DEPARTMENT FOR CURRICULUM,

RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND LIFELONG LEARNING

Directorate for Learning and Assessment Programmes Track 3
Educational Assessment Unit
Annual Examinations for Secondary Schools 2018

YEAR 10 BIOLOGY TIME: 2 hours

Name: _____________________________________ Class: _______________

Section A Section B
Question
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5

Max
7 8 7 10 8 8 7 15 15 15 15 15
mark

TOTAL
Actual MARK
mark

85% Theory Paper 15% Practical 100% Final Score

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 1 of 11

Section A: This section carries 55 marks. Answer all questions in this section.

1. A person went for a medical check-up and had the chest X-ray image below taken.

trachea

a. i. Structure ‘X’ forms part of a set of bones found in the chest. Name this set of
bones.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

ii. List two functions of these bones.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

iii. Name the muscles that control the movement of these bones.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

b. The X-ray image shows a tube called trachea.

i. Explain how the trachea stays upright and does not collapse.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

ii. Explain why the trachea has to divide in two smaller tubes called bronchi.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

iii. Give one reason why the trachea has to be blocked when a food bolus is
swallowed.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

Total: 7 marks

Page 2 of 11 Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018

2. Below are three possible food chains showing how the energy, captured by 50kg
of green plants, may end up in humans.
A B C

Human Human Human

Fish
Cows

Insects

50 kg
Green
Plants

a. For food chain ‘C’,

i. state the number of trophic levels;

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. name the secondary consumer.

____________________________________________________________ (1)

b. Name and explain which one of the three food chains would allow the highest
amount of energy to be transferred to humans.

_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ (1, 1)

c. In the space below, draw a pyramid of biomass representing food chain ‘B’.

(2)

d. Explain why the production of beef (cow meat) in food chain ‘B’ would be more
efficient if cows are kept indoors in a controlled environment.

_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (2)
Total: 8 marks

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 3 of 11

3. The diagram below shows a transverse section through a part of a pea plant.

a. i. State which plant structure is shown in the diagram.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. Explain how the diagram confirms your answer to part (a.i.).

____________________________________________________________ (1)
iii. List two ways how this structure assists plants in carrying out photosynthesis.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

b. i. On the diagram above, label with a ‘Y’ a tissue through which food is
transported to the rest of the plant. (1)

ii. Explain why it is important for this tissue to reach the bottom parts of the
plant.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

Total: 7 marks

4. Lisa wears an electronic activity tracker on her

wrist. Among other things, this device tracks the
heart rate. An app on Lisa’s smartphone produces
graphs with the data it receives from this device.
The screenshot on the following page shows Lisa’s
heart beat rate per minute on the ‘Y’ axis against
the time of day on the ‘X’ axis, over a period of 24
hours from midnight to midnight.

Page 4 of 11 Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018

a. i. Give the approximate time of day when Lisa went for a run.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. Support your answer with evidence from the graph.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
iii. Give a biological explanation for the data recorded by the activity tracker at
the time of the run.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

b. i. At rest, Lisa has a heartbeat of around 62 beats per minute. From the graph
identify a period during which Lisa was sleeping.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. Name one body function for which the heart is required to stay active even
when at rest.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
c. The heart contracts by means of a distinct kind of muscle called cardiac muscle.
i. List two properties specific to the cardiac muscle that make it suitable for its
function.
______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

ii. Explain how the thickness of the cardiac muscle differs between the right and
the left ventricles, giving a reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

Total: 10 marks

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 5 of 11

5. The diagram below shows a section of the digestive system.

X
stomach

gall
bladder

duodenum

a. i. Name the fluid produced in structure ‘X’ and stored in the gall bladder.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. Explain how this fluid helps the duodenum regulate the pH effectively.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

b. Explain how both structures ‘X’ and ‘Y’ help in the efficient breakdown of lipids in
the duodenum.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (3)

c. Explain how structure ‘Y’ helps the duodenum perform a digestive breakdown
similar to that performed by the stomach.

_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (2)

Total: 8 marks

Page 6 of 11 Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018

6. The two setups below were used to measure the rate of aerobic respiration in
seeds. In both setups, seeds were placed into an air tight test-tube in the
presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH). A drop of dye was placed into a thin
glass capillary-tube as shown.
Setup A Setup B

drop drop
of dye of dye

Germinating Dead
seeds seeds

a. Define ‘aerobic respiration’.

_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (2)
b. Explain the aim behind using dead seeds in ‘Setup B’.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)
c. KOH removes the gas produced by germinating seeds. Name this gas.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)
d. In ‘Setup A’ the drop of dye is expected to move towards the test-tube. Explain
why.
_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (2)
e. Describe the change in results you would expect in ‘Setup A’ if:
i. the experiment is done in a much colder environment.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
ii. anaerobic organisms are used instead of seeds.

____________________________________________________________ (1)
Total: 8 marks

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 7 of 11

7. During one stage in the production of mozzarella cheese, the enzyme rennin is
added to milk together with an adequate amount of citric acid at a temperature of
40oC.

a. Explain the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.

_________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ (2)
b. Explain the effect on the production of mozzarella cheese if the following mistakes
take place during the process:

i. temperature is increased to 80oC.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

ii. a reduced amount of citric acid is used.

______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ (2)

c. The amount of rennin used in the process is relatively low. Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________ (1)
Total: 7 marks

Page 8 of 11 Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018

Section B: This section carries 45 marks. Answer question 1 and any other two
questions. Write your answers on the separate A4 sheet provided.

1. Quinoa’s nutritional value.

Chenopodium quinoa, known as quinoa, is a plant that has been cultivated and
consumed by humans for the last 7,000 years.
Quinoa has potential health benefits and exceptional nutritional value. It has a high
concentration of protein with all essential amino acids being available. It is also rich
in unsaturated fatty acids.
The table below compares the nutritional value of 100g of Quinoa to the
equivalent mass of rice, wheat and corn.
Energy Proteins Carbo- Lipids Unsaturated Fibre
Food
(kcals) (g) hydrates (g) (g) fatty acids (g) (g)
Quinoa 120 4.4 21.3 1.92 1.61 2.8
Rice 130 2.38 28.59 0.21 0.12 0.3
Wheat 113 3.6 25.12 0.66 0.35 4.23
Corn 96 3.41 20.98 1.5 0.98 2.4

Quinoa also contains vitamins such as Vitamin C, and minerals such as calcium.
Quinoa is a sustainable food, as it requires less water and needs less land to grow
than the equivalent amount of wheat, corn or rice. Besides it could be cultivated in
different environments. For these reasons, many countries worldwide are growing
quinoa thus reducing the need for transportation which helps the global community
in the effort to reduce pollution.
adapted from:
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/quinoa-chenopodium-quinoa-willd-from-nutritional-value-to-potential-health-benefits-an-integrative-review-
2155-9600-1000497.php?aid=72704

a. Provide one reason why quinoa is more beneficial to young teenagers than the
other 3 foods. (1)
b. Explain the advantage of quinoa having ‘all essential amino acids available’. (2)
c. i. Out of the 4 foods mentioned in the table above, name the one that is the
least suitable to help a person suffering from constipation. (1)
ii. Give a reason for your answer. (1)
d. i. Explain why a diet rich in quinoa could help a poor community to reduce the
risks of children suffering from rickets. (1)
ii. Name one other vitamin-deficiency disorder that can be prevented by
consuming quinoa. (1)
e. i. Quinoa has a high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Name the molecule that
joins fatty acids to form a fat molecule. (1)
ii. Give one use of lipids in the human body. (1)
f. All of the foods in the table above contain a high amount of carbohydrates. Explain
in full the role of the mouth in the breakdown of carbohydrates. (3)
g. Quinoa needs less water than most plants. Name one use of water as a reagent in
plants. (1)
h. ‘Reducing the need for transportation … helps the global community in the effort
to reduce pollution’. Explain this statement. (2)
Total: 15 marks

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 9 of 11

2. Haemodialysis is a treatment given to patients whose kidneys have both failed.
Blood is pumped out of the body and passed through filters with very small pores
similar to what happens in kidney nephrons. It is then pumped back into the body.

a. Explain why haemodialysis treatment is not required by patients who have suffered
failure in only one kidney. (1)

b. i. Explain why blood cells and proteins will not be lost during haemodialysis. (1)
ii. Name the structure in the nephron that does not allow blood cells and proteins
to be filtered out. (1)
iii. Name the process that separates proteins from soluble substances in the
structure you named above. (1)

c. i. During haemodialysis blood is passed in contact with a solution of sugar and

salts. Explain what will happen if this solution has too little sugar and salt. (3)
ii. Name the part of the nephron that reabsorbs the glucose in the filtrate. (1)

d. In haemodialysis, unwanted blood substances accumulate in the machine before

filtered blood is returned to the patient.

i. Name one substance that will accumulate in the machine. (1)

ii. Explain what happens to unwanted substances in the kidney from the moment
they leave the nephron until they are expelled from the body. (3)

e. Some haemodialysis patients have to be given a dose of anti-diuretic hormone

(ADH). Explain the role of ADH in healthy individuals. (3)

Total: 15 marks

3. At Buskett, a sooty mould is often seen growing on Bay Laurel leaves. Sooty
moulds are black powdery moulds that cover leaf blades of infected plants, thus
blocking sunlight.

a. i. Describe the effect of blocking sunlight from leaves. (2)

ii. Explain how epidermal cells are adapted not to block light to underlying cells.
(1)
iii. Name two types of cells that would use any light that manages to pass
through. (2)
iv. Name the chemical found in most plant cells that is able to trap energy from
light. (1)

b. Describe an experiment you would carry out to demonstrate the effect of blocking
light on leaves. (5)

c. Sooty mould grows as a consequence of juices (sap) that escape from the leaf
through the pores open for transpiration.

i. List three effects of transpiration to the plant. (3)

ii. Name the pores that allow transpiration to take place. (1)

Total: 15 marks

Page 10 of 11 Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018

4a. Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli, where they become full of fluid and blood
cells in an attempt to kill microbes causing the infection.
i. Name the type of blood cells that attempt to kill the microbes. (1)
ii. List two methods by which these blood cells can kill microbes. (2)
iii. Name another defence mechanism adopted by blood. (1)
b. i. The diagram below shows a large amount of fluid covering most of the surface
area of the infected alveoli. The fluid makes the alveolar walls thicker. Explain
the effect this will have on the efficiency of the alveoli affected with pneumonia
when compared to the healthy alveoli. (3)

fluid and blood

cells in alveoli

thickened
alveolar walls

ii. Explain why alveoli should have a dense capillary network around them. (1)
iii. Name the major blood vessel that sends blood to this network of capillaries.(1)

c. If pneumonia spreads, it can infect and inflame the pleural membrane. This causes
a lot of pain, especially upon breathing in.
i. State where the pleural membrane is found. (1)
ii. Explain why the inflammation causes pain upon breathing in. (2)
d. Cigarette smokers have a much higher chance of developing pneumonia. Name
three chemicals found in cigarettes or their smoke and give one effect of each on
the human body. (3)
Total: 15 marks

5. Compare and contrast:

a. the terms community and population. (3)
b. dentition in herbivores and carnivores. (4)
c. the structure and function of arteries and veins. (4)
d. adaptations of leaves of plants living in dry and leaves of plants living in humid
conditions. (4)
Total: 15 marks

Biology – Year 10 – Track 3 – 2018 Page 11 of 11