³mg~‡ni hy×) e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avj
KziAv‡bi m~iv Avnhv‡ei 20 bs
Avqv‡Z ÔAvnhveÕ bvgKiY
¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q|
L›`K hy‡×i KviYmg~n
Bûw`‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZv t wek¦vmNvZKZv I loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M Bûw` eby KvqbyKv I eby bwhi †MvÎØq‡K gw`bv
†_‡K wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq| Zviv ¯^fveZ KzivBk‡ì mv‡_ nvZ wgjvq| Bûw` †bZv ûqvB Be‡b AvLZve g°vq wM‡q
KzivBk‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Kbvbv Be‡b iex MvZdvb †MvÎ MgY K‡i Zv‡ì gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡×

D‡ËwRZ K‡i †Zv‡j| Lvqev‡i Drcbœ dm‡ji A‡a©K Zv‡ì †`qv n‡e- GUvI w¯’ixK…Z nq| MvZdvb †Mv‡Îi mv‡_
ebx Avmv` es‡ki mwÜ I wgÎZv wQj, ZvivI cÖ¯‘Z nq| ebx mwjg Ges bex Avmv` †MvÎI mw¤§wjZ Kvwdi
evwnbxi m‡½ †hvM`vb K‡i| Kve eby †Kvivqhvi mKj‡K GKÎ K‡i Zv‡ì m¤§y‡L ivm~jyjøvn mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv
mvjøvg-Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mwÜcÎLvbv UzKiv UzKiv K‡i wQu‡o †d‡j|
KzivBk‡ì Avkvf½ t Dû` hy‡× KzivBkiv AvcvZ Rqx n‡jI gw`bv `Ljmn c~Y©v½ weRqjv‡f e¨_© nq| ZvQvovI
Zv‡ì wmwiqvi evwYR¨c_ ûgwKc~Y© †_‡KB hvq| Gme Kvi‡Y AvkvnZ KzivBkiv gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× Av‡iKwU
P~ovšÍ Avµg‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i|
gw`bv iv‡óªi kw³ e„w× t HwZnvwmK gvmy`x e‡jb, Dû‡ì wech©q cieZ©xKv‡j gymwjg‡ì bZzbfv‡e HK¨ msnwZi
g‡š¿ DØy× K‡i| gw`bv iv‡óªi RvwZ MVb ev Nation building Ges State building cÖwµqv gymwjg‡ì kw³kvjx
K‡i †Zv‡j| Kvwdi, gykwiK I Bûw` lohš¿Kvix‡ì Zv mn¨ nqwb, ZvB Zviv Av‡iKwU hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i|
Bmjv‡gi kw³ e„w× t HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, eì Ges Dû‡` hy× K‡iI gymwjgMY K¬všÍ n‡q c‡owb; eis
Bmjvg cÖPv‡i Zv‡ì †cÖiYv wQj cÖZ¨q`„ß| Kvwdiiv Zv †gv‡UB mn¨ Ki‡Z cviwQj bv| ZvB Zviv mw¤§wjZfv‡e
gymwjg D¤§vn‡K mg~‡j asm Ki‡Z msKíe× nq|
KzivBk‡ì hy× cÖ¯‘wZ t Dû` hy× †k‡l Avey mywdqvb cÖwZÁv K‡iwQj, c‡ii eQi Zviv Avevi gymwjg‡ì mv‡_
kw³ cixÿv Ki‡e, wKš‘ Avey mywqvb I Zvi Abymvix‡ì G Avùvjb m‡Z¨ cwiYZ nqwb| Kv‡RB GLb hy× Ki‡Z
A‡cÿvK…Z e¨vcK I kw³kvjx Av‡qvRb ìKvi| G K_v †f‡e Avey mywdqvb mviv Aviegq Bmjvg, gymwjg,
Bmjv‡gi bex Ges gw`bvq cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx cÖRvZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× cÖPÐ we‡`ªvn m„wói cÖqvm Pvjvq|
L›`K hy‡×i HwZnvwmK NUbv
ivm~‡ji civgk© mfv I hy×‡KŠkj wba©viY t ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) KzivBk‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ mw¤§wjZ Avie evwnbxi Awfhv‡bi
msev` †c‡q mvnvex‡ì †W‡K civgk© Ki‡jb| mvjgvb dviwm (iv) Bivwb nIqvi Kvi‡Y hy‡× L›`K ev cwiLv
m¤ú‡K© Zuvi h‡_ó AwfÁZv wQj| wZwb gZ cÖKvk Ki‡jb, †Lvjv gq`v‡b †b‡g hy× Kiv mgxPxb n‡e bv; eis
GKwU wbivc` ¯’v‡b ˆmb¨ †gvZv‡qb K‡i PZz®úv‡k© cwiLv Lbb KiZt Av‡M †_‡KB †m RvqMvUv myiwÿZ K‡i ivLvB
n‡e wePÿYZvi KvR| mK‡jB Zuvi G cÖ¯Íve mg_©b K‡ib| Kvwdi evwnbx cwiLv †`‡L wew¯§Z nq| KviY Avieiv
GUv KL‡bv †`‡Lwb| wek w`b ch©šÍ †Kv‡bv cÿB hy‡× cÖe„Ë nqwb|
hy‡×i NUbvejx t †kl ch©šÍ Kvwdi evwnbx e¨vcK AvµgY Kivi wm×všÍ †bq| NUbvµ‡g L›`‡Ki GK ¯’v‡b cÖ¯’
GKUz Kg wQj| G ¯’vb w`‡qB Avi‡ei weL¨vZ exiiv †Nvov nuvwK‡q Aci cv‡i wM‡q I‡V| Avgi Be‡b Ave`y` wQj
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ kw³kvjx| †m cÖPwjZ cÖ_v Abyhvqx hy‡×i Avnevb Rvbvq| G Avnev‡b gymwjg‡ì cÿ †_‡K GwM‡q
hvb †k‡i †Lv`v nhiZ Avjx (iv)| cÖ_‡g Be‡b Ave`y` AvµgY Ki‡j Avjx (iv) Xvj Øviv G AvµgY cÖwZnZ
K‡ib| hwÌ Zuvi gv_vq AvNvZ †j‡MwQj| Avjxi Aci GK AvNv‡Z Ave`y‡ì evRy †K‡U †Mj| m‡½ m‡½ Avjx
(iv) ÔAvjøvû AvKeviÕ awb w`‡q weRq †NvlYv K‡ib| Gici †hivi I †hvevqi gq`v‡b Av‡m| hyyjwdKv‡ii A‡Rq
evû DVv‡ZB Zviv †cQ‡b nU‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| nhiZ Dgi (iv)-mn Ab¨vb¨ mvnvexMY mw¤§wjZfv‡e AvµgY K‡ib|
A‡bK KzL¨vZ Kvwdi wbnZ n‡jv| G mgq Kvwdiiv me w`K †_‡K Zxi wb‡ÿc KiwQj| w`b hZB evo‡Z jvMj
Ae‡ivaKvix‡ì g‡bvej ZZB n«vm †c‡Z jvMj| `k nvhvi ˆm‡bï Lv`¨mvgMÖx mieivn Kiv mnR e¨vcvi wQj bv|
Avevi ZLb wQj kxZKvj| Zvi g‡a¨ GK mgq Ggb cÖej †e‡M evqy cÖevwnZ n‡Z jvMj, hv‡Z Zv‡ì Zuveyi
iwk¸‡jv wQu‡o †Mj, LuywU¸‡jv Dc‡o coj, Ak¦¸‡jv ˆmb¨‡ì gv‡S QzUvQzwU Ki‡Z jvMj, †WM-†WMwP D‡ë †Mj|
gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ G SÅv-cÖevn ˆmb¨ A‡cÿv AwaK mgi kw³i KvR K‡i| cÖPÐ evqyi Pv‡c KzivBkiv fxZ n‡q
cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡Z gb¯’ Kij| Avey mywdqvb ˆmb¨‡ì ejj, G gv‡V c‡o msKxY©Zvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z P‡jwQ, GLv‡b
_vKv DwPZ bq- G e‡j †m ˆmb¨‡ì cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi Av‡`k K‡i| Gfv‡e civRq †g‡b wb‡q mevB cvwj‡q hvq|

gymwjg‡ì wb®‹ÈK weRq t GKwU gvÎ iv‡Zi eëav‡b Avjøvn KZ cwieZ©b G‡b w`‡jb| MZKvj †hLv‡b
Rvnvbœv‡gi Av¸b R¡jwQj, AvR †mLv‡b Rvbœv‡Zi wmœ» evwiaviv cÖevwnZ n‡”Q| MZKvj †hLv‡b wg_¨vi fq¼i
Awfbq PjwQj, AvR †mLv‡b mZ¨ I my›`‡ii gvnwdj e‡m‡Q| K…ZÁZvq ZLb gymwjg‡ì AšÍi f‡i hvq|
Avjøvn‡K abëv` Rvbvq Zviv m`je‡j|
hyy‡×i ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© t
G hy‡× KzivBkMY cÖgvY †cj, Bmjvg `ywb©evi| wZb wZbevi Zviv kw³ cixÿv K‡i †`‡L‡Q, wZb wZbeviB Zviv
wedj n‡q‡Q| G hy×‡K Bmjv‡gi P~ovšÍ hy× ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zviv e`‡i †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ n‡q‡Q, Dû‡Ì
gymwjg‡ì civwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, L›`‡K Zviv Avi‡ei mg¯Í kw³ wb‡qI civwRZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB L›`K hy‡×i ci
Zv‡ì ˆbwZK ej kw³ †f‡O c‡o| GKUv nxbZv I civR‡qi g‡bvfve Zv‡ì mKj‡K †c‡q e‡m| cÿvšÍ‡i
gymwjg‡ì ey‡K cÖej be‡cÖiYv mÂvwiZ nq| wbf©xK DbœZwk‡i we‡k¦i ey‡K Suvwc‡q covi Rb¨ Zviv cÖ¯‘Z nq|
†Kv‡bv evavB Zv‡ì AvU‡K ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv, mKj kÎæB †h Zv‡ì c`vbZ n‡e, Bmjvg †h me©Î Rqhy³ n‡e- G
K_v G hy‡×i ci †_‡K Zviv mwZ¨Kvifv‡e Dcjwä K‡ib| G hy‡× Rq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi gwngvI gh©v`v
kZ¸‡Y ewa©Z nq|
Avjøvn Zvqvjvi mvnvh¨ jvf t L›`‡Ki hy‡× gymwjgMY gnvb Avjøvn Zvqvjvi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv jvf K‡ib| G
m¤ú‡K© Avjøvn Zvqvjv Bikv` K‡ib, ÒAvjøvni †bqvg‡Zi K_v ¯§iY Ki, hLb kÎæevwnbx †Zvgv‡ì wbKUeZ©x
n‡qwQj| AZtci Avwg Zv‡ì weiæ‡× SÅvevqy Ges Ggb ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖiY K‡iwQjvg hv‡ì †Zvgiv †`L‡Z bv,
†Zvgiv hv Ki Avjøvn Zv †`‡Lb|Ó
Bmjv‡gi AMÖvwfhv‡b bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb t L›`K hy× mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi †kvPbxq civRq I gymwjg‡ì
Rqjv‡fi d‡j Bmjv‡gi AMÖvwfhv‡b bZzb w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ nq| L›`K hy‡×i c‡ii eQi û`vqweqvi mwÜ, cieZ©x
eQi Dgiv, Zvi c‡ii eQi g°v weRq mvwaZ nq|
mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi civRq t L›`K hy‡× KzivBk, Bûw`, †e`yBb, gw`bvi gybv‡dK I †cŠËwjKiv mw¤§wjZfv‡e
me©kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× A¯¿ aviY K‡i, wKš‘ me©‡kl G evwnbxi kw³ aŸsm n‡q hvq| gw`bvq
Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wfwË my`„p nq| HwZnvwmK BgvgywÏb e‡jb, mw¤§wjZ evwnbx‡Z fvO‡bi d‡j g°vevmx‡ì civRq
cÖwZfvZ n‡q I‡V Ges gw`bvq cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx iv‡óªi wfwËg~j my`„p nq|
gnvbexi gh©v`v e„w× t cwiLvi hy‡× Rqjv‡fi d‡j gw`bvmn mgMÖ Avie we‡k¦ gnvbex (mv.)-Gi gh©v`v e„w× cvq|
cvkeZ©x eû RvwZ †Mvwô †¯^”Qvq gnvbex (mv.)-Gi AvwacZ¨ I †bZ…Z¡ †g‡b †bq Ges Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB Bmjvg Keyj
K‡i|
Bûw`‡ì ewn®‹vi t L›`K hy‡×i ci wek¦vmNvZK Bûw` †MvÎ eby Kzivqhvi weiæ‡× kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|
G †Mv‡Îi Acivax †hv×v‡ì nZ¨v Kiv nq Ges evwK †jvK‡ì ew›` I wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq|
Bmjv‡gi cÖmvi t Avnhve ev L›`K hy‡×i ci Avie DcØxc Bmjvg `ªæZ cÖmvi jvf K‡i Ges Avi‡ei A‡bK
†MvÎ gw`bv iv‡óªi mv‡_ †¯^”Qvq wgÎZv m~‡Î Ave× nq| G cÖm‡½ W. BgvgywÏb e‡jb, ÒG hy‡×i ci Aí mg‡q
g‡a¨ Bmjvg mgMÖ Avie Ges wbKU©eZ©x †`k¸‡jv‡Z ch©šÍ we¯Í…wZ jvf K‡i|Ó
wkÿv_©xi KvR L›`‡Ki hy‡×i cwiPq w`b|
cixLv Kx? Kvi civg‡k© L›`K L›`‡Ki hy‡×i gymwjg- L›`‡Ki hy× cÖvšÍ‡ii wPÎ AsKb Kiæb|
Lbb Kiv nq? we‡ivax `‡ji bvg
wjLyb?

mvims‡ÿc t
G hy‡× KzivBk‡ì mvgwiK kw³i `ye©jZv cÖKvk cvq| cwiLvi hy× BwZnv‡mi †gvo Nywo‡q †`q| Zv‡ì
Lv`¨mvgMÖx wbt‡kl nq, m¤§vb webó nq Ges wgÎkw³ N„Yvq Zv‡ì `j Z¨vM K‡i P‡j hvq| cwiLvi hy× nhiZ
gynv¤§` (mv.) Z_v gymwjg‡ì c`gh©v`v evwo‡q †`q| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) kÎæ‡ì nvZ †_‡K gw`bv‡K iÿv
Kivq gw`bvevmx Zuv‡K GK”QÎ AwacwZ e‡j m¤§vb Ki‡Z jvMj| cÖwZc‡ÿi weivU †mbvevwnbxi Ici
gymwjg‡ì G weRq BwZevPK cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| Zviv †¯^”Qvq gymwjg‡ì wgÎ nq| GiB g‡a¨ Bmjvg `ªæZ
cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z jvMj|
1. L›`K hy‡× gymwjg‡ì weR‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY †KvbwU?
(K) cixLv Lbb (L) cÖvK…wZK `~‡h©vM (M) gymwjg mvgwiK †KŠkj (N) me KqwU
2. L›`‡Ki hy&‡×i Av‡iK bvg Kx?
(K) Avnhve (L) AvnMvh (M) Aveivi (N) Avnhvi
3. Dû` hy‡× gymwjg‡ì wech©‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY †KvbwU?
(K) hy‡×vcKi‡Yi Afve (L) Mbxg‡Zi gvj msMÖn
(M) wmcvnmvjv‡ii wb‡`©k Agvb¨ (N) Kvwdi‡ì ˆmb¨msL¨vwaK
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× kÎæcÿ‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ gyw³‡hv×viv wewfbœ hy× †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡ib| kÎcÿ
†hb GjvKvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ cÖavb cÖavb eªxR †f‡½ †`qv nq| kÎæi †evgv †_‡K gvbyl‡K iÿvi j‡ÿ
gvwU †K‡U ev¼vi ˆZwi Kiv nq| d‡j kÎæevwnbx fvix A¯¿ I U¨vsK wb‡q wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| Gme
hy× †KŠkj gyw³‡hv×v‡ì weRq AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
(K) Avnhve A_© Kx? 1
(L) mvjgvb dviwmi cwiPq w`b| 2
(M) evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³‡hv×v‡ì G hy×‡KŠkj nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi †Kvb hy×‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
(N) ÒD³ hy×‡KŠkj gymwjg ivóª‡K my`„p K‡i‡Q|Ó Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.6 û`vBweqvi mwÜ (628 mvj, 6ô wnRix)

D‡Ïk¨
 û`vBweqvi mwÜi NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 û`vBweqvi mwÜi kZ©vejx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 û`vBweqvi djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã û`vBweqvi, Dgivn, mwÜ, evBqvZzi wiÌqvb, ey`v‡qj I dvZûg gyweb
û`vBweqvi mwÜ
gymwjgMY wbh©vwZZ n‡q ¯^‡`k †Q‡o gw`bvq Avkªq MÖnY Kivi Qq eQi AwZµvšÍ nq| G Qq eQ‡i Zuvi
GKwUev‡ii RbÏ Zviv g°vq Avm‡Z cv‡ibwb| Kvev kix‡di whqvi‡Zi fvMÏ Zv‡ì nqwb| n¾
Av`vq Ki‡Z bv cvivqI Zviv Kg gvbwmK AkvwšÍ‡Z wQ‡jb bv| GKw`b Zuviv nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †K ej‡jb,
Avgiv wK Avi KL‡bv g°vq †h‡Z cvie bv? Gig‡a¨ GK`v gnvbex (mv.) ¯^‡cœ †`‡Lb, g°v kix‡d wM‡q Dgiv
cvjb Ki‡Qb| wZwb mvnvev‡ì wbKU G ¯^cœ cÖKvk Ki‡j Zviv g°vq Mgb Ges Lvbv‡q Kvev whqviZ Kivi Rb¨
D`MÖxe wQ‡jb| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) ¯^‡cœi K_v ï‡b mK‡j g°v kix‡d Mg‡bi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nb|
mwÜ cÖ¯Ívet Dmgvb (iv)-†K AvUK K‡i ivL‡j Rbie I‡V, KzivBkiv Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| Rxeb DrmM© K‡i
gymwjg †hv×vMY Dmgvb nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ ivm~jyjøvni nv‡Z nvZ †i‡L †kl evBqvZ wb‡jb| GgbwK
i³we›`y Aewkó _vKv ch©šÍ mK‡jB jovB Ae¨vnZ ivLvi `„p cÖZ¨q e¨³ K‡i gnvbexi nv‡Z kc_ MÖnb K‡i, G‡K
ÔevBqvZzi wiÌqvbÕ ejv nq| G‡Z KzivBkiv f‡q †c‡q hvq Ges Dmgvb (iv.)-†K gyw³ I mwÜ cÖ¯Íve wb‡q
†mvnvqj‡K cvVvq| gymwjg‡ì c‡ÿ nhiZ Avjx (iv:) mwÜi Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡ib| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)
mvb‡›` Zv‡ì G cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡ib|
mwÜi kZ©vejx
û`vqweqvi mwÜi cÖavb cÖavb kZ©vejx wbgœiƒc
1. G eQi gymwjgMY Dgiv bv K‡iB gw`bvq cÖZ¨veZ©b Ki‡eb| hw` gymwjgMY B”Qv K‡i Zvn‡j c‡ii eQi wZb
w`‡bi Rb¨ Dgiv Av`v‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ g°vq AvMgb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| gymwjg‡ì Ae¯’vbKv‡j KzivBkMY g°v bMi
†Q‡o Ab¨Î Avkªq †b‡e|
2. KzivBk I gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ AvMvgx `k eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †h †Kvb cÖKvi hy×weMÖn eÜ _vK‡e|
3. AvMgbKv‡j gymwjgMY ïay AvZ¥iÿvi Rb¨ †Kvle× Zievwi e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A¯¿ m‡½ Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv|
4. Avie‡ì †h †Kv‡bv †Mv‡Îi †jvK nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) A_ev Kvwdi‡ì m‡½ mwÜm~‡Î Ave× n‡Z †Kv‡bv evav
wb‡la _vK‡e bv|
5. Pzw³i †gqv`Kv‡j Rbmvavi‡Yi c~Y© wbivcËv iwÿZ n‡e Ges G‡K Ac‡ii ÿwZmvab Ki‡e bv| †Kv‡bv cÖKvi
jyÉb A_ev Avµgb Pj‡e bv|
6. †Kv‡bv g°vevmx gw`bvq Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡j gymwjgMY Zv‡K Avkªq w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| cÿvšÍ‡i †Kv‡bv gymwjg
gw`bv †_‡K g°vq AvMgb Ki‡j g°vevmx Zv‡K cÖZ¨vcY© Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e bv| GQvov †Kvb bvevjK Zvi
Awffve‡Ki AbygwZ e¨wZ‡i‡K gymwjg‡ì `‡j †hvM`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv; n‡¾i mgq gymwjg‡ì Rvbgv‡ji
wbivcËv weavb Kiv n‡e|
7. g°vi ewYKMY wbwe©‡Nœ gw`bvi c_ a‡i wmwiqv, wgmi cÖf…wZ †`‡k evwYR¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
8. G mwÜ Pzw³ 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨ ejer _vK‡e|
9. mwÜi kZ©vewj Dfqcÿ‡KB cwic~Y©fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
mwÜi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©
û`vqweqvi mwÜi Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡e, G‡Z weag©x I gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ AšÍZc‡ÿ `k eQ‡ii
Rb¨ wbiew”Qbœ kvwšÍ iÿvi cÖ‡Póv Kiv nq| hy× weiwZi cÖ¯Ív‡e KzivBk I nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi mw`”Qv cÖKvk
cvq| KviY KzivBkivI hy× Ki‡Z Ki‡Z K¬všÍ n‡q c‡owQj| G mwÜi d‡j Zviv ¯^w¯Íi wbk¦vm †d‡j| eëmvq-
evwY‡R¨ Aeva MwZwewai wbðqZv jvf K‡i KzivBkiv ivm~jyjøvn mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøv‡g-Gi gnvbyfeZv I
`~i`wk©Zvi cÖwZ AvK…ó nq| G‡Z Bmjv‡gi †kªôZ¡ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwµqv t AvcZ`„wó‡Z û`vqweqvi mwÜ gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ AcgvbRbK g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, mvnvev‡q
†KivgI ZvB g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| KviY G‡Z gymwjg‡ì ¯^v_© cy‡ivcywi iwÿZ nqwb| Dgi (iv.) Gi g‡a¨ G wel‡q
Pig cÖwZwµqv jÿ¨ Kiv wM‡qwQj, wKš‘ `~i`„wó‡Z ivmyjyjøvn (mv.) Gi G mwÜPzw³ gymwjg‡ì AbyK~‡j Abyfe
Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| G mwÜi cieZx© mydj jÿ¨ Ki‡jB Gi mv_©KZv ¯úóiƒ‡c dz‡U D‡V|
GKwU kZ© cÖZ¨vnvi t Avey ewki bv‡g GKRb gymwjg cvwj‡q gw`bvq wM‡qwQj| ivmyjyjøvn (mv.) Zv‡KI †diZ
w`‡q †`b, wKš‘ †m c‡i Qz‡U wM‡q wmwiqvi c‡_ Cm cvnv‡o AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i| Avey ewk‡ii Lei ï‡b g°vi
wbh©vwZZ A‡bK gymwjg Zvi mv‡_ †hvM`vb K‡ib| Zviv wmwiqvMvgx g°vevmx‡ì Ici AvµgY PvjvZ| Gfv‡e
Zv‡ì f‡q †kl ch©šÍ gymwjg‡ì †diZ †`hvi kZ©wU KzivBkiv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq|
cyiæl‡ì †diZ `vb t mwÜi k‡Z© g°v †_‡K AvMZ gymwjg‡ì gw`bvq emev‡mi AbygwZ wQj bv, wKš‘ kZ©wU ïay
cyiæl‡ì †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj, bvix‡ì †ejvq bq| AZGe g°v †_‡K †Kv‡bv bvix gw`bvq †M‡j cixÿv K‡i Zv‡K
emevm Ki‡Z †`qv n‡Zv| gymwjg bvix‡ì Avkªq †`qv ïiæ n‡j †h mgm¨vi m„wó nq Zvi Rb¨ KzivBkiv cyiæl‡ì
weiæ‡× Av‡ivwcZ kZ©wUI Zz‡j †bq|
hvZvqvZ I eëmvq evwY‡Rï cÖmvi t û`vqweqvi mwÜi d‡j g°v I gw`bvi g‡a¨ hvZvqvZ wbivc` nq Ges
eëmvq-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U|
gw`bv iv‡óªi AMÖMwZ t ‡nv`vqweqvi mwÜi c‡i gw`bvi bMi ivóª Avi‡ei GKwU wekvj iv‡óª iƒc wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i
Ges gw`bv miKvi GKwU †K›`ªxq miKv‡i cwiYZ nIqvi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq|
wbivcËv jvf t û`vqweqvi mwÜi d‡j gw`bv miKvi mvgwqKfv‡e GKwU wbivc` mgq cvq Ges G mgqUvq
AvšÍR©vwZK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡e‡ki my‡hvM N‡U|
AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b Bmjvg t G mgqB †ivg mgªvU, cvim¨ mgªvU, wgmi I Avwewmwbqvi kvmbKZ©v, wewfbœ AÂ‡ji
¯^vaxb I Ki` ivRv‡ì wbKU cÎ †hvMv‡hvM ïiæ nq| d‡j Bmjvg AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| G¸‡jv
meB û`vqweqvi mwÜi c‡ivÿ dj|
gymwjg‡ì gh©v`v e„w× t HwZnvwmK wc.†K wnwÆ e‡jb, ÒG mwÜi d‡j gymwjg‡ì ivóªxq I ag©xq gh©v`v e„w× cvq
Ges cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv KzivBkiv Zv‡ì GKwU ¯’vqx ivR‰bwZK kw³iæ‡c wjwLZfv‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq|Ó
KzivBk‡ì ÿgZv n«vm t û`vqweqvi mwÜi d‡j KzivBk‡ì kw³ w`b w`b n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| G mwÜ m¤ú‡K©
HwZnvwmK hynix e‡jb, æThere was no man of sense and judegment amongst the idolators who not led
thereby go to join Islam.”
ivR‰bwZK weRq t HwZnvwmK BgvgywÏb e‡jb, Òû`vqweqvi mwÜ gymwjg‡ì GKwU ¯’vqx ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v cÖ`vb
K‡i Ges KzivBkiv gymwjg‡ì GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ag©xq ivR‰bwZK kw³iƒ‡c ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq|Ó
gw`bv iv‡óªi msnwZ t wnRi‡Zi ci ciB gw`bv mb` cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g ivm~j (mv.) gw`bv iv‡óªi †MvovcËb
K‡ib| û`vqweqvi mwÜ Pzw³i d‡j GKw`‡K G ivóª kw³kvjx cÖwZcÿ Kvwdi‡ì ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i, Aciw`‡K Gi
kw³ mymsnZ nq|
K~U‰bwZK weRq t G mwÜi Ab¨Zg kZ© Ôg°vi †jvK gw`bvq †M‡j Zv‡K †diZ w`‡Z n‡eÕ- cieZ©xKv‡j
g°vevmxi ÿwZi KviY n‡q †`Lv †`q| d‡j G kZ©wU evwZ‡ji Rb¨ ZvivB Av‡e`b Rvbvq| Gfv‡e gymwjgMY
K~U‰bwZK weRq jvf K‡ib|
gnvbex (mv.) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ t Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m û`vqweqvi mwÜi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G mwÜ‡Z KzivBkMY
gymwjg‡ì GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóªkw³ e‡j wjwLZfv‡e †g‡b †bq Ges me©cÖ_g gw`bv cÖRvZš¿‡K GKwU mve©‡fŠg ivóª
Ges gynv¤§` (mv.) †K Gi †bZv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z eva¨ nq|
Bmjv‡gi QvqvZ‡j RbZv t HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, ÒG mwÜi gvSLv‡b c~Y© GK eQi †h‡ZB `k nvhvi
gyRvwn`mn gnvbex (mv.) g°v weR‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv K‡ib Ges gymwjgMY Zv‡ì Mov Bmjvgx cÖRvZ‡š¿i ¯^xK…wZ
†c‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e emevm Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|Ó
my`~icÖmvix dj t GZw`b ch©šÍ gymwjg Ges Kvwdi‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †gjv‡gkv wQj bv| mwÜ n‡q hvIqvq
Zv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM Avi¤¢ nq| eskMZ Ges evwYwR¨K m¤ú‡K©i ìæY Kvwdiiv gw`bvq G‡m gv‡mi ci gvm Ae¯’vb
Ki‡Z _v‡K| gymwjg‡ì mv‡_ IVvemvi K_vevZ©vq Bmjv‡gi Av‡jvPbv cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| gymwjg gvÎB wQ‡jb
AvšÍwiK, m`vPvi, mØënvi I m”PwiÎZvi cÖZxK| gymwjg‡ì ga¨ †_‡K huviv g°vq †h‡Zb Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
Dchy³ ¸Yvewj cÖKvk †cZ|
g°v weRq t KzivBkivB me©cÖ_g û`vqweqvi mwÜPzw³ D‡cÿv K‡iwQj| Zvi dj¯îƒc nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) g°v
weR‡qi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib Ges Aóg wnRix †gvZv‡eK 630 wLª÷v‡ãi Rvbyqvwi gv‡m GK iKg webv hy‡× g°v Rq
K‡ib|
dvZûg gyexb (my¯úó weRq)t û`vqweqvi mwÜ‡K Avjøvn Zvqvjv cweÎ KziAv‡b ÔdvZ&ûg& gywebÕ ev my¯úó weRq
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| cweÎ KziAv‡bi m~iv dvZ‡ni cÖ_g Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q- ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒﹺﻴ‬‫ﺎ ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ ﻓﹶﺘ‬‫ﺎ ﻟﹶﻚ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺎ ﻓﹶﺘ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ ﺍ‬A_©vr, wbðq
Avwg Avcbv‡K my¯úó weRq `vb K‡iwQ| mwZ¨B GUv dvZûg gyexb wQj| gynv¤§` (mv.) †K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivi ga¨
w`‡q Aj‡ÿ¨ Zviv GB cÖ_g Zuv‡K GK Acviv‡Rq kw³iƒ‡c †g‡b †bq| û`vqweqvi mwÜ‡Z ¯^vÿi cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Zv‡ì AvZ¥mgc©‡bi ¯^vÿi| KzivBk‡ì GUvB wbwðZ civR‡qi c~e©vfvm|
wkÿv_©xi KvR û`vBweqvi mwÜi cwiPq wjwce× Kiæb|

û`vBweqvi wK‡mi bvg? wnRix KZ mv‡j G G mwÜ‡Z ¯^vÿiKvix `yc‡ÿ û`vBweqvi mwÜi K_v †Kvb
mwÜ nq? e¨vw³Ø‡qi bvg Kx? m~ivq ejv n‡q‡Q ?
mvims‡ÿc :
û`vBweqvi bvgK K~‡ci wbKUeZx© ¯’v‡b g°vi KzivBk Kvwdi I gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ †h mwÜ ¯^v ÿwiZ nq, ZvB
û`vBweqvi mwÜ| Kvwdi‡ì nZ¨v I loh‡š¿i iUbvi weiæ‡× gymwjgiv gnvbex (mv.) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡bi
Rb¨ `„p cÖwZÁ n‡j KzivBkiv fq †c‡q hvq| Zviv m¤¢ve¨ Avµg‡Yi f‡q gymwjg‡ì mv‡_ Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqvi
AvKv•Lv e¨³ Ki‡j gnvbex (mv.) Zv ‡g‡b †bb| Dgiv Ki‡Z bv cviv, KzivBk Kvwdi‡ì evovevwo I cÖZviYv m‡Z¡I
gnvbex (mv.) D³ Pyw³‡Z ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z ivRx nb| Avjøvn Zvqvjv gymwjg‡ì kc_MÖn‡Y GZB Lywk nb †h, wZwb
KziAvbyj Kvix‡g G Pzw³‡K ÔdvZ&ûg& gywebÕ ev Ô¯úó weRqÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
1. û`vqweqvi mwÜ Pzw³ KZ mv‡j ¯^vÿwiZ nq?
(K) 624 (L) 625 (M) 627 (N) 628
2. gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) weag©x KzivBk‡ì gb Rq K‡ib-
i. D`viZv w`‡q; ii. gnvbyfeZv w`‡q; iii. ÿgv my›ì `„wófw½ w`‡q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) i, ii I iii
3. û`vqweqvi mwÜi gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq-
i. gw`bv iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ; ii. `xN©‡gqvw` hy‡×i Aemvb; iii. †kªô †mbvcwZ‡ì Bmjvg MÖnY|
(K) i I iii (L) ii I iii (M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
bvbvwea Kvi‡Y msL¨vjNy `‡ji †bZv AvRgZDjøvn wbR †`k †Q‡o ¯^xq Abymvix‡ì wb‡q Ab¨ †`‡k Avkªq †bb|
cieZx©‡Z wbR †`‡k wd‡i Avm‡j DMÖcš’x‡ì Øviv evavcÖvß nb| d‡Vj wZwb DMÖcš’x‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv I
mg‡SvZv mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z D³ mwÜ msL¨vjNy‡ì cÖwZKy‡j g‡b n‡jI
cieZx©‡Z Zv AbyKzj e‡j cÖwZdwjZ nq|
(K) û`vBweqvi mwÜi Kvh©vejx‡K m¤úv`b K‡ib? 1
(L) evqZzi weìIqvb Kx? 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki mwÜi m‡½ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb mwÜi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K D³ mwÜi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
cvV-4.7 g°v weRq (630 mvj)

D‡Ïk¨
 Avcwb g°v weR‡qi NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g°v weR‡qi KviY I Gi my`~i cÖmvix djvdj RvbZ cvi‡eb I
 g°v weR‡qi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã g°v weRq, ebx eKi †MvÎ, ebx Lyhvqv †MvÎ I i³cY
g°v weR‡qi cUf~wg

û`vqweqvi mwÜi kZ© wQj Avi‡ei Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡ì B”Qvg‡Zv gymwjg A_ev KzivBk †h
†Kv‡bv c‡ÿi mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| û`vqweqvi mwÜi ci `yÕeQi †K‡U Aóg wnRixi ighvb Avmj|
mwÜ †gvZv‡eK Avie †MvÎmg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K ebx Lyhvqv †MvÎ ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi mv‡_ Ges Zv‡ì kÎæcÿ ebx
eKi KzivBk‡ì mv‡_ ˆgÎx eÜ‡b Ave× nq| G `yÕ‡Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ eûw`b hver hyy×weMÖn P‡j AvmwQj| Bmjvg
weKv‡ki d‡j Avieiv gymwjg‡ì w`‡KB `„wó wbe× iv‡L| Kv‡RB G mgq Zv‡ì cvi¯úwiK jovB-msNvZ eÜ
_v‡K| û`vqweqvi mwÜi ci Zviv ¯^w¯Íi wbk¦vm †d‡j| ebx eKi †MvÎ ZLb g‡b Kij, GLb cÖwZ‡kva †bqvi mgq
G‡m‡Q| Zviv AvK¯§vr ebx Lyhvqvi Ici AvµgY K‡i e‡m| G‡Z KzivBk †bZ…e„›` hy×m¤¢vi w`‡q Zv‡ì mvnvh¨
K‡i| BKivgv Be‡b Avey Rvnj, mvdIqvb web DgvBqv, †mvnvqj Be‡b Avgi cÖgyL ivwÎi AÜKv‡i gy‡Lvk c‡i
ebx eK‡ii mv‡_ †hvM`vb K‡iwQj| ebx Lyhvqv Ab‡b¨vcvq n‡q nvivg kix‡d Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| nvivg kix‡di
gh©v`v iÿv Riæwi g‡b K‡i ebx eKi weiZ nq, wKš‘ bI‡dj ejj, ÒGiƒc myeY© my‡hvM Avi wgj‡e bv|Ó †kl
ch©šÍ nviv‡gi Af¨šÍ‡iB ebx Lyhvqvi †jvK‡ì nZ¨v Kiv nq| ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) G NUbv Rvb‡Z †c‡i AZ¨šÍ gg©nZ
nb| wZwb KzivBk‡ì `~Z gvidZ Rvwb‡q w`‡jb, wbgœwjwLZ wZbwU k‡Z©i †KvbwU †Zvgiv †g‡b †b‡e Rvb‡Z PvB?
kZ© wZbwU n‡jv-
1. hy‡× wbnZ‡ì i³cY (w`qvZ) †`qv †nvK|
2. KzivBk ebx eKi‡K mvnvh¨`vb †_‡K weiZ †nvK|
3. A_ev û`vqweqvi mwÜ evwZj †NvlYv Kiv †nvK|
ZLb KzivBk cÿ †_‡K KziZv web Dgi †NvlYv Kij, Avgiv Z…Zxq kZ© †g‡b wbjvg, wKš‘ `~Z P‡j hvIqvi ci
KzivBk‡ì †ev‡av`q nq| Zviv Avey mywdqvb‡K û`vqweqvi mwÜ Pzw³ bZzb K‡i ¯^vÿi Kivi Rb¨ `~Z wn‡m‡e
cvVvq| wKš‘ gymwjgMY Zv ‡g‡b †bqwb|
g°v Awfhv‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ
ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) g°v Awfhv‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z _v‡Kb| Aóg wnRix m‡bi 18 ighvb ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) cÖvq `k nvRvi
Abyi³ f³ mv‡_ wb‡q g°v Awfgy‡L hvÎv K‡ib| gymwjg evwnbx h_vmg‡q g°vi wbKUeZ©x gviiæh hvnivb
DcZ¨Kvq Dcw¯’Z n‡q wkwei ¯’vcb K‡i| Avie‡ì cÖPwjZ cÖ_v Abyhvqx ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) †mbvevwnbx‡K wfbœ wfbœ
¯’v‡b Av¸b R¡vjvevi wb‡`©k †`b, Zv‡Z mgMÖ giæf~wg Sjgj K‡i I‡V| KzivBk cÖavbMY G `„k¨ †`‡L cÖK…Z Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ nvwKg web wnhvg, Avey mywdqvb I ey`vqj‡K cvVvq| Zuvey cÖniviZ gymwjg ˆmbïv Avey mywdqvb‡K
a‡i †dj‡jb| Zv‡K ew›` Kiv nq| c‡i Avey mywdqvb Bmjvg MÖnY K‡ib| Zvici gnvbex (mv.) Avey mywdqvb‡K
ej‡jb- Avey mywdqvb, Zzwg wM‡q g°vevmx‡ì Afq `vI- AvR Zv‡ì cÖwZ †Kv‡bvB K‡VviZv Kiv n‡e bv| Zzwg
Avgvi c‡ÿ bMigq †NvlYv K‡i `vI-
1. hviv AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡e,
2. hviv Kvevq cÖ‡ek Ki‡e,
3. hviv wb‡R‡ì M„nØvi eÜ K‡i ivL‡e, A_ev
4. hviv Avey mywdqv‡bi M„‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, Zv‡ì Afq †`qv n‡jv|
g°vq †cuŠ‡Q ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) nbyR bvgK ¯’v‡b SvÐv DÇxb Ki‡Z Ges ˆmb¨‡ì wb‡q nhiZ Lvwj` (iv)-†K
D”Pf~wgi w`‡K AMÖmi nIqvi Av‡`k K‡ib| gnvbex (mv.) gymwjg evwnbxi D‡Ï‡k¨ e‡jb, hZÿY †KD †Zvgv‡ì
mv‡_ jovB bv Ki‡e, †ZvgivI jovB Ki‡e bv| KzivBk‡ì †_‡K BKivgv I mvdIqvb Zxi wb‡ÿc Avi¤¢ K‡i|
G‡Z Kzih Be‡b Rvwei wdnix I Kzbvqm Be‡j Lvwj` Be‡b iweqv knx` nb| nhiZ Lvwj` cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY Avi¤¢
Ki‡j hy× †eu‡a hvq| G‡Z 70 Rb Kvwdi‡K nZ¨v K‡i †d‡jb|
evqZzjøvq cÖ‡ek I mvjvZ Av`vq t ivmyjyjøvn (mv.) Avbmvi I gynvwRi‡ì wb‡q gmwR‡` nvivg evqZzjøvq cÖ‡ek
Ki‡jb| fw³f‡i Zvi Pvicv‡k©¦ ZvIqvd Ki‡jb I nvR‡i AvmIqv` Pz¤^b Ki‡jb| nhiZ Dgi I Avjx (iv:) †K
evqZzjøvn n‡Z 360 wU g~wZ© AcmviY K‡i KvevNi cweÎ Ki‡Z Av‡`k w`‡jb| ivmyjyjøvn (mv.) KvevN‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i `yÕivKvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡jb I ZvKwe‡ii awb‡Z evqZzjøvn gyLwiZ nj| AZtci wZwb KvevN‡ii ìRv
Lyj‡jb|
g°v weR‡qi ¸iæZ¡
Bmjv‡gi weRq t my`xN© GKzk eQi a‡i gymwjgiv KzivBk‡ì †h AZ¨vPvi, AwePvi, Drcxob I jvÃbv-MÄbv †fvM
K‡i AvmwQ‡jb, Gw`b Zvi cwimgvwß N‡U| i³ Øviv bq, gnvbex (mv.) †cÖg Øviv g°v weRq m¤úbœ K‡ib| Giƒc
i³cvZnxb weRq `ywbqvi BwZn‡m bwRiwenxb| g°v weR‡qi A_©B n‡”Q †cŠËwjKZvi weiæ‡× Bmjv‡gi Rq|
†Kbbv g°vB ZLb wQj †cŠËwjKZvi †K›`ª¯’j| Ab¨w`‡K G weRq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-†K Ggb GK D”Pvmb
cÖ`vb K‡i, hvi ¯^vfvweK cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e wZwb Avie DcØx‡ci GK”QÎ AwacwZ n‡jb| g°v weR‡qi ¯^vfvweK
cwiYwZB n‡jv mgMÖ Avi‡e Bmjv‡gi cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv| g°v weR‡qi Ab¨vb¨ mydj wbgœiƒc-
1. Avie DcØx‡c wgjøv‡Z Beivnxg cÖwZôv nq|
2. †MvUv Avie †`k gw`bvi Bmjvgx miKv‡ii Aax‡b Av‡m|
3. Avi‡ei †h mKj †MvÎ GZ w`b ch©šÍ Bmjvg †ev‡Swb ZvivI Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| d‡j †cŠËwjKZvi c‡ÿ K_v
ejvi †KD _vKj bv|
4. Avie DcØx‡c Bmjvg Qvov Aci †Kv‡bv a‡g©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡Kwb| Aek¨ G Ae¯’v nhiZ Dgi (iv)-Gi
wLjvdZKv‡j Av‡iv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖmvwiZ nq|
5. Kvev kixd Z_v gmwR`yj nvivg GjvKv wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ Agymwjg‡ì AvIZvi evB‡i P‡j hvq|
6. g°v weR‡qi d‡j gymwjg‡ì wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ n¾, Dgiv I ZvIqv‡di my‡hvM m„wó nq| g°v weR‡qi ci AvR
ch©šÍ G wZbwU KvR †Kv‡bv mg‡qB e¨vnZ nqwb|
HwZnvwmK wnwÆ e‡jb, ÒG weR‡qi d‡j gymwjg ü`q wek¦ R‡qi aviYv I kw³ mÂq K‡i Ges gnvbex (mv.)
cieZ©x‡Z we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Bmjv‡gi `vIqvZ wb‡q `~Z †cÖiY Ki‡Z mÿg nb|Ó
g°v weRq Kx AvµgYvZ¥K?
K. mwÜg~jK weRq t HwZnvwmK I Bmjvgx wPšÍvwe`‡ì GKvsk g‡b Ki‡b, g°v weRq mwÜi gva¨‡g n‡qwQj;
hy‡×i gva¨‡g bq| Zuviv hyw³ †`wL‡q‡Qb-
1. g°v weR‡q w`b gnvbex (mv.) g°vi †jvK‡ì wewfbœfv‡e wbivcËv `vb K‡ib| Avey mywdqv‡bi mv‡_ c~‡e©B
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g gnvbex (mv.) †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb-
2. Z`ycwi †Kv‡bv GjvKv hy‡×i gva¨‡g wewRZ n‡j †m GjvKvi f~wg gymwjg gyRvwn‡ì gv‡S eÈb †`qv nq| A_P
g°v weR‡qi ci Zv Kiv nqwb| G‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq, hy× bq; eis mwÜi gva¨‡gB g°v wewRZ n‡qwQj|
L. AvµgYvZ¥K weRq t HwZnvwmK Ges Bmjvgx cwÐZ‡ì AwaK msL¨K g‡b K‡ib, g°v AvµgYvZ¥K hy‡×i
gva¨‡g wewRZ n‡qwQj| Zviv hyw³ †`wL‡q e‡j‡Qb, G weRq AR©b Ki‡Z Lvwj` Be‡b Iqvwj` (iv)-Gi †bZ…Z¡vaxb
evwnbx hy× K‡i cÖvq 70 Rb Kvwdi‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb| hy× bv n‡j GgbUv n‡Zv bv| Z‡e G AwfgZ `ye©j; eis
c~‡e©v³ gZB AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, g°v weRq ïay Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~PbvB K‡iwb; eis G weRq GKwU mywekvj
Bmjvgx ivóª cÖwZôvi c‡_ AMÖhvÎv| G weR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q g°v ZvInx‡ì Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ n‡q I‡V| ZvB

HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb- That through all the annals of conquest there has been no triumphant entry
like unto this one.
wkÿv_©xi KvR g°v weRq m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|
wnRixi KZ mv‡j g°v ‡Kvb NUbv g°v KzivBkiv KvevN‡i KZwU g°v weR‡qi c~‡e© †Kvb †NviZi
weRq msNwVZ nq? weR‡qi cÖZ¨ÿ KviY? g~wZ© ¯’vcb K‡iwQj? kÎæ Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i?
mvims‡ÿc :
G †m gnvb weRq †h weR‡qi gva¨‡g Avjøvn Zvqvjv Zuvi Øxb, ivmyjyjøvn, gyRvwn` evwnbx I Øx‡bi Avgxb‡ì
gh©v`v e„w× K‡iwQ‡jb| Bnv Qvov g°v kni I Kvev Ni‡K `ywbqvi gvby‡li Rb¨ wn`vqv‡Zi e¯‘‡Z cwiYZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvwdi I gykwiK‡ì nvZ n‡Z G Ni‡K gy³ K‡iwQ‡jb| G gnvb weR‡qi d‡j Avmgv‡bi
evwm›`v‡ì g‡a¨ mymsev` I Avb‡›ì eb¨v e‡q hvq| G weR‡q Avjøvni g‡bvbxZ Øx‡b Bmjv‡g †jv‡Kiv `‡j
`‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z jvMj| gnvbex (mv.) †KvbiKg cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡bi B”Qvi cwie‡Z© g°vi kÎæ‡ì mvaviY ÿgv
†NvlYv K‡ib| ZvB g°v weRq GKwU i³cvZnxb weRq|
1. gnvbex (mv.) †Kvb weR‡qi ci mKj‡K mvaviY ÿgv †Nvlbv K‡ib?
(K) eì hy‡×i (L) L›`K hy‡×i
(M) û`vqvweqvi mwÜi (N) g°v weR‡qi
2. †Kvb NUbvi ci Kvev Ni †_‡K 360 wU g~wZ© AcmviY Kiv nq
(K) wnRi‡Zi ci (L) g°v weR‡qi ci
(M) eì hy‡×i ci (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
3. wek¦ BwZnv‡m i³cvZnxb weRq †KvbwU
(K) wnRiZ (L) g°v weRq
(M) eì hy× (N) ‡KvbwUB bq
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
cÖvPxb Kv‡j ÔKÕ iv‡R¨ GKRb mZëv`x I Rb bw›`Z †bZvi Avwef©ve n‡qwQj| wZwb gvbyl‡K mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi c‡_
Avnevb Rvbvb| G‡Z ÿgZvmxb †Mvwô Zv‡K I Zvi Abymvix‡ì †m ivR¨ †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i| Zv‡ì A‡bK‡K
nZ¨v K‡i| d‡j Zviv †`k Z¨v‡M eva¨ nq| A‡bK eQi ci AvwkÖZ iv‡Rï Av‡iv A‡bK †jvKmn Zviv ¯^‡`‡k
wd‡i Av‡m| ÔKÕ iv‡Rï RbMY G‡Z LyeB AvZswKZ nq| wKš‘ †m gnvb †bZv mKj‡K mvaviY ÿgv †NvlYv K‡i
fv‡jvevmvq ey‡K Rwo‡q †bb|
(K) KZ mv‡j g°v weRq nq? 1
(L) nvR‡i AvmIqv` Kx? 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU nhiZ †gvnv¤§` (m:) Gi †Kvb NUbvwU‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
(N) Ôg°v weRq wQj c„w_exi BwZnv‡m GKgvÎ i³cvZnxb weRqÕ- Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| 4

cvV-4.8 ûbvqy‡bi hy× (630 wLª. 8g wnRix)

D‡Ïk¨
 ûbvqy‡bi hy‡×i KviY I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ûbvBb, eby mvwKd, eby nvIqv‡hb, gv‡jK Be‡b AvId, bvRiv‡bi Lªx÷vb,
mvbvZzj Ad~`, †hgvg Be‡b mvjvev I Zv‡qd `~M©
ûbvB‡bi hy×
g°v weR‡qi ci Aewkó mgMÖ Kzdwi kw³ Av‡iv GKevi HKë× n‡q gymwjg‡ì cZ‡bi cÖ‡Póv
Pvjvq| Zv‡q‡di nvIqv‡hb I mvwKd †MvÎ G‡Z †bZ…Z¡ †`q| Zv‡ì msMwVZ wek nvRvi ˆmb¨
gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× iYcÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i| Aóg wnRixi †klfv‡M ûvbvBb cÖvšÍ‡i Zv‡ì mv‡_ gymwjg‡ì hy× nq|
BwZnv‡m GUvB ûvbvB‡bi hy× bv‡g L¨vZ|
ûbvBb hy‡×i KviY
HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, Òg°v weR‡qi ci Kvev M„n gymwjg‡ì nv‡Z P‡j hvq| d‡j Kvev M„‡n msiwÿZ
cÖwZgv¸‡jv P~Y©weP~Y© n‡q DrLvZ nq| G NUbv Kvwdi‡ì Kv‡Q Amn¨ wQj| ZvB Zviv †Mvc‡b †Mvc‡b Kvev Ni
cyb: `L‡ji †Póv KiwQj|Ó eby mvwKd, eby nvIqv‡hb, eby Ryhvg, eby bvmi I eby mv` †MvÎmn †ek wKQz †MvÎ gb
†_‡K cÖwZgv c~Rvi gvqv Z¨vM Ki‡Z cviwQj bv| we‡kl K‡i eby mvwKd I eby nvIqv‡hb †MvÎØq Zv‡ì
†cŠËwjKZv I wb‡R‡ì m¤§vb iÿvi Rb¨ gv‡jK Be‡b AvI‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o|
g°vi `wÿY-c~e© w`‡K Aew¯’Z Zv‡q‡di wbKUeZ©x cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j Zv‡ì emwZ wQj| Zviv bvbv kvLv cÖkvLvq
cjøweZ n‡qwQj| KzivBk‡ì b¨vq ZvivI wQj †cŠËwjK| g°v weR‡qi c~e© ch©šÍ bvbvfv‡e Zviv Avi‡ei wewfbœ
†Mvôx‡K ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-Gi weiæ‡× mvnvh¨ K‡i AvmwQj| GZw`b g°v wQj KzivBk‡ì nv‡Z| ZvB Zviv wb‡R‡ì
wbivc` g‡b Ki‡Zv, wKš‘ hLb †`Lj gynv¤§` (mv.) g°v Rq K‡i wb‡q‡Qb Ges KzivBk I Ab¨vb¨ cvk©¦eZx †MvÎI
Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i‡Q, ZLb Zviv wb‡R‡ì fwel¨r wec`vcbœ †`L‡Z cvq| gymwjg evwnbx Zv‡ìI AvµgY Ki‡Z
cv‡i- G Avk¼vq Zviv Kvjwej¤^ bv K‡i gnvbex (mv.)-Gi weiæ‡× hy×vwfhv‡bi Av‡qvRb ïiæ K‡i| Zv‡q‡di eby
mvwKd †MvÎI nvIqvwhb‡ì mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q Kvjwej¤^ bv K‡i Zv gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× AMÖmi nq| HwZnvwmK wnwÆ
e‡jb, Ò†e`yBb †cŠËwjK †MvÎ¸‡jv gymwjg‡ì webvk mva‡bi gva¨‡g evwYR¨ myweavmn hveZxq A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
GK‡PwUqv cÖvavb¨ eRvq ivLvi AccÖqvm Pvwj‡qwQj|Ó m‡e©vcwi, gymwjg‡ì mvwe©K DbœwZ †`‡L †e`yBb †MvÎ¸‡jv
eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj, Zv‡ì gymwjg‡ì Kv‡Q nqZev AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z n‡e| Giƒc Avk¼v †eva K‡i Zviv gymwjg‡ì
ÿwZMÖ¯Í Kivi Rb¨ hy× cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i|
ûbvBb hy‡×i NUbv
G msev` gnvbex (mv.)-Gi wbKU Avm‡j wZwb eby mvwKd I nvIqvwh‡bi AvµgY cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í ûvbvBb DcZ¨Kvq
ev‡iv nvRvi ˆmb¨ mgv‡ek K‡ib| kÎæ ˆmbïv ûvbvBb DcZ¨Kvq mg‡eZ n‡qwQj| Gevi gymjgbv‡ì msL¨v kÎæ
msL¨v †_‡K AwaK| Zviv me©‡gvU wQj ev‡iv nvRvi, Zb¥‡a¨ `k nvRvi gynvwRi| hy‡×i cÖ_gw`‡K cvnv‡oi
DcZ¨vKv I P~ov †_‡K AZwK©Z AvµgY K‡i gymwjg‡ì bv‡Rnvj K‡i| hw` bv Avjøvni mvnvh¨ Avm‡Zv, Z‡e G
hy‡× gymwjgiv civR‡qi Møvwb eiY K‡i wb‡Z eva¨ nZ| Ae‡k‡l gymwjg †mbvcwZ Lvwj` web Iqvwj‡ì exi‡Z¡
gymwjgiv Rqjvf K‡i|

ûbvBb hy‡×i djvdj

HwZnvwmK wnwÆ e‡jb, ÒG hy‡× Kvwdi‡ì †kvPbxq civRq N‡U| 70 Rb Kvwdi wbnZ Avi 6,000 Rb e›`x
nq| G hy‡× civRq ei‡Yi ci Kvwdiiv n‡Zv`¨g n‡q c‡o|Ó G hy‡× Kvwdi‡ì ARmª A¯¿k¯¿mn 24,000 DU
Ges 41,000 †Zvjv ¯^Y©-†iŠc¨ gymwjg‡ì nv‡Z P‡j hvq| Aci c‡ÿ 4 Rb A_ev 5 Rb gymwjg gyRvwn`
kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib|Ó Kvwdi‡ì †kl AnsKviUzKzI G hy‡× wejxb nq| KviY 20 nvRvi Kvwdi Zv‡ì
ˆmb¨msL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K gymjgv‡bi Kv‡Q GeviI civwRZ nq| G hy‡× gymwjg‡ì Rqjvf Kivi ci civwRZ
kÎæi A‡b‡KB Zv‡qd `~‡M© Avkªq MÖnY K‡i cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY Kivi cwiKíbv K‡i| gnvbex (mv.) Avey gymvi †bZ…‡Z¡
GKwU evwnbx †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv‡qdevmx AvZœmgc©b K‡i|
Avie †MvÎmg~‡ni ivm~‡ji ìev‡i AvMgb
g°v weRq cieZx© ûbvB‡bi weR‡qi ci wewfbœ †MvÎ †_‡K `~Z `j G‡m gw`bvq Bmjvg Keyj K‡i A_ev wb‡R‡ì
†jvKvj‡q gymwjg n‡q gw`bvq G‡m Zuvi Aby‡gv`b †bq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv `~Z `j ivR‰bwZK Pzw³i Rb¨ Av‡m, wKš‘
gnvbex (mv.)-Gi Kv‡Q G‡m Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| †KD †KD gymwjg bv n‡qB wd‡i hvq; c‡i Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i|
mvbvZzj Ad~` t beg wnRix‡Z `~Z `j AvMgb ïiæ nq| GRb¨ G eQi BwZnv‡m ÔmvbvZzj Ad~`Õ ev Ô`~Z `j
AvMg‡bi eQiÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| G `~Z `‡ji msL¨v GKki Ici wQj| `yÕPviwU Qvov AwaKvsk `jB g°v weR‡qi ci
beg wnRix‡Z G‡mwQj| G‡ì g‡a¨ `yÕGKRb ev‡` mevB Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU weL¨vZ `~Z `j
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
mvwKd †Mv‡Îi `~Z `j t ZveyK Awfhv‡bi c‡i mvwKd †Mv‡Îi `~Z `j gnvbex (mv.)-Gi ìev‡i AvMgb K‡i|
wZwb gmwR‡` beexi wbKU Zv‡ì Zuvey LvUv‡bvi eë¯’v K‡i †`b, hv‡Z Zviv Kv‡Q †_‡K gymwjg‡ì †`L‡Z Ges
KziAvb wZjvIqvZ ïb‡Z cvq| K‡qKw`b gw`bvq _vKvi ci G `~Z `j Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i| gnvbex (mv.) Dmgvb
Be‡b Aveyj Avm‡K Zv‡ì Bgvg wbhy³ K‡ib|
wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi `~Z `‡ji AvMgb t ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) GKw`b gmwR‡` beex‡Z e‡m wQ‡jb, G mgq ebx mv` †Mv‡Îi
†bZv whgvg Be‡b mvjvev D‡óª Av‡ivnY K‡i gmwR‡ì G‡Kev‡i ìRvq G‡m evnb †_‡K †b‡g mivmwi gRwj‡m
Av‡m Ges wR‡Ám K‡i, Ave`yj gyËvwj‡ei cyÎ †K? mvnveMY gnvbex (mv.)-Gi w`‡K Bw½Z K‡ib| ZLb †m
gnvbex (mv.)-†K ejj, ÒAvcbvi wbKU Avgvi K‡qKwU cÖkœ i‡q‡Q|Ó gnvbex (mv.) ej‡jb, †h ai‡Yi cÖkœB †nvK
wR‡Ám Kiæb| AZtci Zuv‡K Bmjv‡gi wkÿv m¤ú‡K© K‡qKwU cÖkœ Kiv n‡j wZwb Zvi m‡šÍvlRbK DËi cÖ`vb
K‡ib| G‡Z †m ZLbB Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i †Mv‡Î wd‡i wM‡q mgMÖ †MvÎ‡K Bmjv‡g `xwÿZ K‡i †bq| Gfv‡e
Bmjv‡gi cÖmvi n‡Z _v‡K| Gici µgvš^‡q eby dvhviv, eby Zvwgg, eby Ave`yj Kvqm, eby nvwbdv, eby KvnZvb
Ges eby nvwim cÖg~L †MvÎmg~n Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ûbvBb hy‡×i NUbvejx wee„Z Kiæb|
KZ mv‡j ûbvB‡bi hy× nvIqvwhb †Mv‡Îi †bZvi ÔmvbvZzj-Adz`Õ A_© ûbvB‡bi hy‡× cÖvß
msNwVZ nq? bvg Kx? Kx? Mbxgv‡Zi ZvwjKv wjL?
mvims‡ÿc :
gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi Rxeb wQj weagx© Kvwdi‡ì bvbv lohš¿ I AZ¨vPv‡i AvKxY©| gnvb Avjøvni
Zvqvjvi g‡bvbxZ Øxb Bmjvg‡K cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q kÎæi e¨cK evavi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avjøvni mvnvh¨
wQj A‡bK| gymwjg‡ì †Rnv‡ì gq`v‡b AwePj _vKvi d‡j mivmwi Avjøvni †h mKj mvnvh¨ G‡mwQj,
ûbvB‡bi hy× Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| g°vi wbKUeZx© †MvÎmg~n G hy‡×i Ae¨vnwZ c‡i Bmjv‡gi QvqvZ‡j
AvZœmgc©b K‡i|

1. †Kvb NUbvi ci ûbvB‡bi hy× msNwUZ nq?
(K) eì hy‡×i (L) L›`K hy‡×i
(M) û`vqvweqvi mwÜi (N) g°v weRq
2. †Kvb NUbvi ci Avie †MvÎmg~n `‡j `‡j Bmjv‡gi QvqvZ‡j Av‡m?
(K) Iû` hy‡×i (L) L›`K hy‡×i
(M) û`vqvweqvi mwÜi (N) ûvbvB‡bi hy×
3. ûbvB‡bi hy× KZ mv‡j msNwUZ nq?
(K) 630 (L) 629
(M) 628 (N) 622
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
Awfhvb I hy× g° weRq:630 mvj -------------------hy×: 630 mvj ZveyK Awfhvb: 630 mvj
cÖwZcÿ KzivBk nvIqvwRb I mvwKd †MvÎØq ‡ivgvb m¤ªvU wnivwK¬qvm
(K) ûbvqy‡bi hy‡× gymwjg evwnbxi †bZv †K wQ‡jb? 1

(L) mvbvZzj Adz` ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki QKwUi k~b¨¯’v‡b †Kvb hy‡×i BswMZ †`qv n‡q‡Q? hy‡×i KviY eY©bv Kiæb| 3
(N) Ô D³ hy‡×i c‡i Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi e„w× cvq Õ- Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.9 gyZvi hy× I Zvey‡Ki Awfhvb

D‡Ïk¨
 gyZvi hy‡×i KviY, NUbv I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ZveyK hy‡×i KviY, NUbv I djvdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã ZveyK, †ivg mvgªvR¨, †kvivnwej web Avg‡ii, wnivwK¬qvm, gmwR‡` †hivi, gyZvi hy×,
hv‡q` Be‡b nv‡imv, Rvdi Be‡b Avwe Zvwje I Ave`yjøvn Be‡b ivIqvnv
gyZvi hy×
gyZv kvg (wmwiqv)-Gi AšÍM©Z ÔevjKÕ iv‡R¨ mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| Aóg wnRix m‡bi Rgvw`Dj Djv gv‡m
gyZvi hy× msNwUZ nq| G ch©šÍ gymwjg‡ì mv‡_ Avie GjvKvi Bûw` I gykwiK‡ì †gvKv‡ejv n‡q
AvmwQj| GLb †ivgxq wLª÷vb ivRkw³ gymwjg I Bmjv‡gi we¯Ív‡i AšÍivq n‡q ùvovq|
hy‡×i KviY t hy‡×i KviY m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q, gnvbex (mv.) nv‡im Be‡b Dgvqi Avh`x‡K wPwV w`‡q kvg A_ev
emivq †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb| †ivgK‡ì Aaxb emivi Mfb©i †kvivnwej Be‡b Avgi Mvmmvbx (†h A‡bK Av‡M Avie
†_‡K wLª÷vb n‡q wM‡qwQj) me AvšÍR©vwZK wbqg j•Nb K‡i gymwjg `yZ‡K nZ¨v K‡i| †kvivnwe‡ji Ab¨vq
nZ¨vKv‡Ð gnvbex (mv.) AZ¨šÍ e¨w_Z nb| wZwb ZvrÿwYKfv‡e G nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY K‡ibwb| Bûw`‡ì
Ae¨vnZ we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì cÿ †_‡K wKQzUv wbwðZ nIqvi ci nhiZ gynv¤§v` (mv.) wZb nvRvi gymwjg
ˆmb¨ †mLv‡b †cÖiY K‡ib|
ivm~j (mv.)-Gi bwmnZ
gyZvi hy‡× nhiZ hv‡q` Be‡b nv‡imv, Rvdi Be‡b Avwe Zvwje Ges Ave`yjøvn Be‡b ivIqvnv‡K we‡klfv‡e †cÖiY
Kiv nq| †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ †`qv nq nhiZ nhiZ hv‡q` (iv)-†K| m‡½ m‡½ gnvbex (mv.) e‡jb, hvwq` knx`
n‡j Rvdi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡e, †m hw` knx` n‡j Rvdi Be‡b Avwe Zvwje, †mI hw` knx` nq Z‡e Ave`yjøvn Be‡b
ivIqvnv †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY Ki‡e| gymwjg evwnbx †cÖi‡Yi mgq ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) bmxnZ K‡ib:
1. †hme Avjøvni ev›`v wb‡R‡ì Bev`ZLvbvq Bev`‡Z iZ _vK‡e, Zv‡ì Ici nvgjv Ki‡e bv|
2. †Kv‡bv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki cÖwZ nvZ evov‡e bv|
3. †Kvb wkï‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e bv|
4. †Kv‡bv e„× †jvK‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e bv|
5. km¨‡ÿÎ I djevMvb asm Ki‡e bv|
NUbvejx t †kvivnwej gymwjg evwnbxi Awfhvb msev` †c‡q GK jÿ mymw¾Z ˆmb¨ wb‡q †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨
AMÖmi nq| ¯^qs †ivg mgªvU †nivwK¬qvm GK jÿ ˆmb¨ wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z wQj| gymwjgMY G msev` AeMZ n‡q LvwbKUv
BZ¯ÍZ ‡eva KiwQ‡jb Ges Kx Kiv hvq fve‡Z jvM‡jb| G Av‡jvPbvq wm×všÍ n‡jv, gnvbex (mv.)-†K cÎ
gvidZ Rvbv‡bv n‡e, nqZ wZwb mvnvh¨ †cÖiY Ki‡eb A_ev †h ûKzg Ki‡eb Zv cvjb Kiv n‡e| gymwjg evwnbxi
G iKg gvbwmK †`v`yj¨gvb Ae¯’vq Ave`yjøvn Be‡b ivIqvnv (iv) gymwjg ˆmb¨‡ì ej‡jb, ÔgyRvwn`MY! †Zvgiv
kvnv`v‡Zi mÜv‡b †ei n‡qQ| AvR G‡K Kxiƒc `„wó‡Z †`LQ? Avgiv kw³ I msL¨vi Ici wbf©i K‡i hy× Kwi bv,
Avjøvn cÖ`Ë kw³‡Z hy× Kwi| `ywU cy‡Yï g‡a¨ GKwU †Zv Aek¨B Avgiv jvf Kie; weRq A_ev kvnv`vZ| Zuvi G
e³…Zvq gymwjg evwnbx be‡cÖiYvq D¾xweZ n‡q I‡V| mK‡jB e‡j I‡Vb, Ave`yjøvn wVKB e‡j‡Q| d‡j
kvnv`v‡Zi AvKv•ÿvq D‡ØwjZ ÿz`ª wZb nvRvi ˆmb¨ GK jv‡LiI AwaK wLª÷vb †dŠ‡Ri Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o|
nhiZ hvwq` (iv) ek©vi AvNv‡Z knx` nb| nhiZ Rvdi (iv) Zuvi ¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| wZwbI exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ hy×
K‡ib| Zuvi GK nvZ †K‡U †M‡j Aci nv‡Z SvÐv aviY K‡ib| †mwU †K‡U †M‡j wZwb evû Øviv hy× SvÐv mgybœZ
iv‡Lb| me©‡kl wZwbI kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib| Zuvi ci Ave`yjøvn Be‡b ivIqvnv (iv) Bmjv‡gi SvÐv nv‡Z †bb|
wZwbI kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib| nhiZ Avey`jøvn web ivIqvnv (iv) knx` n‡j nhiZ Lvwj` web Iqvwj` (iv) SvÐv
nv‡Z †bb| wZwb Ggb exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ hy× K‡ib †h, †mw`b Zuvi nv‡Z bqwU Zievwi †fs‡M hvq| †mw`bB wZwb Zuvi
hy× AwfÁZvi c~Y© cwiPq †`b| P~ovšÍ exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ jovB Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avjøvni †g‡nievbx‡Z cy‡iv Bmjvgx
†dŠR‡K kÎæi Kej †_‡K gy³ K‡ib| cÖPÐ AvµgY Pvwj‡q †ò w`b ch©šÍ Zzgyj hy‡×i ci gymwjg ˆmbïv
wb‡R‡ì Zzjbvq Pwjøk¸Y AwaK kÎæ ˆmb¨‡K gq`vb Qvo‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| G hy‡× ïay ev‡iv Rb gymwjg knx` nb
Ges Kvwdi‡ì c‡ÿ nvhv‡iiI AwaK ˆmb¨ gviv hvq| G hy‡×i ciB nhiZ Lvwj` (iv) ÔmvBdzjøvnÕ (Avjøvni
Zievwi) †LZv‡e f~wlZ nb| gymwjg Mvwh‡ì †divi c~‡e©B Avjøvn Zvqvjv G msev` ivm~jyjøvn (mv.)-†K Rvwb‡q
w`‡qwQ‡jb| gnvbex (mv.) gyZvi hy×‡ÿ‡Î ci ci wZb Rb †mbvcwZi kvnv`v‡Zi Lei †kvbvw”Q‡jb Avi Zuvi Pÿz
†e‡q Uc Uc K‡i cvwb Mwo‡q cowQj| Ae‡k‡l wZwb ej‡jb, ÔmvBdzg wgb myq~wdjøvnÕ hy‡×i cZvKv enb K‡i‡Q,
Avjøvn gymwjg‡ì weRq `vb K‡i‡Qb|
ZveyK Awfhvb (630 wLª.)
mZ¨-wg_¨vi msNvZ c„w_exi BwZnv‡mi wPišÍb Awbevh© Aa¨vq| BwZnv‡mi G iƒp ev¯ÍeZvi d‡jB gnvbex (mv.)-Gi
Bmjvgx wgkb ÿwY‡Ki ¯ÍäZv wb‡q Ackw³i gy‡LvgywL n‡qwQj| Gfv‡e µgvš^‡q wg_¨vi cÖPÐ kw³i `c~ P~Y© K‡i
wek¦ weR‡qi †mvcvb Avwe®‹…Z n‡qwQj| Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Giƒc GKwU NUbv n‡jv ZveyK hy×| ZveyK hy×
msNwUZ n‡qwQj Z`vbxšÍb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg cÖavb mvgªvRëv`x kw³ †ivgvb‡ì weiæ‡×| wnRix beg mvj †gvZv‡eK
630 wLª÷v‡ã gw`bv †_‡K 400 gvBj `~‡i wmwiqv mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z ZveyK bvgK ¯’v‡b G hy× msNwUZ nq|
ZveyK hy‡×i KviY
†ivg mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb wmwiqvi kvmK †kvivnwej web Avg‡ii jÿvwaK wLª÷vb ˆmb¨‡K gyZvi hy‡× gymwjgMY
†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ Ki‡j †ivgvb mgªvU ÿz× nb| d‡j wZwb gymwjg‡ì mgywPZ wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY
K‡ib| gymwjg we‡Ølx-Bûw` Pµ †ivgvb mgªvU wnivwK¬qvm‡K gnvbex (mv.)-Gi g„Zzï wg_¨v msev` cÖ`vb Ki‡j
wZwb GUvB b‡evwÌZ gymwjg kw³‡K ch©y`¯Í Kivi †gvÿg my‡hvM e‡j g‡b K‡ib| †ivgvb mgªvU G wg_¨v msev‡`
Drmvnx n‡q gw`bv AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib|
†ivgvb‡ì Awfhvb t 630 wLª÷v‡ãi b‡f¤î gv‡m †ivgvb mgªvU wnivwK¬qvm gw`bv Avµg‡Yi welqwU P~ovšÍ K‡i|
†ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb jvLg, Ryhvg, Mvmmvb, Av‡gjvn cÖf…wZ K‡qKwU Avie †MvÎI cÖvq GK jÿ ˆmb¨ wb‡q
†ivgvb evwnbx‡Z kvwgj nq| †ivgvb‡ì hy×vwfhv‡bi Lei †c‡q Zv cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges wmwiqv AwfgyLx evwYwR¨K
c_ wbivc` ivLvi Rb¨ gymwjg gyRvwn`MY wmwiqvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| gymwjg gyRvwn` evwnbxi c`vwZK ˆmb¨ msL¨v
wQj 10,000, Avk¦v‡ivnx 30,000| gw`bv †_‡K 400 gvBj `~‡i wmwiqv mxgv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z ZveyK bvgK ¯’v‡b
gyRvwn` evwnbx wkwei ¯’vcb K‡i| †ivgvb ˆmbïv gymwjg‡ì weivU Av‡qvRb I kw³mvnm †`‡L mvg‡b AMÖmi
nqwb| nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) †mLv‡b 20 w`b Ae¯’vb K‡i ighvb gv‡mi g‡a¨B wd‡i Av‡mb|
ZveyK Awfhv‡bi djvdj tZveyK hy‡× Z`vbxšÍb we‡k¦i †kªô kw³ †ivgvb evwnbxi civRqei‡Yi d‡j DËi
Avi‡ei mxgvšÍ AÂ‡ji †ivgvb‡ì Aaxb¯’ †QvU †QvU ivR¨mg~‡ni cÖavbMY gw`bv-iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i
wRwhqv Ki cÖ`v‡b m¤§Z nq| G Awfhv‡bi ci Avie DcØxc I Zvi cvk©¦©eZ©x AÂ‡ji RbMY `‡j `‡j Bmjv‡gi
mykxZj QvqvZ‡j Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K|
gybvwdK‡ì lohš¿ t gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ Kxfv‡e Kjn-weev` evav‡bv hvq gybvwdKiv me©`v G wPšÍvq gMœ _vKZ|
ZvQvov A‡bKw`b a‡i Zviv G wPšÍvq gMœ wQj, Kyev gmwR‡ì g‡Zv Ab¨ Avi GKwU gmwR` G evnvbvq ˆZwi Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| hviv `ye©j A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Kyevi gmwR‡` ev gmwR‡ì beex‡Z †h‡Z bv cv‡i, Zviv GLv‡b
G‡m mvjvZ co‡e| G Dwmjvq Zv‡ì †Mvcb loh‡š¿i GKwU †K›`ª ˆZwi n‡e| Avey Av‡gi iv‡ne bvgK ag©Z¨vMx
I gybvwdK‡ì loh‡š¿i wfwË‡Z ZveyK Awfhv‡bi c~‡e© Kyevi gmwR‡ì Kv‡QB gybvwdKiv GKwU gmwR` ˆZwi
K‡i| KziAvb gvRx‡` G‡K gmwR‡` whivi ejv n‡q‡Q| cÖKv‡k¨ Zv gmwR` wQj, Avm‡j wQj gybvwdK‡ì GKwU
lohš¿ NuvwU| ZveyK †_‡K wd‡i ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) whqvIqv‡b †cŠQ‡j Avjøvn Zvqvjv G gmwR` cÖwZôvq gybvwdK‡ì
`yiwfmwÜ m¤ú‡K© Zuv‡K AewnZ K‡ib| wZwb gvwjK Be‡b `vLkvg I gvb Be‡b Av`x‡K Av‡`k K‡ib, ÒhvI,
gybvwdK‡ì becÖwZwôZ gmwR`wU R¡vwj‡q asm K‡i `vI|Ó ZrÿYvr Zuviv †m Av‡`k cvjb K‡ib| Gfv‡e Zv asm
n‡q hvq|
ZveyK Awfhvb †_‡K nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) wd‡i Avmvi ci beg wnRixi whjK‡ì †kl ev whjn‡¾i cÖ_g w`‡K
gnvbex (mv.) nhiZ Avey eKi (iv)-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wZbkÕ nvRxi GKwU `j n¾ mgvc‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib| nhiZ
Avjx (iv)-†K †NvlYvKvix bKxe-Gi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nh| KziAvb nvKx‡g †m w`‡bi n¾‡K Ôn‡¾ AvKeiÕ ejv
n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv G n¾B Beivnxg (Av)-Gi Abym„Z bxwZi Ici AbywôZ n‡qwQj Ges AÜKvi hy‡Mi mg¯Í ixwZbxwZ
iwnZ n‡q hvq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ZveyK I gyZvi hy‡×i GKwU QK AsKb Kiæb|
ZveyK I gyZvi hy× †Kvb& G `ywU hy‡×i ‡Kvb hy‡&× PviRb mvnvex †Kvb NUbvq gmwR‡`
†Kvb& bMix‡Z AbywôZ? †mbvcwZ‡ì bvg wjL| †mbvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib? whivi cÖwZwôZ nq?
mvims‡ÿc :
gnvbex (mv.) Gi RxeÏkvq eo `ywU MvhIqvn n‡jv gyZvi hy× I ZveyK Awfhvb| Awfhvb `ywUB wQj g°v †_‡K
A‡cÿvK…Z `~ieZx© AÂj wmwiqvi †ivgvb kvmK‡ì weiæ‡×| Gi gva¨‡g Avi‡ei mxgv‡iLvi evB‡i wM‡q
Bmjv‡gi kÎæ‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †cÖiYv ivmyjyjøvn mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqvmvjøvg-Gi mg‡qB Aby‡gvw`Z nq|
GKw`‡K ZveyK Awfhv‡b †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i kÎæ‡K fq-fxwZi g‡a¨ ivLv n‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K gyZvi hy‡×
GKvwaK gymwjg †mbvcwZi kvnv`vZ ei‡bi NUbvi ga¨w`‡q gymwjg †mbvevwnbx †h †Kvb hy× cwiw¯’wZ
†gvKv‡ejvi cÖwkÿY jvf K‡i|
1. ûbvB‡bi hy× KZ mv‡j msNwUZ nq?
(K) 630 (L) 629
(M) 628 (N) 622
2. ûbvBb I Zvey‡Ki Awfhvb †Kvb mvgªv‡Rï weiæ‡× cwiPvwjZ nq?
(K) †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨ (L) MÖxK mvgªv‡R¨
(M) cvim¨ mvgªv‡R¨ (N) †KvbwUB bq
3. †Kvb hy‡× ci ci wZbRb gymwjg †mbvcwZ knx` n‡qwQ‡jb?
(K) ûbvB‡bi hy‡× (L) Zvey‡Ki hy‡× (M) gyZvi hy‡× (N) K I L
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
dinv` GKRb †`k‡cÖwgK I avwg©K ˆmwbK wQ‡jb| wZwb †Kvb GK Awfhv‡b mvaviY ˆmwbK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b|
wKš‘ D³ hy‡× cÖavb †mbvcwZi g„Zy¨ NU‡j wZwb ZvrÿwbKfv‡e †m hy‡×i †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ hy× Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| nVvr K‡i kÎæ`j Zv‡K ‡NivI K‡i G‡K G‡K Zvi nvZ `y‡Uv †K‡U †d‡j| ZLb wZwb Zvi †`‡ki cZvKv
eyK w`‡q AvuK‡o a‡ib| Ges ‡`‡ki cZvKv mgybœZ K‡i exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ g„Zy¨‡K Avwj½b K‡ib|
(K) KZ m‡j gyZvi hy× msMwVZ nq? 1
(L) gyZvi hy‡× cÖ`Ë †gvnv¤§` (m:) Gi Dc‡`k¸‡jv wjLyb| 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU ‡Kvb gymwjg †mbvcwZi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©? D³ hy‡×i weeiY w`b| 3
(N) Ô ZveyK hy‡×i gva¨‡g †ivgvbiv Bmjv‡gi QvqvZ‡j Av‡mÕ- hyw³mn wjLyb| 4

cvV-4.10 Bûw` I wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi m¤úK©

D‡Ïk¨
 Bûw`‡ì mv‡_ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi m¤ú‡K©i wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi Pzw³i wel‡q Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Bûw`, ZvIivZ, Kve web Avkivd, eby KvqbyKv, eby bwhi, eby Kzivqhv, †m›U
K¨v‡_wib, bv¾vwk, Avey jyevev I mv` web gyqvR
Bû`x‡ì m‡½ ivm~j (mv.) Gi m¤úK©
bex wn‡m‡e MÖnY t Bûw`‡ì ZvIivZ wKZv‡e gnvbex (mv.) Gi AvMgb I Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© my¯úó
weeiY wQj| ZvB Bûwìv ZvIivZ cvV K‡i Av‡M †_‡KB gw`bvq gnvbex (mv.) Gi AvMg‡bi A‡cÿvq wQj Ges
g°vq Avwef©ve nIqvi ciiB Bûwìv Zuv‡K gw`bvq Avgš¿Y Rvbvq|
mym¤úK© t Bûw`‡ì Avgš¿Y, AZtci Avjøvni wb‡`©‡k g°v †_‡K gw`bvq wnRi‡Zi ci Bûwìv Zuv‡K mvì m¤¢vlY
Rvbvq Ges gnvbex (mv.) I Avn‡j wKZve wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡jb|
Pzw³ t gw`bv mb‡ì gva¨‡g gnvbex (mv.) RvwZ wn‡m‡e Bûw`‡ì Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv weav‡bi eë¯’v K‡ib|
gw`bv mb‡ì kZ© wQj, Bûwìv gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv hy× Ki‡e bv| GZ`wfbœ Av‡iv eûwea kZ© H mb‡`
D‡jøL wQj| Dû‡ì hy× ch©šÍ Bûwìv Gme Pzw³ †g‡b Pjvi ci cybivq kÎæZvq †g‡Z D‡V|
ivmyj (mv.) Gi weiæ‡× lohš¿ t Dû` hy‡× ci †_‡KB Bûwìv gymwjg‡ì cÖwZ Pig kÎæfvevcbœ n‡q I‡V Ges
loh‡š¿ wjß n‡q wewfbœfv‡e wek¦vmNvZKZv ïiæ K‡i Ges ivmyj (mv.) Gi mvwe©K mvd‡j¨ Cl©vwš^Z n‡q c‡o| d‡j
Zviv lohš¿ ïiæ K‡i Ges KzivBk‡ì bvbvfv‡e gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× A¯¿ aviY Kivi loh‡š¿ cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i|
cÖKvk¨ kÎæZv t Bûwìv gw`bv mb‡ì kZ© f½ K‡i eì hy‡× gymwjg‡ì mn‡hvwMZv †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| DcišÍy
hy× †k‡l Bûw` †bZv Kve g°vq Mgb K‡i gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× cybivq hy× Ki‡Z bvbv cÖKv‡i KzivBk‡ì DmKvwb
w`‡Z _v‡K| wbnZ †bZv‡ì gwm©qv cvV K‡i †m KzivBk‡ì gv‡S hy‡×i ie Zz‡j †`q|
gnvbex (mv.) †K nZ¨vi lohš¿ t Bûw` eby KvqbyKv m¤cÖ`vq KzivBk †bZv Avey mywdqv‡bi mv‡_ †Mvc‡b civgk©
K‡i gnvbex (mv.) †K nZ¨vi PµvšÍ K‡i| c‡i Zv‡ì G Pµv‡šÍi K_v RvbvRvwb n‡q hvq|
ivm~j (mv.) Gi `„pZv t Bmjv‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi ¯^v‡_© gnvbex (mv.) Bûw`‡ì gw`bv †_‡K ewn®‹vi K‡ib Ges
Zv‡ì GKwU †Mv‡Îi weiæ‡× †dŠR`vix eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib|
Bûw`‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZv
Bûwìv gw`bvq becÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx ivóª I ivóªcÖavb ivmyjyjøvn mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg-Gi weiæ‡× bvbvfv‡e
wek¦vmNvZKZv MÖnY K‡i| †hgb-
Kve web Avkiv‡di lohš¿ t Dû` hy‡×i ci Kve web Avkivd m`je‡j g°vq Mgb K‡i KzivBk‡ì mv‡_
Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbvc~e©K gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× hy× Kivi Rb¨ GK Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i| Pzw³i cÖv°v‡j Kve I KzivBk
†bZv Avey mywdqvb ¯^-¯^ `j wb‡q Kvev N‡ii c`©v a‡i kc_ K‡i, Zviv gymwjg‡ì Ges gnvbex (mv.) Gi weiæ‡×
ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
ivm~j (mv.)-†K nZ¨vi lohš¿ t GK`v gnvbex (mv.) eby bvwhi †Mv‡Î Mgb Ki‡j Zviv †Mvc‡b Zuv‡K nZ¨vi
cwiKíbv K‡i| Zviv ivm~j (mv.) †K cÖvPx‡ii cv‡k©¦ ewm‡q Dci †_‡K cv_i wb‡ÿc K‡i nZ¨vi nxb lohš¿ K‡i|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ gnvb Avjøvni cÿ †_‡K Iqvnx Avm‡j wZwb mZK© n‡q D³ ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡ib|
Bûw`‡ì J×Z¨ t GK`v gybvwdK †bZv Avãyjøvn Be‡b DevBmn Abïv gnvbex (mv.) †K `~Z gvidZ Lei cvVvq,
wZwb hv B”Qv Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zviv wKQz‡ZB Zuv‡K gvb‡e bv| g`xbv mb‡ì Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK ZLb gnvbex (mv.)
Bûw`‡ì Ae‡iva K‡ib Ges A¯¿k¯¿ mgc©bc~e©K Zv‡ì gw`bv Z¨v‡Mi wb‡`©k †`b|
Bûw`‡ì gw`bv †_‡K weZvo‡bi KviY

mwÜi kZ© f½ t Bmjv‡gi †MŠie I gh©v`v e„w×‡Z gw`bvq Bûwìv Cl©vwš^Z n‡q Bmjv‡gi me©bvk Kivi Rb¨ g°vi
KzivBk‡ì mv‡_ †Mvcb loh‡š¿ wjß nq| Gfv‡e Zviv gw`bv mb‡ì kZ© f½ K‡i| ZvB ivmyjyjøvn (mv.) Zv‡ì
gw`bv †_‡K weZvob K‡ib|
we‡f` m„wó t bvbv cÖKv‡ii loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g weL¨vZ AvIm I LvhivR †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ we‡f` m„wó K‡i gw`bvi
Bûwìv wewfbœ ai‡bi dvq`v nvwm‡ji †Póv Pvjvq| d‡j gw`bvq AkvwšÍ m„wó nIqvi Avk¼vq gnvbex (mv.) Zv‡ì
weZvwoZ K‡ib|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv wewNœZ t gnvbex (mv.) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡i weiæ‡× Zviv gw`bvq bvbv ai‡bi bvkKZvg~jK KvR
Pvjv‡Z _v‡K weavq gw`bvi mvgvwRK wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡Z _v‡K| GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z gnvbex (mv.) Zv‡ì gw`bv †_‡K
weZvwoZ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|
eby KvqbyKv †Mv‡Îi weZvob t Bûw` eby KvqbyKv †MvÎ cÖ_g gw`bv mb` f½ K‡i| Zviv bvbv ai‡bi
wek¦vmNvZKZv, lohš¿ Ges ivóª‡`ªvwnZvg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð RwoZ _vKvi Aciv‡a ivmyj (mv.) Zv‡ì gw`bv †_‡K
weZvwoZ K‡ib| Bmjv‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvq wZwb G eë¯’v MÖn‡Y eva¨ nb|
eby bwhi †Mv‡Îi weZvob t eby bwhi †MvÎ gnvbex (mv.) †K nZ¨vi loh‡š¿i mv‡_ hy³ wQj| Zv‡ì G
AcZrciZv AcK‡g©i kvw¯Í ¯îƒc gnvbex (mv.) Zv‡ì gw`bv †_‡K weZvo‡bi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib, wKš‘ Zviv G
Av‡`k Agvb¨ K‡i Ges gymwjg‡ì weiæ‡× A¯¿ avi‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ †bq| cieZx©‡Z GK LÐ hy‡× Zviv civwRZ n‡q
gw`bv Z¨v‡M eva¨ nq|
eby Kzivqhvi wek¦vmNvZKZv dj
L›`K hy‡×i ci gnvbex (mv.) N‡i †cuŠQ‡Z bv †cuŠQv‡Z wReivCj (Av.) G‡m Zuv‡K ej‡jb, Avjøvni wb‡`©k, GLwb
eby Kyivqhvi gnjøv Ae‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| gnvbex (mv.) mvnvev‡ì eby Kyivqhvi gnjøv Ae‡iv‡ai D‡Ï‡k¨ `ªæZ
AMÖmi nIqvi wb‡`©k †`b|
Ae‡iva t eby Kzivqhv †MvÎ Zv‡ì `y‡M©i dUK eÜ K‡i w`‡j gymwjg evwnbx `yM© Ae‡iva K‡i| GKvw`µ‡g
A‡bKw`b Ae‡iva Pjj| kÎæiv `yM© †_‡K †ei n‡jv bv, mwÜ cÖ¯ÍveI w`j bv, ZvB Ae‡iva `xN© n‡Z n‡jv|
Ae‡k‡l Zviv wPwšÍZ n‡q coj, Gfv‡e _vK‡j nqZ Zv‡ì ïwK‡q gi‡Z n‡e| Zviv AvIm †Mv‡Îi Avey jyevevi
m‡½ civgk©µ‡g AvZ¥mgc©‡bi K_v fvej Ges cÎ‡hv‡M Rvbvj, Zviv AvIm †Mv‡Îi mv` web gyqv‡hi dqmvjv
gvb‡Z ivwR| gnvbex (mv.) I G cÖ¯Ív‡e ivwh nb|
wePvi t h_vmgq mv` web gyqvh (iv) dqmvjvq e‡mb| Bûwìv †f‡ewQj, eby KvqbyKv †hfv‡e iÿv †c‡q‡Q ZvivI
†mfv‡e iÿv cv‡e| A‡b‡K nhiZ mv` (iv.) †K Abyiƒc Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡ivaI Rvbvq, wKš‘ wZwb Bûw`‡ì ag©MÖš’
ZvIiv‡Zi weavb Abyhvqx dqmvjv K‡ib| wZwb Av‡`k †`b, Òcyiæl †hv×v‡ì nZ¨v Ges bvix I wkï‡ì `vm-
`vmx‡Z cwiYZ Kiv n‡e|Ó
mZ¨-ev¯ÍeZv t cÂg wnRixi kvIqvj gv‡m G NUbv N‡U| Ab¨vb¨ Bû`x †Mv‡Îi b¨vq eby KzivqhvI gymwjg‡ì
m‡½ wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i| Zviv gw`bv mb‡ì kZ© j•Nb K‡i kÎæc‡ÿ †hvM †`q| gw`bvi gwnjv‡ì †h `y‡M© ivLv
n‡qwQj †m `y‡M© nvgjv Pvjvq| Zv‡ì wek¦vmNvZKvi Rb¨ gw`bvq †h †Kv‡bv ANUbv N‡U †h‡Z cviZ| GRb¨
Zv‡ì Avi gw`bvq emevm Ki‡Z †`qv evÃbxq wQj bv| K…Z AcK‡g©i Rb¨ mv` web gyqvh (iv.) KZ…©K cÖ`Ë
kvw¯ÍB Zv‡ì cÖvc¨ wQj| Zv‡ì Ici cÖ`Ë `Ð K‡Vvi n‡jI ZrKvjxb mvgwiK cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Zv hyw³hy³ wQj|
we‡kl K‡i Zv‡ì ag©MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Zi weavb Abyhvqx kvw¯Í cÖ`Ë nIqvq wKQz ejviI wQj bv|
wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK©
Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡M wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ gymwjg‡ì mym¤úK© wQj| g°vi KzivBk‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q nhiZ
Imgvb (iv.) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j gymwjg Avwewmwbqvq wnRiZ K‡ib Ges †mLvbKvi wLª÷vb ivRv bv¾vwk Zuv‡ì
Avkªq †`b| gw`bvq wnRiZ Kivi ci †mLvbKvi wLª÷vbivI gymwjg‡ì mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ iÿv Ki‡Zv| ZvB nhiZ
gynv¤§` (mv.) G eÜzZ¡myjf AvPi‡Yi K_v ¯§iY K‡i lô wnRix‡Z wmbvB ce‡Z©i wbKUeZx© †m›U K¨v‡_wib bvgK
GK wMR©vi cv`wi I Ab¨vb¨ wLª÷vb‡ì mv‡_ GKwU mb` m¤úv`b K‡ib| G mb` wLª÷vb‡ì cÖwZ nhiZ gynv¤§`
(mv.) Gi mnbkxj bxwZi GK D¾¡j `„óvšÍ|

Pzw³i kZ©mg~n
1. wLª÷vb‡ì Ici †Kv‡bv Ki avh© Kiv n‡e bv|
2. †Kv‡bv wLª÷vb ag©RvhK‡K wMR©v †_‡K ewn¯‹vi Kiv n‡e bv|
3. †Kv‡bv wLª÷vb‡K Zvi ag© Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡e bv|
4. wLª÷vb‡ì †Kv‡bv wMR©v †f‡½ †mLv‡b gmwR` wbg©vb Kiv n‡e bv|
5. wMR©v †givgZ Kivi Rb¨ wLª÷vbiv gymwjg‡ì mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡j Zviv Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
6. Avi‡ei evB‡i wLª÷vb I gymwjg‡ì m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ NU‡j Zvi Rb¨ Avie wLª÷vb‡ì `vqx Kiv n‡e bv|
mb‡ì ¸iæZ¡ t msL¨vjNy‡ì Rvbgvj I a‡g©i wbivcËvq G mb` GKwU gnr `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| G mb‡ì ¸iæZ¡
m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, ÒG mb` nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi AmvaviY mwnòzZvi GKwU KxwZ©¯Í¤¢|Ó
wkÿv_©xi KvR g`xbv mb` gvbeRvwZi cÖ_g wjwLZ msweavb- e¨vL¨v wjLyb|
†Kvb mb‡ì gva¨‡g ‡Kvb †MvÎ Avey mywdqv‡bi eby KzivBhvi wePvi ‡Kvb Lªx÷ªvb cv`ªx‡K gnvbex
Bûwìv gnvbexi mv‡_ mv‡_ civgk© K‡i gnvbex‡K K‡ib †Kvb e¨vw³? wbivcËvi mb` cÖ`vb
kvwšÍPzw³‡Z Ave× nq? nZ¨vi lohš¿ K‡i? K‡iwQ‡jb?
mvims‡ÿc :
Avi‡ei Bûw`- Lªxóvb Dfq m¤cÖ`vq gnvbex (mv.) Gi AvMg‡bi c~‡e© †kl bexi A‡cÿvq wQj| Cmv (Av.)
KZ©„K me©‡kl bexi AvMg‡bi wel‡q Zviv Avkvev`x wQj †h, wZwb nqZ Zv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ esk †_‡K AvMgb Ki‡eb|
wKš‘ Avi‡ei KzivBk es‡ki bex gy¤¤§` (mv.) †K Zviv †Kvbfv‡eB †g‡b wb‡Z cviwQj bv| Z‡e gnvbex (mv.)
g`xbvq Mg‡bi ci g`xbv mb‡ì gva¨‡g Bû`xmn mKj †MvÎ I m¤cÖ`v‡qi mv‡_ †h mn‡hvMxZvg~jK Pzw³
m¤úv`b K‡iwQ‡jb, Bûwìv Zvi ¯úóZ jsNb K‡i| GgbwK Zviv gnvbex (mv.)wewfbœ mgq nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ wjß
nq| agx©q we‡Øl bq; eis ZvIiv‡Zi weavb Abyhvqx dvqmvjv K‡iB g`xbvi Bûw`‡ì wewfbœ kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡qwQj|
1. cÖ_g wKejv †KvbwU?
(K) Kvev (L) g`xbv gmwR` (M) evqZzj gyKvÏvm (N) evqZzi †Ìqvb
2. †Kvb AÂ‡ji Lªx÷ªvb‡ì Rb¨ gnvbex (mv.) GKwU wjwLZ mb` cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb?
(K) bvRiv‡bi (L) g`xbvi (M) emivi (N) wmwiqvi
3. †Kvb& hy‡× loh‡š¿i Kvi‡Y eby KzivBhv‡K g`xbv †_‡K ewn¯‹vi Kiv nq?
(K) gyZvi hy× (L) L›`‡Ki hy× (M) ûbvqy‡bi hy× (N) e`‡ii hy×
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
†MvÎ/`‡ji bvg eby bvwhi eby KvBbyKv eby KzivBhv bvRiv‡bi Lªx÷vb
Kvh©µg ivm~j (m:) †K nZ¨vi g`xbv mb‡ì kZ© L›`‡Ki hy‡× lohš¿ kvwšÍPzw³
†Póv f½
(K) Bûw`‡ì ag©MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx ? 1
(L) eby bvwhi †MvÎ wKfv‡e gnvbex (mv.) nZ¨vi †Póv K‡iwQj? 2
(M) gnvbex KZ…©K Lªx÷vb‡ì cÖ`Ë kvwšÍ Pzw³i GKwU weeiY w`b| 3
(N) Ômv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ iÿvq ‡gvnv¤§` (mv.) wQ‡jb GKRb AZzjbxq Av`k©Õ Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

cvV-4.1 1 we`vq n‡¾i fvlY I gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi †kl Rxeb

D‡Ïk¨
 we`vq n¾ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we`vq n‡¾i HwZnvwmK fvlY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 gnvbexi Rxe‡bi AwšÍg g~ûZ©¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AwewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã we`vq n¾, Bnivg, hyj ûjvBdv, Avivdvi gq`vb, I BwZKvd evKx
we`vq n¾
gw`bvq `‡j `‡j wewfbœ †Mv‡Îi `~Z `j Avm‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡j nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) eyS‡Z cv‡ib, Zuvi
Rxe‡bi gnvb KZ©e¨ †kl n‡q‡Q Ges Zuvi Rxeb cÖ`xc dzwi‡q Avm‡Q| ZvB †kl n¾ ev Ônv¾vZzj we`vÕ (we`vq
n¾) cvj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ 15 whjK`, 10 wnRix, 13 Rvbyqvwi 632 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb GK j‡ÿi AwaK mvnvex mnKv‡i
g°vi c‡_ iIqvbv nb| 631 wLª÷v‡ãi †kl w`‡K m~iv evivqvZ AeZxY© nIqvi ci wZwb Avi‡ei mKj †MvÎ‡K
Bmjvg MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Pvi gvm mgq cÖ`vb K‡i e‡jb, G mgq AwZevwnZ nIqvi ci Avjøvn I Zuvi ivm~j †Kv‡bv
cÖKvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡eb bv| Gi d‡j ci eQi 632 wLª÷v‡ã gnvbex (mv.) n¾ Dcj‡ÿ jÿvwaK gymwjgmn
g°vq Mgb Ki‡Z mÿg nb| we`vq n¾ cvj‡b nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Zuvi mnawg©Yx‡ì m‡½ wb‡q hvb| G mgq
Kzievwbi Rb¨ Zuvi mv‡_ 100 DU wQj|
hvÎvi 15 w`b ci nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) g°vi 6 gvBj `~‡i Ôhyj ûjvBdvÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Qb Ges †mLvb †_‡K
n‡¾i †cvkvK ev Bnivg cwiavb K‡i g°vq cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Kvev M„‡ni PZzw`©‡K mvZ evi cÖ`wÿY K‡i wZwb gvKv‡g
Beivnxg bvgK ¯’v‡b mvjvZ Av`vq K‡ib| mvdv Ges gviIqv ce©‡Zi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b mvZ evi †`Šovb| whjn‡¾i
Aóg w`‡b Avivdvi gq`v‡b †cuŠ‡Qb| n¾ m¤úbœ K‡i Avjøvni ivm~j (iv.) Avivdv‡Zi Rvev‡j ingZ ce©Z wkL‡i
ùvwo‡q Dcw¯’Z gymwjg‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ GK Awe¯§iYxq fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi G †kl Dc‡`kg~jK fvlY
gymwjg‡ì ü`‡q wPi mgy¾¡j n‡q _vK‡e| we`vq n‡¾i fvlY‡K BwZnv‡m cÖavb gvbevwaKvi mb` e‡j A‡b‡K
gšÍe¨ K‡ib|
we`vq n‡¾i HwZnvwmK fvlY
 ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) fvl‡Yi ïiæ‡Z AvKv‡ki w`‡K `„wócvZ K‡i wek¦-cÖwZcvjK m„wóKZ©v Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ K…ZÁZv
cÖKvk K‡i mg‡eZ Rbmgy‡`ªi D‡Ï‡k¨ e‡jb-
 †n gymwjgMY! g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Avgvi K_v †kvb| KviY Avevi †Zvgv‡ì mv‡_ wgwjZ nIqvi my‡hvM Avjøvn
Avgv‡K bvI w`‡Z cv‡ib| G w`b, G gvm, mK‡ji Rb¨ †hiƒc cweÎ, †miƒc †Zvgv‡ì Rxeb I m¤ú` gnv
cÖfzi mv‡_ mvÿv‡Zi c~e© ch©šÍ ci¯ú‡ii wbKU cweÎ I n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci Abychy³|
 ¯§iY †i‡Lv, `ywbqvi cÖ‡Z¨K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ GKw`b Avjøvni ìev‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡q †Zvgv‡ì Revew`wn Ki‡Z
n‡e|

 †n wcÖq mvnvexMY! †Zvgv‡ì mnawg©Yx‡ì Ici †Zvgv‡ì †hgb AwaKvi Av‡Q, †Zvgv‡ì IciI Zv‡ì †Zgb
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| Avjøvn‡K mvÿx †i‡L †Zvgiv Zv‡ì MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ges ZuviB Av‡`kgZ Zv‡ì †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨
êa K‡i wb‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡ì cÖwZ m`q eënvi Ki‡e|
 me©`v A‡bï AvgvbZ wndvhZ Ki‡e Ges cvc KvR †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e|
 AvR †_‡K my` MÖnY wbwl×| FYMÖnxZv †_‡K †Kej Avmj A_© †diZ †b‡e| Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ Avie RvwZi ÔLybKv
e`jv LybÕ bxwZ GLb †_‡K wbwl× n‡jv|
 `vm-`vmx‡ì m‡½ m`q eënvi Ki‡e| †Zvgiv hv Avnvi Ki, †h e¯¿ cwiavb Ki, Zv‡ì Abyiƒc Lv`¨-e¯¿ `vb
Ki‡e| Zviv hw` ÿgvi A‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv AvPiY K‡i, Zv n‡jI Zv‡ì gyw³ `vb Ki‡e| ¯§iY †i‡Lv, Zviv
Avjøvni m„wó Ges †Zvgv‡ìB g‡Zv gvbyl|
 †Zvgiv Avjøvni m‡½ KvD‡K Askx`vi K‡iv bv, A‡bï `ªe¨ AvZ¥mvr I Ab¨vqfv‡e binZ¨v K‡iv bv Ges
KL‡bv e¨wfPv‡i wjß n‡qv bv|
 †n gymwjgMY! Avgvi K_v g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Abyaveb Ki‡Z †Póv Ki| ¯§iY †i‡Lv, gymwjgMY ci¯úi fvB
fvB Ges mgMÖ `ywbqvi gymwjg GKB åvZ…Z¡ eÜ‡b, GKB Awe‡”Q`¨ RvwZmËvq Ave×| AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †KD
Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv wRwbm †Rvi K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 ¯§iY †i‡Lv, AÂj I eY© wbwe©‡k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K gymwjg mgvb| AvR †_‡K eskMZ †KŠjxY¨ cÖ_v wejyß n‡jv| †mB
†Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kzjxb, †h ¯^xq K‡g© êwkó¨ I †kªôZ¡ AR©‡b AvMÖnx|
 c_cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Avjøvni Kvjvg (KziAvb gvRx`) I Zuvi †cÖwiZ mZëvnK ivm~‡ji
PwiÎv`k© (nv`xm) †i‡L hvw”Q| hZw`b †Zvgiv G `ywUi Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡e ZZw`b c_åó n‡e bv|
 †n Avgvi D¤§ZMY, hviv GLv‡b mg‡eZ n‡qQ, Zviv Abycw¯’Z gymwjg‡ì Kv‡Q Avgvi K_v †cuŠ‡Q †`‡e| hviv
Abycw¯’Z Zv‡ì Avgvi Dc‡`‡ki K_v Rvbv‡e| KL‡bv KL‡bv Dcw¯’Z e¨w³‡ì †P‡q Abycw¯’Z e¨w³iv AwaK
¯§iY ivL‡Z mÿg nq|
 bex Kixg (mv.) fvlY †k‡l D‡aŸ© nvZ Zz‡j Avjøvni D‡Ï‡k¨ ej‡jb, Ò†n cÖfz! Avwg wK Avcbvi evYx
mwVKfv‡e RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †cuŠQv‡Z †c‡iwQ?Ó Dcw¯’Z D¤§ZMY MMb‡f`x AvIqvh K‡i ejj, Ônu¨v, wbðq
†c‡i‡Qb|Õ †m mgq, wZwb Avjøvni KvQ †_‡K Iqvnx jvf K‡ib|Ò(†n gynv¤§`), AvR Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨
†Zvgv‡ì Rxebeë¯’v cwic~Y© K‡i w`jvg Ges †Zvgv‡ì Ici Avgvi †bqvgZI c~Y© Kijvg, Avi Bmjvg‡K
†Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Rxebeë¯’v wn‡m‡e g‡bvbxZ Kijvg| (m~iv gvwq`v) cwi‡k‡l nhiZ (mv.) Av‡eMRwoZ K‡É
mg‡eZ RbMY‡K jÿ¨ K‡i ej‡jb, Ò†Zvgiv mvÿx, Avwg Avgvi KZ©e¨ cvjb KiwQ| we`vq! Avj-we`v|Ó
fvl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©

nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Zuvi Rxebmvqv‡ý n¾ Dcj‡ÿ AvivdvZ gq`v‡b †h AwffvlY cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb, Bmjvg I
gvbeZvi BwZnv‡m Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G evYx‡ZB Bmjvgx ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, mgvRbxwZ I gvbe AwaKv‡ii
g~jbxwZ we‡NvwlZ n‡q‡Q| G‡Z gvbe Rxe‡bi Ava¨vwZ¥K I ev¯Íe Dfq wkÿvB eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q| G wkÿv gvbe
RvwZ‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii gyw³ I kvwšÍi mÜvb w`‡q‡Q| gnvbex (mv.)ÑGi fvl‡Yi mKj w`K ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j AvR‡Ki
G msNvZgq gvbe Rxeb me©vZ¥K mv_©K I my›ì n‡q DV‡e|
gvbe RvwZi BwZnv‡m we`vq n‡¾i fvlY gvbevwaKv‡ii GKwU wek¦¯Í `wjj wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| G fvl‡Yi Zvrch©
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m †cÖvR¡j f~wgKvq †``xc¨gvb| HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjxi fvlvq, gnvbex (mv.)-Gi we`vq n‡¾i
fvlY me©w`K w`‡qB Zvrch©en| G fvlY wQj evwMœZvc~Y© I Drmvn DÏxcK| mZ¨-my›ì, Kj¨vY, Avb›`, mvg¨, b¨vq
I gvbeZvi g½j mvab Ges Ab¨vq `y®‹…wZ †_‡K †eu‡P †_‡K mZK© mveavb RxebvPi‡Yi Rb¨ gnvbex (mv.)-Gi

we`vq n‡¾i fvlY GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `jxj| G fvl‡Y wek¦cÖfz gnvb Avjøvni GKZ¡ I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q Ges
mv‡_ mv‡_ †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q, gnvbex (mv.)-B me©‡kl bex, Zuvi c‡i Avi †Kv‡bv bexi Avwef©ve NU‡e bv| bvix
mgv‡Ri cÖwZ mü`h eënvi I m¤§vbRbK AvPiY, m‡e©vcwi bvix cyiæ‡li mgvbvwaKvi cÖ‡kœ m‡PZb nIqvi Rb¨
mevB‡K gnvbex (mv.) G fvl‡Y Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| G fvl‡Y ivm~jyjøvn (mv.) `vm-`vmxi cÖwZ m`q gvb‡evwPZ
mØënvi Kivi civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| Aaxb¯’‡ì Acgvb wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q kvwšÍ‡Z ivLvi K_v AZ¨šÍ my›ìfv‡e
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q we`vq n‡¾i fvl‡Y|
AwšÍg hvÎvi Av‡qvRb
n¾ †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci gynv¤§` (mv.) Dû` cÖvšÍ‡i knx`‡ì mgvwa cÖv½‡Y Dcw¯’Z n‡q Zuv‡ì Rb¨ cÖvYf‡i
†`vqv K‡ib| gw`bvq AvMgb K‡i wZwb ÔgvKeviv‡q evKxÕ ev evKx Kei¯’v‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡q †`vqv K‡ib| †mLvb
†_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci mdi gv‡mi †klv‡a©i cÖ_g fv‡M Zuvi wkicxovi m~ÎcvZ nq| B‡šÍKv‡ji cuvP w`b c~‡e© Zuvi
cxov e„w× cvq| H w`b †ivMhš¿Yvq Aw¯’i Ae¯’vq wZwb mg‡eZ bi-bvix‡K m‡š^vab K‡i e‡jb, Ò†Zvgv‡ì c~e©eZ©x
RvwZmg~n Zv‡ì ci‡jvKMZ bex I Av‡jg‡ì Kei¸‡jv‡K Dcvmbv gw›`‡i cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| mveavb! †Zvgiv †hb
G gnvcv‡c wjß bv nI| wLª÷vb I Bûwìv G cv‡c Awfkß n‡q‡Q| mveavb, Avgvi Kei‡K †Zvgiv wmR&`vi¯’j
evwbI bv|Ó cxovi GKv`k wè‡m wZwb Avey eKi (iv)-†K Bkvivq mvjv‡Zi BgvgwZ Kivi Av‡`k †`b| Ggb
mgq GKUz Avivg‡eva Ki‡j dhj I Avjx (iv)-Gi ¯‹‡Ü fi K‡i wZwb gmwR‡` cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges Avey evK‡ii
cv‡k e‡m mvjvZ Av`vq K‡ib|
mvjv‡Zi ci Dcw¯’Z gymwjø‡ì m‡¤^vab K‡i ej‡jb, ÒgymwjgMY! Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Avjøvni nv‡Z mgc©Y K‡i
hvw”Q| Zuvi Avkªq, Zuvi `vb Ges Zuvi mvnv‡h¨ †Zvgv‡ì †mvc`© K‡i w`w”Q| Avgvi c‡iI AvjøvnB †Zvgv‡ì iÿv
Ki‡eb| †Zvgiv wbôv, fw³ I mZZvi mv‡_ Zuvi Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z †_‡Kv, Zvn‡j wZwb †Zvgv‡ì iÿv Ki‡eb,
G Avgvi †kl K_v, åvZ…eM©, GB †kl|Ó
Bn‡jv‡Ki †kl w`b

mvnvexMY cÖZz¨‡l D‡V dR‡ii Rvgvqv‡Z mg‡eZ n‡q‡Qb| mvjvZ Avi¤¢ n‡jv| Ggb mgq gnvbex (mv.)-Gi gb
e¨vKzj n‡q I‡V| Avjøvni wcÖqZg ev›`viv Kxfv‡e Bev`‡Z gMœ Av‡Q Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ wZwb Rvbvjvi Kv‡Q †M‡jb|
mvnvev‡ì mvjvZ Av`v‡qi ¯^M©xq `„k¨ `k©b K‡i wZwb AwZkq Avbw›`Z nb| Zuvi gy‡L nvwmi †iLv dz‡U I‡V| G
mgq wZwb e¨v_vq Aw¯’i n‡q c‡ob|
Av‡qkv (iv) e‡jb, Ò(†m w`b) Ave`yi ingvb Be‡b Avey eKi (iv) Av‡mb, Zuvi nv‡Z wgmIqvK wQj| †m mgq
gnvbex (mv.) †njvb w`‡q e‡m wQ‡jb| Avwg †`Ljvg wZwb evievi Ave`yi ingvb web Avey eK‡ii nv‡Z _vKv
wgmIqv‡Ki w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡Qb| Zuvi B”Qv eyS‡Z †c‡i Avwg wgmIqvK wPwe‡q w`‡j wZwb Zv ax‡i ax‡i K‡qKevi
ùv‡Z eyjvb| Gici cvwb Øviv gyL cwi®‹vi K‡ib|Ó Gici AwšÍg Ae¯’v DcbxZ nb| wZwb evievi A‡PZb n‡q
c‡ob, cÖ‡Z¨K evi ˆPZb¨ jv‡fi m‡½ m‡½ e‡j DV‡Qb, Ò†n Avjøvn! †n Avgvi cig eÜz! †n Avgvi cig myü`!
Avgv‡K †Zvgvi mv‡_ wgwjZ Ki|Ó hLb g„Zzï me jÿYB †`Lv w`‡q‡Q Ggb mgq wZwb †klevi †PvL †g‡j
D”PK‡É e‡j DV‡jb- ÔmvjvZ, mvjvZ, mveavb! `vm-`vmx‡ì cÖwZ mveavb| AZtci Zuvi AvZ¥v cig myü‡ì
mwbœav‡b gnvcÖ¯’vb K‡i| (Bbœv wjjøvwn Iqv Bbœv BjvBwn iv‡RDb|) (eyLvix, gymwjg)

wkÿv_©xi KvR we`vq n‡¾i fvl‡b gvbevwaKv‡ii w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
¯^vgx-¯¿xi gh©v`v Kx iKg `vm-`vmx‡ì LvIqv civi gvby‡li K‡g©i wnmve gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤ú`
n‡e e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq? welqwU Kx iKg? Kvi Kv‡Q w`‡Z n‡e? †Kvb wel‡qi mv‡_ Zzjbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q?
mvims‡ÿc :
gnvbex (mv.)-Gi we`vq n‡¾i fvlY gymwjg D¤§vni me©hy‡Mi Rb¨ c_-cÖ`k©K| G fvlY Rvwnjx wPšÍv †PZbv I
Kzms¯‹vi †_‡K Avieevmxmn AbvMZKv‡ji mKj gvby‡li Rb¨ gvbevwaKv‡ii GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj| G fvl‡Yi
gva¨‡g gnvbex (mv.) Bmjvgx ivóª eë¯’v, mgvRbxwZ, cwievwiK eë¯’vcbv I e¨w³i AwaKvi cÖwZôvi GK
Abe`¨ w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡ib| we`vq n‡¾i fvl‡bi gZv`k© ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡j msNvZgq we‡k¦i Aek¨B
kvwšÍ cÖwZôv m¤¢e n‡e|
1. Avivdv‡Zi †Kvb cvnv‡oi P~ovq gnvbex (mv.) fvlb w`‡qwQ‡jb?
(K) Rvev‡j ivngvZ (L) Rvev‡j Avivdvn
(M) Rvev‡j byi (N) Rvev‡j †niv
2. gnvbex (mv.) Amy¯’ _vKve¯’vq Kv‡K mvjv‡Zi BgvgwZi `vwqZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb ?
(K) Avjx (iv:) (L) Dgi (iv:)
(M) Dmgvb (iv:) (N) AveyeKi (iv:)
3. we`vq n‡¾i Ag~j¨ fvl‡Y nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Avnevb Rvbvb-
i. ag© eY© wbwe©‡k‡l åvZ…Z¡ eÜ‡b Ave× nIqvi
ii. eskMZ †KŠjxY¨ cÖ_v wejyß Kivi
iii. †kªwY‰elg¨nxb mgvR cÖwZôvi
(K) i I iii (L) ii I iii
(M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
wgRvb †gvjøv GKRb gvbevwaKvi Kgx©| wZwb GKRb mywkwÿZ I avwg©K e¨w³| gvbevwaKvi msµvšÍ M‡elYv Ki‡Z
wM‡q c„w_exi mKj a‡g©i gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Zvi A‡bK fvj Ávb i‡q‡Q| Òhy‡M hy‡M gvbevwaKvi I Zvi
ev¯ÍevqbÓ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i e³…Zv Kv‡j wgRvb †gvjøv e‡jb, we‡k¦ gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Bmjvg
a‡g©i cÖeZ©K nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) me©‡kªó|Ó wZwb gvbevwaKvi iÿvq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi M„wnZ mKj
c`‡ÿcmg~n Zz‡j a‡ib| wZwb gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ mKj‡K nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi we`vq n‡¾¡i fvlY‡K
Abyaveb I AbymiY Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|
(K) we`vq n¾ KZ mv‡j nq? 1
(L) we`vq n¾‡K we`vq n¾ ejv nq †Kb? 2
(M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we`vq n‡¾i fvl‡Y cÖ`Ë BqvZxg I `vm-`vmxi AwaKvimg~n Zz‡j ai| 3
(N) ÒgvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) me©‡kªô|Ó- e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1 : 1. (N) 2. (M) 3. (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2 : 1. (M) 2. (N) 3. (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3 : 1. (L) 2. (L) 3. (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4 : 1. (L) 2. (M) 3. (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5 : 1. (N) 2. (K) 3. (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6 : 1. (N) 2. (N) 3. (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7 : 1. (N) 2. (L) 3. (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.8 : 1. (N) 2. (N) 3. (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.9 : 1. (K) 2. (K) 3. (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.10 : 1. (M) 2. (K) 3. (L)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.11 : 1. (N) 2. (K) 3. (N)

Bdwbu: Nhiz Gynv ' (MV.) Gi GW'BV Rxeb

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Bdwbu: Nhiz Gynv ' (MV.) Gi GW'BV Rxeb

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I‡cb ¯‹zj Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‹…wZ 1g cÎ

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-75

cvV-4.1 g`xbvq nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx

gyL¨ kã Bqvmwie, Bû`x, gybvwdK, †cŠËwjK I ÔAvmnveym-myddvÕ

gw`bv Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx

wkÿv_©xi KvR g`xbvi Rb‡Mvwôi cwiPq we‡kølY Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-77

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-78

cvV-4.2 g`xbv mb` Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-79

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-80

wkÿv_©xi KvR g`xbv mb‡`i wewfbœ w`K wb‡`©k Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-81

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-82

cvV-4.3 e`i hy‡×i KviY I djvdj

MvhIqv I mvwiqvi cwiPq

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-83

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-84

wkÿv_©xi KvR e`i hy‡×i wewfbœ NUbvejx wPwýZ Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-85

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-86

cvV-4.4 Dû` hy‡×i KviY I djvdj

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-87

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-88

wkÿv_©xi KvR Dû` hy‡×i wewfbœ w`K wPwÎZ Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-89

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-90

cvV-4.5 L›`K ev Avnhv‡ei hy× (627 mvj)

Avnhve ev L›`‡Ki hy×

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-91

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-92

wkÿv_©xi KvR L›`‡Ki hy‡×i cwiPq w`b|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-93

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-94

cvV-4.6 û`vBweqvi mwÜ (628 mvj, 6ô wnRix)

wkÿv_©xi KvR û`vBweqvi mwÜi cwiPq wjwce× Kiæb|

cvV-4.7 g°v weRq (630 mvj)

g°v weR‡qi cUf~wg

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-99

wkÿv_©xi KvR g°v weRq m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-100

cvV-4.8 ûbvqy‡bi hy× (630 wLª. 8g wnRix)

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-101

ûbvBb hy‡×i djvdj

wkÿv_©xi KvR ûbvBb hy‡×i NUbvejx wee„Z Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-102

(K) ûbvqy‡bi hy‡× gymwjg evwnbxi †bZv †K wQ‡jb? 1

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-103

cvV-4.9 gyZvi hy× I Zvey‡Ki Awfhvb

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-106

cvV-4.10 Bûw` I wLª÷vb‡`i mv‡_ nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi m¤úK©

Bûw`‡`i gw`bv †_‡K weZvo‡bi KviY

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-108

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-109

cvV-4.1 1 we`vq n‡¾i fvlY I gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi †kl Rxeb

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-110

fvl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-111

Bn‡jv‡Ki †kl w`b

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-112

wkÿv_©xi KvR we`vq n‡¾i fvl‡b gvbevwaKv‡ii w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-113