Name: Tracy Nguyen

Section: 08
Date: 22 October 2021
Post Lab – Mojave Tui Chub And Library Resources

Part 2.
Direct quotation from Henkanaththegedara and Stockwell (2011) that supports the idea
that traits are variable. Use quotation marks and in-text citation.
“The typical body color varies from dark brown to olive brown dorsally and is whitish ventrally
and silvery golden on the sides; a greenish tinge is present in some dorsal scale rows of breeding
individuals. Some large individuals are bluish gray or orangish brown” (Henkanaththegedara &
Stockwell, 2011).
Paraphrased statement of the quotation with in-text citation.
Colors of the Mohave tui chub typically range from dark brown, olive brown, bluish gray, to
orangish brown with some white, silvery golden, or green accents (Henkanaththegedara &
Stockwell, 2011).
Full citation of Henkanaththegedara and Stockwell (2011) in APA format.
References
Henkanaththegedara, S. M., & Stockwell, C. A. (2011). MELANISM IN ENDANGERED

MOHAVE TUI CHUB SIPHATELES BICOLOR MOHAVENSIS SNYDER 1918

(CYPRINIFORMES: CYPRINIDAE). Western North American Naturalist, 71(1), 127–

130. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41718125

Part 3.
Write a direct quotation that addresses heritability and melanism. Use quotation marks
and in-text citation of the reference.
“Here, heritable and density-dependent effects on within-individual and stage-specific variation
in melanism were examined in caterpillars of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera
littoralis (Boisduval)” (Lee & Wilson, 2006).
Appropriately paraphrase the direct quotation and use it to address melanism in Mohave
tui chub; provide a properly formatted in-text citation for your statement.
Through the research conducted by Lee and Wilson (2006), melanism within the Egyptian cotton
leafworm is considered as a heritable yet environmentally dependent trait to certain variations.
With the corroboration through studies with another animal, there is a positive correlation of
melanism also being heritable in the Mohave tui chub.
For the article that you used, write a properly formatted full citation in APA format.
References
Lee, K.P. and Wilson, K. (2006), Melanism in a larval Lepidoptera: repeatability and heritability

of a dynamic trait. Ecological Entomology, 31: 196-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-

6946.2006.00780.x

Summarize Figure 1 in Endler (1980).

Within the first figure provided in Endler’s research, There were one control and two
experimental treatments where the control had no predation and the two other treatments had
either mild or very harmful predation on these guppies. This experiment spanned over the course
of 20 months as Endler tracked the change in the number of spots on individual fishes (1980).
With the results, there was probably a cause of natural selection with a selection pressure of
predation that pushed for such a trade-off in spots. It displayed those guppies within
environments with low to no predation ended up with 13 spots per fish compared to when
guppies faced high predation as they ended up with about 9 spots. Within the environment
containing the dangerous predator, guppies with less spots were potentially better fit as they
become harder to make out in the water.
References
Endler, J. A. (1980). Natural Selection on Color Patterns in Poecilia reticulata. Evolution, 34(1),

76–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408316

Part 4.
Address how other evolutionary mechanisms may be acting on melanism in populations of
Mohave Tui Chub:
Genetic Drift – The evolutionary mechanism, genetic drift as a random change within a
population may cause the frequency of melanism to either increase or decrease. With such a
small population of Mohave tui chub, it is more likely that those with melanism will experience a
decrease in the allele frequency or even come to an extinction if there is too small of a
percentage of the fishes.
Gene Flow – Gene flow is known for the activity of different alleles moving from one area to
another that may either increase or decrease the population’s frequencies. This evolutionary
mechanism will most likely be a negative impact on Mohave tui chub with melanism. If the
fishes with such an allele are not able to adapt to the new environment or environmental changes,
it may cause for the allele to completely disappear as melanistic Mohave tui chub become
extinct.
Mutation – Mutation may have been the beginning of the melanism within the Mohave tui
chub. With additional mutations, it brings more variation into the population and may replace the
melanistic Mohave tui chub if it becomes better fit for the environment. There is also more
probability for hybridization with more variation that may either enhance or decrease the
presence of the melanism allele.

Part 5.
Your recommendations for conserving Mohave tui chub, grounded in what you have
already summarized. For example, should there be multiple refugia for Mohave tui chub
instead of a single location where they all live in a larger population (costs and benefits of
either approach).
With the research conducted, I would recommend for the conservation of Mohave tui
chub by relocating them in an environment with less predation and where they become better fit
for such an environment. This would mean to be moving them all into a single location where the
frequency for Mohave tui chub increases and they are able to survive and reproduce with one
another. A disadvantage of such an action would be that bringing a large population of a
different type of fish might bring down the frequency of the fishes that were native. There is a
tradeoff to everything as it shall conserve Mohave tui chubs but may bring down the frequency
of other fishes.